Umbono wokuthi iNyanga ihlukana kancane kancane neplanethi yethu uzwakala, ekuqaleni, njengendaba yefilimu yesayensi, kodwa kuyinto engavamile okungokoqobo, okulinganisekayo, futhi okufundwe kahle kakhulu ngesayensi yesimanje. Nakuba esikalini somuntu ushintsho luncane kakhulu, ngesikhathi sokwakheka komhlaba lumelela ushintsho olukhulu ohlelweni lwe-Earth-Moon kanye nendlela esijikeleza futhi siphila ngayo emhlabeni wethu.
Kungase kubonakale kungqubuzana, ngoba sivame ukucabanga ngamandla adonsela phansi njengamandla adonsela konke ngaphakathi kuphela, kodwa ezinhlelweni ezijikelezayo. amandla adonsela phansi eMhlabeni kungaba phinda usabalalise amandla bese usunduza imijikelezo ngaphandleYilokho kanye okwenzekayo kwisathelayithi yethu: ukugeleza kwamanzi, ukungqubuzana, kanye nokulondolozwa komfutho we-angular kubhala kancane indaba lapho iNyanga ihamba khona, izinsuku zinde, futhi ukufiphala kwelanga okuphelele kuzonyamalala ekugcineni.
Kanjani futhi kungani iNyanga isuka eMhlabeni
Into yokuqala okufanele uyiqonde ukuthi iNyanga ayisheshi ngoba amandla adonsela phansi ebuthakathaka, noma ngoba kukhona okungahambi kahle ohlelweni lwelanga, kodwa ngenxa yenqubo yoku- ukusebenzisana kwamandla adonsela phansi phakathi koMhlaba, iNyanga, kanye nolwandleLokhu kusebenzisana kudala amagagasi futhi, ngawo, ukushintshana kwamandla okuqhubekayo kanye nomfutho we-angular phakathi kwemizimba yomibili.
Amandla adonsela phansi eNyanga adonsela olwandle loMhlaba futhi adala okwaziwayo ukukhukhumala kwamagagasiAmaqhubu amabili amanzi, elinye ohlangothini loMhlaba libheke eNyangeni kanti elinye kolunye uhlangothi. Ukube uMhlaba awuzange ujikeleze, la maqhubu ngabe aqondane kahle nendawo yesathelayithi. Kodwa iplanethi yethu ijikeleza ngokushesha kakhulu kunenyanga ethathayo ukuyijikeleza.
Nakuba iNyanga iqeda ukujikeleza cishe ezinsukwini ezingu-27, uMhlaba ujikeleza ku-axis yawo njalo emahoreni angu-24, ngakho-ke izilwandle, “zidonswa” ukujikeleza koMhlaba, zishintsha kancane ngaphambi komugqa woMhlaba neNyanga. Lokhu kungahambisani okuncane kubangela ukuthi ukukhukhumala kwamanzi kuveze i-a amandla adonsela phansi aqhubekela phambili eNyangeni, iyisunduza kancane phambili endleleni yayo yokujikeleza.
Uma into eku-orbit ithola ukusunduzwa phambili, ithola amandla okuzungeza. Futhi ukwanda kwamandla okuzungeza akubangeli into iwele eplanethini, kodwa kuphambene nalokho: kuyenza ibe khuphukela endaweni enkuluNgamanye amazwi, lokho "kukhahlela" okuncane okudonswa amandla yi-tidal bulge eNyangeni njalo yikona okubangela ukuthi isuke eMhlabeni unyaka nonyaka.
Lokho kukhula kuza ngentengo ethile. Amandla atholakala ngokujikeleza kwenyanga avela ekujikelezeni koMhlaba. Ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi okuhlobene namagagasi kubangela ukuthi iplanethi yethu ikhukhuleke. ukulahlekelwa kancane kancane kwamandla okujikelezaLokhu kuholela ekunciphiseni kancane kancane kokujikeleza koMhlaba. Izinsuku ziya ngokuya zinde isikhathi ngasinye, ama-millisecond ayanda amakhulu eminyaka, futhi yize singaqapheli lutho ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke, amawashi e-athomu ayakubona lokhu kwehla kwejubane.
