Namuhla sifuna ukukhuluma nawe mayelana Izwekazi laseMelika. Iyizwekazi lesibili ngobukhulu, ilandela i-Asia. Itholakala kulokho okuye kwabizwa ngokuthi indawo esentshonalanga yeplanethi yethu futhi ngo-2013 kwalinganiselwa ukuthi inani labantu bakhona lafinyelela cishe ezigidini eziyikhulu.
Izwekazi laseMelika
Kuyizwekazi elithatha indawo esuka olwandle oluyiqhwa i-Arctic Ocean enyakatho kuya eCape Horn eningizimu, esifundeni lapho kuhlangana khona ulwandle i-Atlantic kanye nolwandle lwasePacific, nalo elizungeza izwekazi empumalanga nasentshonalanga.
I-Toponymy
Abanqobi baseSpain, beholwa umkhuzi wasolwandle uChristopher Columbus, banikeza la mazwe igama elithi ama-Indies, ngoba uColumbus wayekholelwa ukuthi wayesefinyelele kulelo zwe elisempumalanga kodwa ngendlela entsha. Kusukela ngo-1494, uPedro de Anglería waseSpain nguyena owaqala ukulibiza ngamagama athi IZwe Elisha, igama elenziwa laziwa ngalo okokuqala. Izwekazi laseMelika.
Izwekazi laseMelika
Ukuqokwa kweMelika kwenziwa ukuhlonipha itilosi elazalelwa e-Italy u-Américo Vespucio, okwathi ezincwadini nasezindabeni zakhe, wakwazi ukuchaza ubunjalo baleli zwekazi elisanda kutholwa nokuthi lalibukeka kanjani nokuthi ukuphila kwakunjani kwabomdabu.
Ngo-1507 isazi sokuma komhlaba esazalelwa eLorraine, uMartín Waldseemüller, encwadini yakhe ethi Introduction to Cosmography, nguye owaqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi America ukuze aqambe iZwe Elisha.
Kwathatha iminyaka embalwa ukuba abadwebi bamabalazwe bakwazi ukwenza ngokwejwayelekile ukusetshenziswa kwegama laseMelika, iqiniso elaqinisekiswa ekhulwini le-XNUMX, lapho lamukelwa emhlabeni wonke njengegama okufanele libizwe ngalo izwekazi elaliseNtshonalanga. .
Ezikhathini zamakholoni, njengoba nje eSpain isiteketiso saseMelika sasinikezwa noma ngubani owayezalelwe endaweni ethile ezizindeni zabo eMelika, e-United Kingdom, ekhulwini leminyaka ngemva kokutholakala, banikezwa igama lamaMelika kubafiki ababehlala e-United Kingdom. izindawo zaseNyakatho Melika lomunye umbuso owawukade uziphethe, futhi lokho kwakuhlanganisa indawo ehlanganisiwe eyayinegama leNova Francia.
Ithonya le-United States eYurophu nasemhlabeni jikelele liye lavuna iqiniso lokuthi bacishe bazenzela igama. Ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi american, okuyiSpanishi lisho ukuthi i-American, lisakazeke kakhulu namuhla emazweni ulimi lwawo lwendabuko isiNgisi nangezinye izilimi eziningi ngenxa yethonya lalo, kodwa ngolimi lweSpanishi igama elisetshenziswa ngendlela evamile yileso AmaMelika.
Kumele kucatshangelwe ukuthi igama elithi American alilona futhi alikwazi ukutholakala kuphela kubantu abahlala e-United States, ngoba umMelika wonke umuntu ohlala eMelika, ngoba iMelika iyizwekazi.
Umlando we Izwekazi laseMelika
Bethula izifo ezintsha ezifana ne-smallpox, eyathola indawo evundile ezwenikazi elisha, okubangele ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu osolwazi abasibeka ekufeni kwama-93% abomdabu. Kulesi simo, imibuso eminingana yaseYurophu yazinikela ekunqobeni nasekuqoqeni ingxenye enkulu yezwekazi eyayikade igcwele amanye amasiko nempucuko eyayivele yahlala njalo.
