Uma uke wazibuza "Kuyini ukubaluleka kokucabanga ngefilosofi uma nginezikweletu okufanele ngizikhokhe, ngisebenze, futhi ngiphile impilo yami yonke?"Usendaweni efanele. Emphakathini ogxile ekukhiqizeni okusheshayo, ifilosofi ivame ukubhekwa njengento engavamile, engasebenzi, noma engenamsebenzi nhlobo. Kodwa-ke, ingena buthule cishe kukho konke esikucabangayo, esikunqumayo, nesikuzwayo ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke.
Kunokuba yinto yokunethezeka ngokwengqondo noma isifundo sesikole samabanga aphezulu esiyisicefe, Ifilosofi iyindlela yokubuka umhlaba, yokuziqonda, kanye nokuxhumana nabanye ngokucace kakhudlwana.Kusisiza ukuthi sembule ukubonakala, sibuze ukuthi yini ethathwa kalula, siphathe kangcono imizwa enzima, futhi siqondise izimpilo zethu ngencazelo eyengeziwe. Ake sikubheke ngokuthula, sihlanganisa imibono eyinhloko evele emibhalweni eminingi yamanje kanye nezingxoxo mayelana nokubaluleka kokwenza ifilosofi namuhla.
Kungani kufanele sicabange ngefilosofi namuhla? Usizo lwangempela ezweni "eliwusizo"
Siphila esimweni lapho cishe kuphela okukhiqiza imali, ubuchwepheshe, noma imiphumela elinganisekayo esikhathini esifushaneKulowo mqondo, ifilosofi ibonakala ingabalulekile: ayikhiqizi omakhalekhukhwini, ayakhi imigwaqo emikhulu, ayikhulisi i-GDP. Yingakho imishwana evamile efana nokuthi "uzophila ngo-Aristotle?" noma "lokho akusizi ngalutho kunoma yini ewusizo."
Kodwa uma sandisa umbono wethu kancane, siyabona ukuthi kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili zosizoNgakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona isici sezomnotho: lokho okukhiqiza izimpahla, izinsizakalo, noma ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona usizo olujulile: konke okusisiza ukuthi ukuthuthuka njengabantu ngabanye nanjengomphakathi, ukuqonda umhlaba nokwenza izinqumo ezingconoIfilosofi ifanelana kahle nalolu hlobo lwesibili losizo.
Kungase kungabi nenzuzo elinganiswayo ekupheleni kwenyanga, kodwa Kunikela ngokuthile okungaba khona ezinye isayensi kanye nemisebenzi yabantu empofu ngaphandle kwakho.: uhlaka lokucabanga, lokuqamba amaqiniso amasha, lokungabaza izindinganiso kanye nokuhlanganisa ulwazi olubonakala lungaxhumene.
Yingakho izazi zefilosofi nabafundisi abaningi bephikelela ukuthi, Nakuba ifilosofi ingaxazululi zonke izinkinga, ngaphandle kwefilosofi eziningi zazo azikwazi ngisho nokwakheka kahle.Lapho isayensi, ezombusazwe, noma impilo yomuntu siqu ifinyelela esiphelweni esibi, ukuzindla okujulile kwefilosofi kuvame ukudingeka ukuze kuvulwe omunye umnyango.
Ifilosofi njengombono obucayi kanye nokucaca komqondo
Enye yeminikelo enamandla kakhulu yefilosofi ukusinika "i-lens ebucayi" yokuhlola izinkolelo, imikhuba, kanye nezinkulumo esizithatha kalulaAkanelisekile ngokuthi "bekulokhu kwenziwa ngale ndlela" noma ngokuthi "Ngikubonile ezinkundleni zokuxhumana futhi wonke umuntu wabelana ngakho."
Ngamagatsha anjenge-metaphysics, i-epistemology, noma izimiso zokuziphatha, Ifilosofi ibuza ukuthi liyini iqiniso, kusho ukuthini ukwazi okuthile, kusho ukuthini ukwenza kahle, noma ukuthi yini esingayibheka njengefanele.Le mibuzo, ebonakala ingenangqondo, iyimbangela yezingxoxo zansuku zonke mayelana nesayensi, ezombusazwe, amalungelo abantu, ubuchwepheshe, noma ukuziphatha komuntu siqu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi wefilosofi uhilela umzamo wokwenza cacisa imiqondo futhi uthuthukise ulimiAmagama anjengokuthi “inkululeko,” “ubulungiswa,” “iqiniso,” “umuntu,” noma “ubuwena” awasho into efanayo kuwo wonke umuntu. Ngaphandle kokuhlaziywa komqondo okujulile, izingxoxo zomphakathi ziba yizingxoxo zabantu abayizithulu.
Abalobi bezincwadi zakudala kanye nabesikhathi samanje babonise ukuthi ukucabanga kwefilosofi Kuthuthukisa ikhono lethu lokuphikisana, ukubona ukuphikisana, ukuhlonza amaphutha, nokuhlukanisa amaqiniso nemibono.Kule nkathi yamanga, ulwazi oluningi kakhulu, kanye nezihloko eziklanyelwe ukulawula imizwa, leli khono cishe liyindlela yokusiza ingqondo.
Uma senza lolo hlobo lokucabanga, siyayeka ukuba ngabathengi bolwazi abangenzi lutho futhi Saba abahlanganyeli abakhuthele ezingxoxweni zomphakathiAsigcini nje ngokunikeza imibono yethu: siyazi ukuthi kungani sicabanga ngalokho esikucabangayo.