Uhlelo lwe-Earth-Moon, olusemongweni walo, luziphatha njengohlelo oluhlangene ngamandla adonsela phansi oluhlonipha umthetho oyisisekelo wefiziksi: ukulondolozwa komfutho we-angularUmfutho we-angular awudalwanga futhi awubhujiswanga; umane udluliselwa kusuka ekujikelezeni koMhlaba uye ekujikelezeni kweNyanga. Ngakho-ke, njengoba iplanethi yethu yehla, isathelayithi iyazinza kancane kancane ibe umjikelezo ode kakhulu onesikhathi eside sokuzungeza.
INyanga ihamba ngesivinini esingakanani futhi lokhu kusho ukuthini?
Njengamanje, izilinganiso ezinembile kakhulu zibonisa ukuthi iNyanga iyasuka kithi ngesivinini esilinganiselwe se- 3,8-4 amasentimitha ngonyakaKuyibanga eliyinqaba ngokwezinto zansuku zonke (okufana nobukhulu bomunwe), kodwa uma ligcinwa izigidi nezigidi zeminyaka lishintsha ngokuphelele ukwakheka kohlelo lwe-Earth-Moon.
Ibanga elimaphakathi lamanje phakathi kwezidumbu ezimbili licishe libe 380.000-385.000 amakhilomithaKodwa-ke, ezinsukwini zokuqala ngemva kokwakheka kwayo, iNyanga yayisondelene kakhulu. Amamodeli kanye namarekhodi ezinsalela zasendulo asikisela ukuthi, ngemva nje komthelela owayidala, kungenzeka ukuthi yayisondelene kakhulu noMhlaba izikhathi ezingu-15-18 kunamanje, okusho amabanga aphakathi kwamakhilomitha ambalwa nje ezinkulungwane.
Lokhu kuhlukana kancane kancane kunemiphumela elinganisekayo ebudeni bosuku. Izifundo eziningana zilinganisele ukuthi, ngenxa yokudluliselwa komfutho we-angular eNyangeni, izinsuku zoMhlaba ziyanda ngokulandelana kwe Imizuzwana engu-0,00001 ngonyakaKungushintsho oluncane, kodwa eminyakeni engamakhulu ezigidi edlule kugcina kwenze umehluko ocacile enanini lamahora athathwa uMhlaba ukuze ujikeleze.
Lolu shintsho oluncane ebudeni bosuku kanye nasekujikelezeni kwangempela koMhlaba lubalulekile, isibonelo, ezinhlelweni zokugcina isikhathi ezinembile kakhulu esizisebenzisayo, njenge- amawashi e-athomu kanye nemizuzwana yokugxumaNgezikhathi ezithile, isikhathi esisemthethweni kufanele silungiswe ngokungeza umzuzwana ukuze amawashi ethu ahlale ehambisana nokujikeleza okuphumelelayo koMhlaba, okungalingani kahle ngenxa yale miphumela yolwandle kanye nezinye izinqubo ze-geophysical.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibanga leNyanga kanye nokwehluka kokujikeleza koMhlaba kunemiphumela engokoqobo ku- ubuchwepheshe obuzwela kakhulu isikhathi nendawonjenge-GPS, ukubalwa okunembile kwezindlela zokwenziwa zesathelayithi, noma ukuhlela izindlela zokuqalisa. Nakuba ukulungiswa kuncane, ukunganaki lokhu kushintsha kungaholela ekuqongeleleni okukhulu kwamaphutha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Sazi kanjani ukuthi iNyanga iyahamba? Ngokulinganisa ibanga nge-laser.
Ukuqinisekiswa kokuhlolwa kokwehla komnotho enyangeni kufike ngendlela ecishe ibe yinganekwane yesayensi: ngenxa yabanye izibuko ezifakwe ebusweni beNyanga ngemisebenzi ka-Apollo. Lawa ma-retroreflector abonisa ukukhanya emuva ngqo endleleni okwakuvela ngayo, okuvumela ama-laser pulse avela eMhlabeni ukuthi asetshenziswe ukukala amabanga ngokunemba okukhulu.