ISpain yakwazi ukunqoba izimpucuko ezinkulu, njengama-Aztec nama-Inca, ngenxa yamandla omlilo abomdabu ababengakwazi ukuzivikela kuwo, futhi basungula uMbuso wawo, benza ikoloni lonke ugu lwasePacific kanye nesigodi saseRío de la Plata. , ngakolunye uhlangothi iPortugal yakwazi ukwenza ikoloni endaweni esogwini lwe-Atlantic manje eyaziwa ngokuthi iBrazil.
I-France yakwazi nokuthola ezinye izindawo zamakholoni engxenyeni yendawo esogwini ebhekene ne-Atlantic Ocean, kusukela endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi iCanada kuya enyakatho yeBrazil. I-United Kingdom ikwazile ukuthatha indawo yogu lwe-Atlantic eNyakatho Melika kanye nezinye izindawo zogu lweCaribbean. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iNetherlands neDenmark asungula izindawo zawo zaphesheya kwezilwandle eziqhingini ezincane zaseCaribbean, futhi ekugcineni iRussia yakwazi ukuyinqoba indawo yase-Alaska.
Inhlangano yaseYurophu yokunqoba iYurophu yaxoshwa ngempumelelo kwezinye izindawo zezwekazi. Abanye abantu bomdabu bakwazi ukumelana nokuhlasela kweYurophu ezindaweni ezinkulu, futhi bakwazi ukugcina ukubusa kwabo phezu kwabo kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX.
I-Araucanía, i-Patagonia, ama-pampas, i-Mato Grosso, i-Amazon kanye nezandiso ezinkulu zendawo yaseNyakatho Melika eNtshonalanga, kwakuyizandiso zomhlaba, ezazibuswa izizwe ezinjengamaMapuche, amaRanquel, amaWichí, amaHet, ama-Amazonian, amaQom. , Algonquian, Comanche, Aopi, Inuit nabanye abaningi.
ukuzimela kwe Izwekazi laseMelika
Ngemva kweminyaka engamakhulu amathathu yombuso wamakholoni, abantu baseMelika basukuma baqala ukuzisholo ukuthi bazimele ngaphansi kwabaphathi babo, befuna ilungelo labo lokuba nesizwe sabo esihlelwe njengezizwe zezwe, okwaholela ekubhekaneni kwezempi nemibuso yaseYurophu, kwaqala inqubo yomhlaba wonke. ukususwa kwekoloni.
I-the united states
Ngo-1775, izifiki ezisogwini lwe-Atlantic eNyakatho Melika zavukela umqhele wamaNgisi. Ukushintshana phakathi kwamakoloni noMbuso WaseBrithani kwaba nzima nakakhulu, ngaphandle kokuvamile kwezigameko zobudlova.
NgoMeyi walowo nyaka ofanayo, iNkongolo Yesibili Yezwekazi yenzeka. UGeorge Washington, ngaleso sikhathi owayecebe kakhulu kumakholoni aseNyakatho Melika, wakhethwa njengoMkhuzi wamabutho aseNyakatho Melika, kuyilapho uThomas Jefferson, umnikazi wendawo kanye nomnikazi wezigqila eziningi, wabhala iSimemezelo Sokuzimela Sase-United States, esamukelwa ngo-4th. ngo-July 1776.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3TYJQ7tEZME
I-Haiti
Ngo-1804 izigqila zase-Afrika ezazisesiqhingini saseHaiti zavukela izifiki zaseFrance, zamemezela inkululeko yalelo zwe futhi zenza uguquko lokuqala lwezenhlalakahle ezwenikazi laseMelika, njengoba amaKoloni ayishumi nantathu abuqeda ubugqila ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke. ukuvukela umbuso. Kuzo zombili lezi zimo izindleko zokuchitha igazi zazishaqisa.
Yonke enye Izwekazi laseMelika
Kusukela ngonyaka we-1809, abantu ababengaphansi kokubuswa koMbuso WaseSpain baqala iMpi Yokuzimela yaseSpain-American, eyayinokweqa izwekazi, okwaphumela, ngemva kwemizabalazo echitha igazi nezinqubo ezinzima, ekuzalweni kwezizwe ezintsha eziningana: Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay naseVenezuela.
