Wake wayibuka inja ijaha ibhola ngokungaphezi noma ikati lilandela uphaphe njengokungathi liyisisulu sangempela? Nakuba lezi zikhathi zingase zibonakale njengokubonakaliswa nje kobuhle noma ukuzijabulisa kwezilwane kwabaningi, iqiniso lijula kakhulu. Ukudlala ezilwaneni akuyona nje indlela yokuchitha isikhathi; kufihla ubunzima obuthakazelisayo obufundwe izazi zezinto eziphilayo, izazi ze-ethology, kanye nochwepheshe bokuziphatha kwezilwane amashumi eminyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyathakazelisa ukuhlola ukuthi imidlalo ethile ivuselela kanjani izingqondo zezinhlobo ezahlukene.
Kusukela ezingwenya ezidlala nezimbali kuya emagundwini ajabulela ukulwa okuzenzisayo, imvelo igcwele izibonelo ezimangalisayo ezifakazela ukuthi ukudlala akugcini kubantu noma ezifuyweni zethu eziseduze . Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuthi umdlalo usho ukuthini ngempela ezweni lezilwane, ukuthi kungani bekwenza, ukuthi yiziphi izinzuzo ezikunikezayo, nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezibandakanyeka kuwo, sisebenzisa ubufakazi besayensi bamanje kanye nokubonwa okubhalwe phansi kochwepheshe.
Ingabe ukudlala kuwumkhuba ojwayelekile ezilwaneni?
Isikhathi eside, ukudlala kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kuyinto eyayidlalwa yizilwane ezifuywayo njengezinja namakati kuphela. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yocwaningo lochwepheshe abanjengoGordon Burghardt, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo eNyuvesi yaseTennessee, manje sesiyazi ukuthi akunjalo. Ngisho nezinhlobo ezazibhekwa “njengezilula” kakhulu ukudlala, njengezilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinhlanzi, izilwane ezingenamgogodla, kanye nezimfudu, ziye zabonisa ukuziphatha kokudlala. Ngaphakathi kwalesi simo, singasho izici zezilwane ezinomgogodla.
UBurghardt uphakamise izindlela ezinhlanu zokucabangela ukuziphatha njengokudlala: ukuthi kuyinto yokuzithandela, ukuthi ayinayo inhloso esheshayo, ukuthi iyajabulisa, ukuthi ihlukile ekusebenzeni kwayo okulinganayo (njengokulwela iqiniso) nokuthi iyaphindaphinda.
Ngokulandela lezi ziqondiso, manje sesingaqinisekisa ukuthi ukudlala kukhona cishe kuwo wonke amagatsha esihlahla sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, yize kungewona wonke umuntu . Kunezinhlobo ezingakaze zibonwe zidlala, kodwa eziningi zikhona, ngisho nasezimweni esingase sizibheke njengezimbi.
Lona umbuzo ongakabi nempendulo eqondile yawo. Omunye wemibono eyamukelwa kabanzi usikisela ukuthi izilwane zidlala ukuze zithuthukise amakhono awusizo lapho sezikhulile, njengokuzingela, ukubalekela izilwane ezidla ezinye, noma ukuthuthukisa ukuxhumana nabantu. Isibonelo, ukudlala nakho kudlale indima ebalulekile emfundweni yezemvelo.
Kodwa-ke, izifundo eziningana ziye zaphikisana nale ncazelo . Isibonelo, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi ama-otter adlala ngokujikijela amatshe awangcono ekuxazululeni amaphazili kunalawo angakwenzi lokho. Ngokufanayo, amakati akhule ezungezwe amathoyizi awabi abazingeli abangcono ngenxa yalokho.
Lokhu kuveze umbono wesibili: umbono wenjabulo. Abanye ochwepheshe, okuhlanganisa no-Alex Richter-Boix, basikisela ukuthi izilwane zimane zidlale ngoba ziyakujabulela . Lolu hlobo lokuzijabulisa luvuselela uhlelo lomvuzo lobuchopho bazo, njengoba nje lwenza kubantu, lukhiqize amakhemikhali afana ne-dopamine abenza bazizwe bejabule futhi bejabule.