Inqubo ilula kakhulu: a ukushaya kwenhliziyo okufushane kakhulu nge-laser Kusukela esiteshini eMhlabeni kuya endaweni lapho kutholakala khona izibonisi, isikhathi esithathayo ukuze ukukhanya okubonisiwe kubuye silinganiswa ngokunemba okukhulu futhi, ngokwazi ukuthi ukukhanya kuhamba cishe ngamakhilomitha angu-300.000 ngomzuzwana, ibanga phakathi koMhlaba neNyanga libalwa ngamaphutha angamamilimitha.
Le ndlela "yokulinganisa i-laser" ibilokhu isetshenziswa kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960, okuvumela ukwakhiwa kochungechunge lwesikhathi oluqinile kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, ibanga elimaphakathi liye laqinisekiswa ngokuqondile. Kuyanda unyaka nonyaka. ngesilinganiso salawo masentimitha ambalwa esikhulume ngawo ngaphambili. Lokhu akuyona imodeli yethiyori engakahlolwa, kodwa umphumela olinganiswa ngokuphindaphindiwe amaqembu ahlukene emazweni ahlukene.
Yiqiniso, ama-laser awusizo kuphela esikhathini esidlule samuva nje, njengoba sifake ama-reflector. Ukuze sazi ukuthi iNyanga yayikude kangakanani amakhulu noma izigidigidi zeminyaka edlule, kufanele sithembele kwezinye izinkomba: amarekhodi e-geological kanye nama-fossil ezigcina ulwazi mayelana nobude bosuku noma isigqi samagagasi ezikhathini zasendulo.
Esinye sezibonelo eziphawuleka kakhulu amakhorali asendulo kanye nezindawo ezithile zasolwandle eziqopha imijikelezo yansuku zonke neyezinkathi. Ngokuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwezingqimba ezakhiweni zezindawo, njengalezo ezifundwe enyakatho yeShayina noma eWalvis Ridge eNingizimu ye-Atlantic, abacwaningi bakwazile ukwakha kabusha indawo Isivinini sokujikeleza komhlaba esikhathini esidlule futhi kusukela lapho, thola ibanga eliya eNyangeni ngalezo zikhathi.
INyanga esikhathini esidlule: izinsuku ezimfushane, amagagasi amakhulu
Idatha ye-geological kanye namamodeli aguquguqukayo alandisa indaba efanayo: kwakukhona isikhathi lapho iNyanga yayiseduze kakhulu futhi uMhlaba ujikeleza ngokushesha okukhulu. Amanye amarekhodi asikisela ukuthi, cishe 1.400 izigidi zeminyakaIplanethi yethu iqede ukujikeleza cishe emahoreni ayi-18 nemizuzwana engama-41, okukude kakhulu namahora angama-24 amanje.
Ngisho nasezikhathini zangaphambilini, izifundo ezahlukahlukene ngamakhorali asendulo ziphakamise ukuthi usuku loMhlaba lwaluhlala cishe Amahora we-18Lokhu kujikeleza okusheshayo kusho ubusuku nezinsuku ezimfushane, amaphethini ezulu ahlukene, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, amagagasi anamandla kakhulu, ngoba iNyanga, njengoba iseduze, yayikhanga kakhulu olwandle.
Cabanga ngamagagasi aphezulu kakhulu futhi avame kakhulu, kanye nokwehla nokugeleza okungabumba ugu ngendlela enamandla kakhulu kunanamuhla. amagagasi anamandla futhi avamile Ngezinye izikhathi kuye kwaphakanyiswa njengento eyayingase ithonye i-chemistry yezindawo eziphakathi kwamaza, okungenzeka ukuthi ihlobene nezimo ezithile mayelana nomsuka kanye nokuvela kokuqala kokuphila.