Eminyakeni ye-1844 kanye ne-1898 le nqubo yayizofinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokukhululeka kweDominican Republic neCuba, ngokulandelana, leyamuva yasibekela ukungenelela kwe-United States.
Kodwa eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambili, ngo-1816, kwase kumiswa izwe elikhulu elizimele laseNingizimu Melika, elabhapathizwa ngegama leGran Colombia, elalihlanganisa izindawo zamariphabhuliki amanje iPanama, iColombia, iVenezuela ne-Ecuador. Ngeshwa, iGran Colombia yahlakazwa ngo-1830.
Ngo-1822 iBrazil yakwazi ukuzimela futhi yazihlela njengombuso ozimele, ngaphansi kwegama loMbuso waseBrazil, lapho i-United Kingdom yasePortugal, iBrazil kanye ne-Algarve ihlakazwa, kwaze kwaba yilapho ubukhosi buqedwa ngo-1889 futhi kwasungulwa i-republic. . Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-United States neGreat Britain bakwazi ukuxoxisana ngenqubo yokuzibusa ngo-1867, kodwa ngemingcele yaseCanada, eyahlanganiswa phakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Ngasekupheleni kwengxenye yesibili yekhulu lama-XNUMX, ngenxa yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene kanye nesinyathelo sayo sokuqeda ikoloni, abantu abambalwa baseCaribbean bakwazi ukuthola inkululeko yabo eGreat Britain, nakuba beqhubeka beyingxenye yeCommon Wealth kanye nenhloko yabo. wombuso uyaqhubeka nokuba yiNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth II. I-Trinidad and Tobago, Saint Lucia, Saint Seer and the Grenadines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Jamaica, Grenada, Barbados, Bahamas, Antigua and Barbuda, Belize and Guyana baba nalelo thuba.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iSuriname yakwazi ukuthola inkululeko yayo eNetherlands. Njengamanje, asekhona amadolobha nezindawo ezimbalwa ezibuswa ukulawulwa kweBritish, French and Dutch.
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX
Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-1948, amazwe aseMelika asungula izikhungo ezifana neNhlangano Yamazwe AseMelika (OAS) ngo-XNUMX. Ngomunye umbono, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, amazwe aseMelika aye andisa ukuzimisela kwawo ukuhlangana ngokwezifundazwe. ezinhlanganweni ezihlukahlukene ezifana ne-Mercosur (Common Market of the South), i-Andean Community of Nations (CAN), i-Central American Integration System (SICA), i-Caricom (i-Caribbean Community) kanye ne-Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America ( ALBA).
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezepolitiki kweMelika
Njengoba sesike sasho, iMelika yakhiwe yizifundazwe ezingama-35 ezizimele kanye nezindawo ezingama-25 ezincike kwamanye amazwe noma ezingaphansi kwawo ngandlela thize.
Izizwe ezizimele yilezi:
- I-Venezuela
- Uruguay
- Belize
- Bolivia
- Brasil
- Canada
- Chile
- Argentina
- I-Antigua ne-Barbuda
- I-Barbados, Bahamas
- Colombia
- Costa Rica
- Cuban, Dominican
- I-Dominican Republic
- Ecuador
- El Salvador
- I-Granada
- Guatemala
- Guyana
- I-Haiti
- Honduras
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Saint Kitts noNevis
- Saint Lucia
- Saint Vincent namaGrenadines
- Suriname
- I-Trinidad ne-Tobago
- United States
- Jamaica
- I-México
- Nicaragua
- ePanama
Izindawo ezithathwa njengezindawo yilezi:
- Aruba
- eBonaire
- IGreenland
- I-French Guiana
- Guadalupe
- I-Martinique
- Montserrat
- I-Eel
- Isiqhingi saseBermuda
- Iziqhingi zaseBritish Virgin
- Iziqhingi zaseVirgin zase-United States
- I-Cayman Islands, i-Falkland Islands
- Navassa Island, Saba Island
- Iziqhingi zaseNingizimu Georgia
- Curacao
- r
- E-Puerto Rico
- Saint Barthelemy
- I-San Martin
- Saint Pierre noMiquelon
- I-Saint Eustatius
- I-Saint Marteen ne-South Sandwich
- AmaTurkey namaCaicos
- I-Clipperton Island, kodwa lesi sakamuva sesizimise njengengxenye ye-Oceania.