Ngalo mqondo, umdlalo ngeke ube nomsebenzi wokuzivumelanisa nezimo ngaphandle kokuzijabulisa . Izinja ezilanda ibhola ngokuphindaphindiwe kungenzeka ukuthi zithole indlela ephumelelayo yokujabulela ngokuphindaphindiwe isikhuthazo esifanayo esijabulisayo. Lokhu kuhlobene nendlela ukudlala ngokomzwelo okungathinta ngayo ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu nezilwane.
Izilwane eziningi ziye zabonwa zidlala ngendlela engeyona injongo eqondile, kodwa ebonakala ijabulisa. Ake sibheke ezinye zezibonelo ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu eziqoqwe ososayensi nabaxhumanisi besayensi:
- Izingwenya Bake babonakala bedlala ngamabhola nezimbali ezimibalabala, baze bathwale abanye emhlane lapho bebhukuda.
- Amakati Izilwane zasekhaya zidlala ngezimpaphe, amabhola entambo noma amabhande enjoloba njengokungathi ziyizisulu, ngezinye izikhathi ngamandla amangalisayo.
- izimpawu Ziye zavezwa zidlala ngokhula lwasolwandle nezinto ezintantayo, ngezinye izikhathi ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi kangangokuthi zibonakala zifuna ukuhlaba umxhwele umuntu ongabonakali.
- Izimpungushe Basebenzisa izinto ezinjengama-toilet paper rolls ukuze bazijabulise; Izimpi eziyinhlekisa phakathi kwabo zize zabhalwa kusetshenziswa lezi zinto njengamathoyizi.
- Izingwane Ezindaweni zasemanzini, bazijabulisa ngokufafaza amanzi emabhodleleni ukuze banyakaze, into abangayenzi njalo endaweni yabo yemvelo, lapho bekhathazeka kakhulu ngokusinda.
Ngokwemvelo, ukuziphatha kokudlala kuye kwabonwa ukuthi, ekuqaleni, kungase kubonakale njengezinye izinhlobo zokuziphatha njengokuzingela, ukuthandana, noma ukuzivikela. Lolu hlobo lokuziphatha lungaqhathaniswa nendlela ezinye izilwane ezisabela ngayo lapho zisongelwa.
Isibonelo, amagwababa abonwe ehla ngezitebhisi ophahleni oluneqhwa , ephinda lesi senzo kaningi yize singenanjongo ecacile. Izindlovu ezincane, zombili ezesilisa nezesifazane, zizulazula emifuleni ukuze zijabule nje , ngaphandle kokuthi lesi senzo sixhunyaniswe nokuhlanzeka noma ukubonakaliswa kwamandla.
Ama-meerkat adlala wodwa ngokwamukela ukulwa noma ukuxosha izimo, yize lokhu kungathuthukisi amakhono awo okuxhumana nabantu noma ukunciphisa ulaka lwawo . Eqinisweni, abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lo mdlalo ungase ube nenani elicashile lokuziphendukela kwemvelo: ukulungiselela ubuchopho bawo ukubhekana nokungaqiniseki.
Amagundane akhuliswe ewodwa abonisa ukukhula kobuchopho okuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nalawo aphila futhi edlala nabanye . Anezilawuli ezincane zokushukuma, inkumbulo yesikhashana ebuthakathaka, kanye namakhono ambalwa okuxhumana nabantu. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukudlala kungaba ithuluzi elibalulekile ekuvuthweni kwesimiso sezinzwa.
Umbono ohlukile uphakamisa ukuthi ukudlala akuzange kuthuthukiswe ngenhloso ethile , kodwa kunalokho kuwumphumela wezinye izici zokuziphendukela kwemvelo njengokuhlakanipha, ilukuluku, noma ukutholakala kwesikhathi samahhala. Isibonelo, njengasemidlalweni yama-Olympic , izilwane zingathola izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuzijabulisa.