Iminyaka eminingi, njengoba iNyanga incipha futhi ukujikeleza koMhlaba kuncipha, uhlelo lwaqhubekela esimweni sokuhamba kwamanzi okuthambile kanye imigqi emide yansuku zonkeAkukho lutho lwangaphandle olwaluqhubekisela phambili ukuvela kwesistimu: empeleni, amandla adonsela phansi ngokwawo kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamandla ngokungqubuzana kwangaphakathi okwenza umsebenzi wawo buthule.
Kuwo wonke lo mlando omude, umfutho ophelele we-angular wesistimu yoMhlaba-iNyanga ulondolozwe, kodwa indlela osakazwa ngayo ishintshile: kuncane kakhulu ku- ukuzungeza komhlaba, ikakhulukazi ekuhambeni kweNyanga okuzungeza umhlaba. Lokhu kulungiswa okuqhubekayo yikho okubangela ukuzulazula okuhamba kancane kanye nokuguqulwa okuqhubekayo kwezimo eziguquguqukayo zebhangqa leplanethi nesethelayithi.
Imiphumela yamanje: izinsuku ezinde kanye nobuchwepheshe obubucayi
Nakuba ukwehla kwenyanga kuyinqubo eqhubekayo, empilweni yansuku zonke asiboni ukuthi isathelayithi iya phambili kancane noma ukuthi izinsuku zethu zinde kancane kunemizuzwana embalwa kunangeminyaka edlule. Empeleni, umphumela ucashile kangangokuthi ubonakala kuphela uma sisebenzisa izinsimbi ezinembe kakhulu noma sifunda ngezikhawu zesikhathi eside kakhulu.
Nokho, ngesayensi nobuchwepheshe besimanje, le mininingwane yenza umehluko omkhulu. Izinhlelo zokubeka indawo ezifana ne-GPS, amanethiwekhi esathelayithi, izibalo zendlela yemikhumbi-mkhathi, kanye namasu okuqalisa konke kudinga i- ukuvumelanisa kwesikhathi okuhle kakhulu kanye nokuqonda okunembile kakhulu ngokujikeleza koMhlaba. Ukungayinaki i-deceleration, noma ngabe incane kangakanani, ekugcineni kuzodala amaphutha aqongelelekile angathinta ukunemba kwalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushintshashintsha okuncane kobude bosuku kanye nesidingo sokwethula imizuzwana yokugxuma Ukulungisa isikhathi esisemthethweni ukuze sihambisane nokujikeleza kwenyanga kwangempela kunezela izinga lobunzima ezinhlelweni zokugcina isikhathi zomhlaba wonke. Kungenye yemiphumela engaqondile yokwehla kwenyanga, yize ingathinti impilo yethu yansuku zonke, kodwa ibeka inselele enkulu kulabo abaphatha amazinga esikhathi kanye nokuzulazula.
Ezingeni lezemvelo kanye nelolwandle, izinguquko ezifanele zisezingeni elikhulu. Njengoba iNyanga iqhubekela phambili, amandla olwandle azovame ukuba kancane kancane ukunciphisaLokhu kuzoshintsha, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuziphatha kwezindawo ezithile zemvelo zasogwini okuhlobene kakhulu nemijikelezo yolwandle, kanye nokuguquguquka kwezakhamzimba kanye nenhlabathi ezindaweni zasogwini.
Kuhle ukugcizelela ukuthi akukho kulokhu okuyimbangela yokwethuka okusheshayo. Ukwehla komnotho kuhamba kancane kangangokuthi, ngokwesikhathi somuntu, konke kuhlala kuzinzile. Kodwa ukuqonda lokhu kuthuthuka kusiza ukubeka iNyanga ngaphakathi... indawo yonke enamandla eshintsha njalo, esikhundleni sokukubona njengesibani esilula esingashukumi esilenga esibhakabhakeni ebusuku.
Ukwakheka kweNyanga kanye nombono womthelela omkhulu
Ukuze siqonde ukuthi kungani iNyanga yaqala impilo yayo eduze kangaka nathi futhi ibilokhu isuka kusukela lapho, kumele sibuyele emuva emsukeni wayo. Isimo esamukeleka kakhulu yilesi esibizwa ngokuthi i-hypothesis yomthelela omkhuluNgokusho kwalokho umzimba ocishe ube njengoMars, ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi iTheia, washayisana noMhlaba wakuqala eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingu-4.500 edlule.