Izici zendawo
Ukuba nendawo ezungeze i-42.044.000 km², i- Izwekazi laseMelika Iyindawo yezwe yesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni, i ukunwetshwa kwendawo yaseMelika ihlanganisa u-8,3% wendawo yawo yonke kanye nama-30,2% omhlaba owavela emanzini, futhi iphinde igxile cishe ku-12% wabantu bomhlaba.
Ngenxa yokuthi iyizwekazi elikhulu kakhulu futhi ngenxa yokuma kwayo, iMelika ngokomlando ihlukaniswe yaba yiNyakatho, Ephakathi, eNingizimu Melika kanye nama-Antilles. Kodwa uma sifuna ukulalela izici zaseMelika ngokwesiko, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa i-Anglo-Saxon America, i-non-Latin Caribbean neLatin America.
ijografi ye Izwekazi laseMelika
Insimu yaseMelika isakazeka ukusuka ezindaweni ezisenyakatho yeplanethi. Lokhu kunjalo kusukela e-Cape Columbia (58ºN, Canada) e-Arctic Ocean kuya e-Diego Ramírez Islands (56ºS, Chile), lapho i-Drake Passage itholakala khona, okuyindawo ehlukanisa izwekazi laseMelika ne-Antarctica.
Indawo eqhelile ngasempumalanga yiCape Branco, eBrazil (34°47'W), kuyilapho indawo evinjezelwe kakhulu ngasentshonalanga yilapho i-Attu Island itholakala eziQhingini zase-Aleutian (173°11'E). ), eduze kwaseBering I-Strait ehlukanisa i-Alaska nezwekazi lase-Asia.
ukukhululeka kwe Izwekazi laseMelika
Endaweni yezwekazi laseMelika, amapuleti oqweqwe lomhlaba (eNyakatho Melika, eCaribbean naseNingizimu Melika) ekudlulisweni kwawo esuka enkabeni ye-Atlantic ukuya entshonalanga, ebizwa ngokuthi. I-Continental drift, baye bakha uchungechunge lwezintaba onqenqemeni olusentshonalanga yeMelika, umkhiqizo wenqubo yokwehliswa kwengcwecwe yasePacific.
Lolu hlu lwezintaba ngokuyisisekelo lwakhiwe yizinhlobonhlobo zezintaba eziphakeme ogwini olusentshonalanga, ikakhulukazi izintaba zaseRocky, iSierra Madre Occidental kanye neSierra Madre Occidental. Izintaba ze-Andes, wonke atholakala endaweni yePacific Ring of Fire, umkhiqizo wokushayisana kwamapuleti e-continental tectonic nolwandle, athola amathafa ezingxenyeni ezisempumalanga yezwekazi.
Ugu, olujwayeleke kakhulu endaweni enkulu, lubonisa izindawo ezibukeka zihlakazekile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zalo ezisenyakatho, ezisuka eziqhingini zase-Arctic engxenyeni yaseCanada naseGreenland enyakatho, naseChile naseTierra del Fuego eNingizimu. . Amanye amaqembu eziqhingi afanelekile yiziQhingi zase-Aleutian ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga ngokwedlulele, i-Antilles oLwandle lweCaribbean, iGalapagos Islands emaphakathi nePacific Ocean, kanye neziQhingi zaseMalvinas eziseNingizimu ye-Atlantic.
I-Hydrographic ye Izwekazi laseMelika
I-hydrography yezwekazi laseMelika ihluke kakhulu, ngakho-ke singayihlukanisa ibe:
ENyakatho Melika
ENyakatho Melika kungenzeka ukuhlonza imifula kusukela ezinhlangothini ezintathu ezikhona lapho: uMfula iMackenzie ofinyelela umvuthwandaba wayo e-Arctic Ocean, iYukon, Colorado kanye neColumbia Rivers okuyimifula ende kunazo zonke engxenyeni yoLwandlekazi iPacific, futhi ekugcineni, Esigabeni se-Atlantic, uMfula iNorth Bravo, uhlelo lweMississippi-Missouri kanye nomfula iSan Lorenzo zigqama.