Ama-Komodo dragons ema-zoo adlala nabagcini bawo ngokubamba izintambo noma amabhola, kuyilapho ama-geckos eqoshwe ejabulela izinto ezintantayo ngaphandle kwamandla adonsela phansi . Le misebenzi ingahunyushwa njengempendulo yokudlala yokudinwa noma ukushukunyiswa kwemizwa okutholakala ezindaweni ezilawulwayo.
Emvelweni, isikhathi sokuphumula siyinto yokunethezeka . Izilwane zasendle zichitha ingxenye enkulu yosuku lwazo zifuna ukudla, zizivikela, futhi zisinda. Yingakho ukuziphatha kokudlala kuvame kakhulu ezindaweni ezivikelwe njengezindawo zoo noma izindawo zokugcina izilwane . Kodwa lokho akusho ukuthi akwenzeki endle; kunzima kakhulu ukukubhala phansi.
Umdlalo wokucasha ezinyonini nakwezinye izilwane
Izinyoni nazo zihlanganisa ukudlala ekuphileni kwazo kwansuku zonke . I-woodpecker enkulu enamabala, isibonelo, idlala ngokucasha ngemuva kwezihlahla zemithi bese ikhipha ikhanda layo njengokungathi iphonsela inselelo umbukeli wayo. I-nuthatch yase-Eurasia enamahloni kakhulu yenza okufanayo, yize ikuvumela ukuthi usondele ngaphambi kokubaleka ngokudlala.
I-cuckoo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibonakala ijabulela ukukhohliswa . Indlela yayo yokubeka amaqanda ezidlekeni zezinye izinhlobo nokuvumela ezinye ukuba ziwakhulise ngenxa yayo ingahunyushwa njengendlela yokudlala yokugwema imithetho yemvelo, yize futhi isebenza njengesu lokusinda eliyinkimbinkimbi. Ngalo mqondo, kuyathakazelisa ukucabangela ubudlelwano balezi zindlela zokuziphatha nokuthuthukiswa kwezilwane ezincelisayo.
Unogwaja wasendle eSpain ubonisa amakhono amangalisayo "okudlala ukufihla" nezinja ezimlandela. Ubuyela emuva ezinyathelweni zakhe, agxume ngokungalindelekile, futhi azifihle endaweni ukuze adide izitha zakhe.
Ezinye izindlela zokudlala zibonakala zihloselwe ukuqinisa izibopho phakathi kwabantu , njengoba kwenzeka ezincelisayo zomphakathi. Omama bezinkawu, isibonelo, bayakitaza abantwana babo futhi bakhuthaze ukudlala ngokomzimba okuqinisa isibopho esingokomzwelo futhi kufundise imingcele yokuziphatha. Lokhu kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokusebenza nezilwane emfundweni nasekuhlanganiseni umphakathi.
Ezindaweni zasekhaya, abantu baphinde baqinise ukudlala ngamathoyizi, imidlalo engokomzimba, kanye nemikhuba yokudlala nezilwane zabo ezifuywayo. Lokhu kuthuthukisa isibopho esiseduze phakathi kwabantu nezilwane futhi kugqamisa ukuthi injabulo ehlanganyelwe ingaba yinto ebalulekile ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwezinhlobo.
Ngisho nezinye izilwane ezifana namakati noma izingulube zasekhaya ziye zabonwa zixhumana ngqo nabantu noma izinto zabo ngendlela yokudlala , zingadingi ukudla noma isivikelo, ukuze nje zijabulele ukuxhumana futhi zikhuthazwe.
Ukudlala ezilwaneni akuyona into engavamile, kodwa kungenye indlela yokubonakaliswa kobunzima bokuziphatha kwezilwane . Nakuba kungezona zonke izinhlobo ezidlalayo, futhi asikwazi ukuchaza njalo ukuthi kungani zidlala, ukuqaphela kanye nezifundo kusenza siphethe ngokuthi kuyindlela yokuziphatha evamile kakhulu futhi ebaluleke kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungenxa yenjabulo, intuthuko yokuqonda, noma nje ukugcwalisa isikhathi sazo samahhala, izilwane zithola indlela yokuveza edlalayo eyenza okuhlangenwe nakho kwazo kwempilo kube ngokomuntu futhi isixhumanise nazo ezingeni elijulile.