Lokho kushayisana okukhulu kwakhipha inani elikhulu lezinto ezivela emkhathini woMhlaba kanye ne-impactor uqobo lwazo emkhathini, okwagcina kudala i- idiski yemfucumfucu ejikeleza uMhlaba omncaneNgokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezi zinto zanqwabelana ukuze zakhe iNyanga. Lo modeli uchaza kahle ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwesathelayithi, okufana kakhulu noMhlaba, kanye nemininingwane ethile yobuningi bayo kanye nomjikelezo wayo wokuqala.
Ngemva kokushayisana, iNyanga esanda kwakheka yayizojikeleza eduze kakhulu neplanethi yethu, ibhekene namandla amakhulu olwandle. Lokhu kusondelana kwakuthanda i- ukuvela okusheshayo kohlelo lwe-Earth-Moonngokudluliselwa okukhulu komfutho we-angular okwasunduza iNyanga emizuliswaneni ebanzi kancane kancane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukujikeleza koMhlaba ngabe kwehlile kusuka ezisivinini zokuqala eziphakeme kakhulu.
Izifundo zakamuva, ezihlanganisa idatha ye-geophysical, amamodeli ensimu yamagnetic yoMhlaba (i-geodynamo), kanye nokulingisa ngezinombolo, ziyaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa imininingwane yokuthi uhlelo lwakheka kanjani nokuthi insimu yamagnetic yasakazwa kanjani. umfutho we-angular phakathi kwemizimba yomibiliNakuba kunezingqinamba ezingaxoxwa ngazo, isithombe esijwayelekile siyavumelana: ukushayisana okukhulu kwadala iNyanga eyayiseduze ekuqaleni kodwa, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ayizange iyeke ukuhamba.
Indaba yokwakheka kwayo kanye nokuphuma kwayo kancane kancane emkhathini igcizelela izinga uhlelo lwe-Earth-Moon oluwumphumela wezinqubo ezinobudlova emvelaphi yalo kanye ne-a ukuthuthuka okuzolile nokuqhubekayo ngemva, okuphawulwa ukuhlakazeka kwamandla emagagasini kanye nokushintshana okungenakunqandeka komfutho we-angular.
Ikusasa Lomhlaba Nenyanga: ukuvumelanisa kolwandle
Uma sibikezela ukuthuthuka kwamanje phambili, amamodeli asikisela ukuthi, esikhathini esizayo esikude, uMhlaba neNyanga kungafinyelela esimweni lapho kokubili kuba khona ivinjwe amagagasiLokho kungasho ukuthi uMhlaba uzohlala ubonisa ubuso obufanayo eNyangeni, ngendlela iNyanga esivele isibonisa ngayo i-hemisphere efanayo namuhla.
Kuleso simo esikude, ukwehla komnotho kweNyanga kuzoncipha kancane kancane njengoba ukusebenza kahle kokudluliselwa kwamandla olwandle kwehla. Ezinye izibalo zisikisela ukuthi iNyanga ingafinyelela umjikelezo ozinzile ngaphakathi cishe 50.000 izigidi zeminyaka, enesikhathi sokuzungeza cishe izinsuku ezingu-47 esikhundleni sezinsuku ezingu-27 zamanje.
Ngaleso sikhathi, izinsuku eMhlabeni zazizoba zinde kakhulu futhi amandla olwandle abe buthakathaka kakhulu. Ukufiphala kwelanga okuphelele njengoba sikwazi namuhla kwakuzophela ngokushesha kakhulu, ngoba ubukhulu obubonakalayo beNyanga esibhakabhakeni Bekuzoncipha njengoba kuhamba, kuze kube yilapho kungasakwazi ukumboza ngokuphelele idiski yelanga ngokombono wethu.