Kuzo zonke, ephawuleka kakhulu iMississippi, ngoba yinde kunazo zonke futhi inesitsha esikhulu kunazo zonke kuleyo ndawo yezwekazi, kodwa futhi ingumfula omkhulu e-United States.
Ngokuqondene namachibi, indawo ye-Great Lakes ivelele, lapho sizothola khona iLakes Superior, i-Huron, iMichigan, i-Ontario ne-Eire. Wonke amachibi okukhulunywe ngawo ahlanganyela uhlelo lwe-lacustrine lwemvelaphi yeqhwa, amanzi awo anqwabelana ngenxa yokuncibilika kwasebusika. Lawa machibi axhunywe imifula, imisele nezingidi, futhi ageleza e-Atlantic Ocean ngoMfula iSaint Lawrence.
I-Central America
Endabeni ye-Central America, imifula mincane futhi ihambelana kakhulu nomthambeko we-Atlantic. Le mifula inezindima ezihlukahlukene, ezinye zazo zisebenza njengemingcele yemvelo phakathi kwamazwe, njengoba kwenzeka emifuleni iSegovia noma iCoco, ehlukanisa iHonduras neNicaragua; noma uMfula iLempa ohlukanisa iGuatemala, i-El Salvador neHonduras; kanye nomfula iSan Juan ohlukanisa iCosta Rica neNicaragua.
Kule ndawo, amachibi nawo mancane, aqokomisa amachibi aseNicaragua, eManagua naseGatun, lena eyokwenziwa, ngoba yakhiwe ngumuntu, futhi itholakala ePanama Canal, lapho ihlinzeka khona amanzi adingekayo. imikhumbi ukuze ivale umehluko wezinga lapho idlula ohlelweni lokukhiya.
ENingizimu Melika
Njengoba siseNingizimu Melika, siphawula ukuthi umthambeka wePacific uyavela futhi, nakuba imifula esemithambekeni yase-Atlantic iyinde futhi iphawuleka kakhulu. Imifula ye-Orinoco, uhlelo lweParaná-Río de la Plata kanye ne-Río de la Plata zigqama engxenyeni eseningizimu yezwekazi. I-Amazon River.
Kungashiwo ukuthi uMfula i-Amazon ungobabazekayo kunawo wonke, hhayi ezwenikazi laseMelika, kodwa emhlabeni wonke, ngoba ungomkhulu, unamandla futhi mude kunawo wonke ekwandiseni nasebuhleni beplanethi. Esinye isici salo mfula odumile ukuthi ngenxa yawo, sinomgodi omkhulu we-hydrographic emhlabeni. Esigabeni samachibi abaluleke kakhulu eNingizimu Melika sithola iLake Maracaibo, iChibi iTiticaca, iLake Poopó kanye neLake Buenos Aires/General Carrera.
Isimo sezulu se- Izwekazi laseMelika
I-America inakho cishe konke Izakhi Zesimo Sezulu ezikhona. Phakathi kogu lwaseMexico naseningizimu yeBrazil, kuba nesimo sezulu esifudumele ezindaweni ezigudle ugu oluyisicaba kanye nemithambeka yezintaba. Isimo sezulu esinemvula sezindawo ezishisayo nesimo sezulu sasehlathini sivamile engxenyeni enkulu ye-Central America, ezindaweni eziyisicaba zase-Amazonian naseziqhingini zaseCaribbean, kuyilapho ogwini lwe-Atlantic eColombia, eVenezuela naseGuyana isimo sezulu esingasithola. iyindawo ye-savannah.
Ezindaweni ezishisayo eziseduze ne-latitude 30º, izindawo eziwugwadule zitholakala, zinezici zasogwadule, njengoba kwenzeka ogwadule lwaseSonora, eningizimu ye-United States nasenyakatho yeMexico, nogwadule lwase-Atacama, olutholakala esifundeni. enyakatho yeChile, lapho Isomiso inonya kangangokuthi ibhalwe njengendawo eyome kunazo zonke emhlabeni, lapho kungadlula iminyaka ngaphandle kwemvula, futhi ePatagonia sithola isimo sezulu esibandayo sasogwadule. Amathafa asebenza njengezindawo zoshintsho eziya endaweni enesimo sezulu esipholile.
Isimo sezulu esipholile sibonwa phakathi kwezindawo ezimaphakathi nezintaba, ikakhulukazi esandisweni se-Atlantic. Lolu hlobo lwesimo sezulu, olunezimvula unyaka wonke, lungabonwa ezindaweni ezisogwini lwaseCanada, e-Alaska naseningizimu yeChile, okwenza kube nezindawo zamahlathi axubile.
Lolu hlobo lwesimo sezulu esishisayo esinezimvula zasehlobo wuhlobo lwesimo sezulu esizosithola kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezwenikazi, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-United States, maphakathi neMexico naseningizimu-mpumalanga yeBrazil. Sizobheka isimo sezulu saseMedithera eCalifornia naseChilean Central Valley, okuzala uhlobo lwezitshalo olwaziwa ngokuthi i-chaparral.
Ekugcineni, isimo sezulu esibandayo sitholakala kulo lonke izwekazi, ezindaweni eziseduze nezigxobo, ikakhulukazi eNyakatho Melika. I-Tundra ibonakala kulo lonke elase-Alaska naseCanada, futhi emaphethelweni aseningizimu yeNingizimu Melika.
Ngenxa yesenzo sokuphakama, endaweni yase-Andean kanye nengxenye enkulu yezindawo zezintaba, njengezintaba ze-Rocky kanye ne-Andes, sizothola nezimo zezulu ezibandayo. Ekugcineni, isimo sezulu esishisayo siseGreenland.
Izibalo zabantu
IMelika iyizwekazi lesine ngokuya ngokuminyana kwabantu, ngemuva kwe-Asia, i- Izwekazi lase-Afrika kanye neYurophu, futhi ingenye yezindawo ezinabantu abambalwa kakhulu, ngenxa yobukhulu bendawo yayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zabantu bakhona zihlala emadolobheni.
Izwekazi laseMelika lakhiwe ngamazwe angama-36, abantu abancike kumakholoni angama-23, iminyango emithathu yaseFrance, kanye nezwe okuthiwa likhululekile lasePuerto Rico, elithathwa njengendawo ebuswa yi-United States ngokusho kwe-UN Decolonization Committee.
I-Ethnography
Inani labantu baseMelika lakhiwe cishe izakhamuzi eziyizigidi ezingu-1.000 XNUMX, inzalo yezizwe ezintathu ezinkulu, nomphumela wokuhlukahluka kwazo, lesi senzakalo sakamuva sibonakala kakhulu eLatin America: Abomdabu BaseMelika kanye nama-Eskimo, okuyizakhamuzi zomdabu zaseMelika; Inzalo yezigqila yaseYurophu nase-Afrika. Kukhona futhi inzalo yabanye abokufika, ikakhulukazi abase-Asia, abavela eMpumalanga Ephakathi naseMpumalanga Ekude.
Cultura
Ezwekazini laseMelika kunabantu abaningi nabahlukahlukene, abanengxubevange yamasiko. La masiko athonywe indawo akuyo kanye nendawo lapho amadolobha noma imiphakathi ithuthuka khona.
Kukhona futhi ingcebo enkulu yezinganekwane kuwo wonke la madolobha, ahlobene eduze nendawo ezungezile, umsuka wayo owandulela ukunqotshwa. Kuyafaneleka ukukhombisa ukuthi eMelika kwakukhona imiphakathi emikhulu yabantu kanye nabantu abanensada yamasiko.
izilimi
Ingqikithi yenani lezilimi ezikhulunywa emazweni aseMelika ingaphezu kuka-500, uma sengeza izilimi, izilimi zesigodi, nesiPatois. Izilimi eziyinhloko yilezo ezabekwa amakholoni aseYurophu, zilandelwa izilimi ezikhulunywa amasiko amakhulu ama-Amerindian.