Eqinisweni, ukufiphala kwelanga okuphelele esikubonayo njengamanje kuwuhlobo lokuhlangana kwezinto eziphilayo: njengamanje, iLanga neNyanga kusesibhakabhakeni. ububanzi obubonakalayo obufana kakhulungakho-ke isathelayithi ingasitha ilanga ngokuphelele imizuzu embalwa. Lokhu kuhlangana kwenzeka kuphela ngesikhathi esifushane emlandweni wesimiso sonozungezilanga.
Kodwa-ke, le ndaba yesikhathi esizayo esikude idinga ukuchazwa ngemininingwane ebalulekile: ngaphakathi kwemizuzu embalwa. 5.000 izigidi zeminyakaEsikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba uMhlaba neNyanga kufinyelele kuleso simo sokuvalelana, iLanga lizobe seliqede uphethiloli walo wokuhlangana enkabeni yalo futhi liguquke libe yi-giant ebomvu. Lolo shintsho enkanyezini yethu ephakathi luzoshintsha ngokuphelele izimo eziguquguqukayo zesistimu yonke yangaphakathi yelanga.
Indima yeLanga kanye nomphumela wesikhathi eside kakhulu
Uma iLanga lingena esigabeni salo esikhulu esibomvu, lizokhula kakhulu, futhi ukukhanya kwalo kanye nemisebe kuzokhula kakhulu. Kuleyo nqubo, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi Umhlaba uzogwinywa noma, okungenani, uzoshiswa, beba abangenakwamukela nhlobo noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuphila olwalungase luhlale ngaleso sikhathi.
INyanga, ngaleso sikhathi ezobe ikude kakhulu nathi kunamanje, nayo izothinteka ukwanda kwemisebe kanye nezinguquko ensimini yamandla adonsela phansi ohlelweni. Kungenzeka ukuthi isathelayithi izosinda njengomzimba oqinile ngemva kwesigaba se-red giant, kodwa indawo yayo izohluka kakhulu kulokho esikwaziyo namuhla, nge Ilanga eliguqulwe kakhulu kanye nesimiso sangaphakathi selanga esibhidlikile.
Ukusebenzisana phakathi kweLanga elisesigabeni sokugcina, uMhlaba (noma okusele kuwo), kanye neNyanga kusacwaningwa. Amamodeli azama ukulinganisa ukuthi ukunwetshwa kwelanga kuzodonsela uMhlaba ngaphakathi noma ukuthi ukulahlekelwa yisisindo seLanga, okunciphisa amandla adonsela phansi, kungaholela ekutheni imijikelezo yamaplanethi ibe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. khulisa ngaphandle ngaphambi komphumela wokugcina. Kunoma ikuphi, ngokwesikhathi somuntu, konke lokhu kungokwesikhathi esizayo esikude kakhulu.
Lo mbono we-cosmic ubonisa ukuthi ukuhamba kweNyanga kude kumane nje kuyisithombe esikhulu. umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinkanyezi kanye namaplanethi kusukela eminyakeni eyizigidigidi. Kusukela emthonjeni owadala isathelayithi yethu, ngokusebenzisa amagagasi anweba izinsuku, kuya ekukhuleni kokugcina kweLanga, konke kuyingxenye yendaba efanayo ebonakalayo elawulwa amandla adonsela phansi kanye nokulondolozwa kwamandla kanye nomfutho we-angular.
Ukubheka iNyanga ngokwazi ukuthi ihamba ngamasentimitha ambalwa njalo ngonyaka, ukuthi esikhathini esidlule yayiseduze kakhulu, nokuthi esikhathini esizayo esikude ngeke isakwazi ukukhiqiza ukufiphala okuphelele, kushintsha indlela esiqonda ngayo leyo diski ekhanyayo esibhakabhakeni. Ngaphezu kokuhlobisa ebusuku okulula, kuwubufakazi obubonakalayo be- ubudlelwano obudonsela phansi obude kakhulu futhi obushintsha njalo phakathi koMhlaba kanye nesathelayithi yawo yemvelo okuwukuphela kwayo.