Phakathi kwezilimi eziyinhloko singagqamisa:
- ISpanishi: Lolu wulimi olukhulunywa abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-372, ezindaweni ezifana neNingizimu Melika, iMelika Ephakathi neMexico. Kukhona futhi imiphakathi ebalulekile ekhuluma iSpanishi e-United States nakwezinye iziqhingi zaseCaribbean.
- IsiNgisi: ulimi olukhulunywa abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-325. Iwulimi olusetshenziswa kakhulu e-United States futhi iwulimi olusemthethweni eCanada, eGuyana, eziQhingini zaseFalkland, naseBelize, kanye nakwezinye izindawo zaseWest Indian. EPuerto Rico isikhona njengolimi lwesibili olusemthethweni.
- IsiPutukezi: Siwulimi olusemthethweni eBrazil, futhi sikhulunywa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-185.
- IsiFulentshi: siwulimi olukhulunywa kwezinye iziqhingi zaseCaribbean, njengeGuadeloupe, iHaiti neGuadeloupe, phakathi kwezinye, futhi siwulimi olusemthethweni eCanada, ikakhulukazi esifundazweni saseQuébec naseFrench Guiana.
- IsiQuechua: sibhekisela olimini lwabomdabu olusetshenziswa kakhulu, olunabantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-12. Ngolunye lwezilimi ezisemthethweni zaseBolivia futhi ePeru kunezindawo lapho kuwulimi oluhamba phambili. Ulimi olukhulunywa idlanzana elibalulekile e-Ecuador, naseningizimu yeColombia, eSantiago del Estero e-Argentina, nasenyakatho yeChile.
Isi-Aymara futhi siwulimi olusemthethweni eBolivia, kuyilapho sisePeru lapho kuwulimi lwendabuko olukhulunywa kakhulu kunazo zonke. Ngokufanayo, isi-Aymara siwulimi lokuqala lwengxenye yesithathu yabantu baseBolivia futhi siwulimi oluyinhloko lwesi-Amerindian eningizimu yePeru nasenyakatho yeChile.
Izilwane nezitshalo zeZwekazi laseMelika
Kusukela ezwekazini laseMelika, ekuqaleni ukuya eYurophu bese kuya kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, kwalethwa imikhiqizo yemvelo eminingi efana nokhokho, ummbila, ukwatapheya, utamatisi namazambane, kanye nezilwane ezinjenge-turkey noma i-turkey. Izinhlobo ezitholakala kuleli zwekazi i-puma, i-axolotl, i-llama, inyamazane enomsila omhlophe, i-alpaca, i-quetzal, i-ocelot kanye nezinhlobo eziningi zezinambuzane, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni ngisho nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezifana ne-Gila monster.
EMelika, futhi, kunamahlathi aminyene ezihlahla ezinkulu, zasendulo njengezihlahla ezibomvu ezitholakala eCalifornia; amathafa nezindawo zezolimo kanye nezimfunda, amaxhaphozi, amahlathi angavamile njenge-Amazon, ama-savannah nama-steppes eNingizimu Melika. Amazwe afana neMexico, iPeru, i-United States neBrazil abizwa ngokuthi amazwe ahlukahlukene, ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziphawulekayo azijabulelayo.
Izilwane zezwekazi laseMelika zifana kakhulu nezilwane zezwekazi laseYurophu. Ngokufanayo, iMelika inezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zendabuko noma ezitholakala ezikhona, eziningi zazo ezisengozini noma ezisengozini yokushabalala. Inezilwane ezinemibala egqamile nezici ezingavamile. Kungashiwo ukuthi ingxenye ngayinye yezwekazi inezintandokazi zayo futhi phakathi kwazo singathola: ibhere elimhlophe, i-tapir, i-llama, i-bison, i-vicuña, ingwenya, i-agouti, i-jaguar, i-beaver, kanye ne-puma.
Ingxenye yaseNyakatho Melika iqukethe indawo engokwemvelo yezinyamazane, izimvu zamanzi, izimpungushe eziluhlaza, amabhere, izinyamazane, izinyathi, nezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo nezinyoni. Engxenyeni eseningizimu yeMelika, lapho kukhona amahlathi angakahloliwe ase-Andes, ama-pampas kanye nesifunda sase-Amazon, ngeke sithole izinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo. Kodwa kukhona inala yezilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinambuzane nezinyoni.
I-Central America iyikhaya le-Chiroptera, okuyizilwane ezincelisayo ezindizayo zasebusuku, njengamalulwane, kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo ezidla inyama namagundane amaningi. Eningizimu, isifunda sase-Andean, kuyindawo yezilwane ezingavamile ezingatholakali kwezinye izindawo zomhlaba njengama-vicuña, ama-llama, ama-Guinea pig nama-alpaca.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izingxenye zamahlathi eMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu ziyikhaya lezinhlobo eziningi zezinkawu, opholi nezinyoni ezinemibala emihle, izinyoka, izimfudu nezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu ezidla inyama njenge-jaguar ne-puma.
Ezinye izilwane ezitholakala eNingizimu Melika amaphengwini, amatoucan, iguana, i-martucha, inyoni yelanga, i-condor, amabhungane aseNingizimu Melika anjengezimvemvane, i-armadillo enkulu, opholi, ama-priñana, i-homero ebomvu, i-platyrrhine. izinkawu, i-rhea, impisi enomhlwenga, i-hoatzin, i-ocelot, i-sloth, i-red howler monkey nezinye eziningi.
Curiosities
- Idwala elikhulu elawela emhlabeni futhi labangela ukushabalala kwezibankwakazi eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-65 edlule lawela endaweni manje eyingxenye yeChicxulub, eNhlonhlweni yaseYucatan, eMexico.
- Ngokusemthethweni, izwekazi laseMelika laziswa emhlabeni ngonyaka we-1492, kodwa ukuvubukulwa kwemivubukulo kuye kwaqinisekisa ukuba khona kwezinsalela zabantu kanye nokuba khona kwabantu bangaphambi komlando kusukela eminyakeni eyi-17.000 edlule.
- Impucuko yamaMeya ibhekwa njengenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni.
- Izwe elinabantu abaningi ezwekazini laseMelika yi-United States enabantu abayizigidi ezingama-329, inani elimelela u-33% wabo bonke abantu baseMelika. IBrazil neMexico ziyalandela.
- Izwe elinabantu abambalwa kakhulu ezwekazini laseMelika iSaint Kitts neNevis enabantu abangu-56,000 kuphela.
Literatura
Izwekazi laseMelika libe yindawo yokuzalwa yababhali abahle kakhulu abazuze udumo nokubaluleka komhlaba wonke. Okuphawulekayo phakathi kwababhali bezilimi zesiNgisi uNathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, kanye noHenry David Thoreau, abasungula idumela elingenakuqhathaniswa maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX.
UMark Twain uthathwa njengomdondoshiya wezinhlamvu, okuthi kanye nembongi uWalt Whitman babhekwe njengezibalo eziphambili zezinhlamvu engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-XNUMX kanye no-Emily Dickinson, owayengaziwa nhlobo ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, kamuva wayezoqashelwa njengenye yezincwadi. Izimbongi Ezinkulu ZaseMelika.
Uma sikhuluma ngezincwadi zezilimi zeSpanishi nesiPutukezi, sizothola ababhali abavelele abaye bashiya uphawu lwabo ezincwadini zomhlaba, uPaulo Coelho, uMario Vargas Llosa, u-Arturo Uslar Pietri, uRómulo Gallegos, uGabriel García Márquez, uJorge Luís Borges, uGabriela Mistral. , Pablo Neruda, Mario Benedetti, uhlu lwezibonelo ezivelele ze-Latin American prose lungaba ngokwanele ukwenza incwadi.
umculo
Umculo wezwekazi laseMelika usufinyelele kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba. Izigqi ezifana nendodana yomdabu waseCuba, i-bossa nova yaseBrazil noma i-tango yase-Argentina, kanye ne-pop, i-rock, i-salsa, i-merengue ne-jazz, phakathi kokunye, namuhla yamukelwa kakhulu esifundeni nakwezinye izindawo eziningi. iplanethi.