Ifilosofi nesayensi: ukuqamba amagama, ukuhlanganisa kanye nokubeka imingcele
Omunye umsebenzi oyinhloko wefilosofi, ovame ukunganakwa, indima yayo maqondana nesayensi. Ngokuvamile, kuvela isithombe esiphikisanayo: "Isayensi iyathola, ifilosofi iyaqagela"Lowo mfanekiso awukunaki ukuthonyana kwamakhulu eminyaka.
Ngokomlando, Ifilosofi isize ekuqambeni imibono kanye nezenzakalo isayensi eziye zazakha kamuva.Indaba yegama elithi "i-athomu," elasungulwa izazi zefilosofi ezifana noDemocritus kudala ngaphambi kwesayensi yesimanje, iyisibonelo esisodwa nje esifanekisayo. Okufanayo kuye kwenzeka ngemibono efana "nokuqonda," "isikhala," "isikhathi," noma "isizathu."
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifilosofi isebenza njengohlobo oluthile lwefilosofi. "iglu" yezifundo eziningiEzweni lezemfundo eligxile kakhulu, lapho insimu ngayinye inqunyelwe endaweni yayo, ifilosofi izama ukubuyisa umbono ophelele: ihlobanisa i-biology nokuziphatha, i-physics ne-metaphysics, i-psychology ne-anthropology, umlando nethiyori yezepolitiki.
Le ndlela yomhlaba wonke ibalulekile ngoba Izinkinga ezinkulu zangempela azikaze zibe yizingxenye ezimbili.Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, isibonelo, akunakuqondwa kuphela nge-chemistry yomoya; kudinga futhi ukucabanga ngokuziphatha, kwezepolitiki, kwezomnotho, kanye nefilosofi. Lokhu kuyasebenza nakubuhlakani bokwenziwa, ubuchwepheshe be-bio, kanye nezingxabano zomphakathi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, Indlela yesayensi yesimanje isekelwe ekucabangeni kwefilosofi ngama-logo, isizathu, ubufakazi, kanye nokuthethelela.Uma sixoxa ngalokho okubalwa njengobufakazi, ukuthi iyini incazelo enhle, noma ukuthi imingcele yenkolelo-mbono ikuphi, ngokwezinga elikhulu, senza ifilosofi yesayensi.
Ifilosofi njengobuciko bokuphila: incazelo, ubuntu, kanye nokuthula
Endulo, ifilosofi kwakungeyona kakhulu umsebenzi wezemfundo njengoba indlela yokuphilaIzikole ezifana UbuStoicismUbu-Epikure, ubuPlato, kanye namasiko efilosofi aseNdiya, eShayina, naseTibet awanikezanga nje kuphela imibono, kodwa nemikhuba eqondile yokuphila kangcono.
Leyo ndlela esebenzayo isabalulekile: Eziningi zezinto esizikhathazayo nsuku zonke, ngokuyinhloko, ziyimibuzo yefilosofi.Kuyini ukuphila okuhle? Ngenzenjani ngokuhlupheka? Ngingakulawula kanjani ukukhathazeka, ukwesaba, noma ukukhungatheka? Yini ewusizo ngempela?
Ifilosofi isikhumbuza ukuthi impilo ayikaze ibe "lula" nokuthi Injabulo ayiqukethe ukuqeda izinkinga ngokuphelele, kodwa itholakala ekufundeni ukuzinika incazelo.Ukwazi ukuthi abanye abantu, emakhulwini eminyaka noma emashumini eminyaka edlule, bazibuza imibuzo efanayo futhi bathuthukisa izindlela ezingaba khona kunciphisa lowo muzwa wokuba wedwa nezinkathazo zethu.
Amasiko anjengobuStoicism afundisa hlukanisa phakathi kwalokho okuncike kithi nalokho okungancike kithiukuhlakulela ubuhle, ukuzithiba, kanye namandla angaphakathi. Eminye imigudu, njengokuphila ngokwezinto eziphilayo, isiphonsela inselelo enkululekweni, umthwalo wemfanelo, kanye nokuba yiqiniso ezweni elingenazo iziqinisekiso eziphelele.
Uma zihlanganiswa, lezi zifilosofi zisebenza njenge izikole zabalingiswaZisisiza ukuba sizazi kangcono, sivumelanise izici zethu ezahlukene (ngokomzwelo, ngokwengqondo, ngokwenhlalo), sithuthukise ukuzithiba futhi silondoloze ukuthula okuthile ngisho nasezimweni ezingaqinisekile.
Ukufunda nokufunda ifilosofi: isipiliyoni esishintsha impilo
Ngaphezu kwalokho okufundwa esikoleni samabanga aphezulu noma eyunivesithi, Ukusondela emibhalweni yefilosofi mathupha kuyinto ekhethekile kakhuluAkufani nokufunda inoveli, indatshana elula, noma isihloko sezindaba zamanje.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukufunda ifilosofi kuvame ukuba nzima: Imibhalo iminyene, isebenzisa imiqondo yobuchwepheshe, ibhekisela ezimweni zomlando ezikude, kanye nokugxila kwesidingo.Abathembisi ukwaneliseka okusheshayo. Kufanele uhlale phansi, uphikelele, ufunde kabusha, ubhale amanothi, bese uphikisana nombhalo.
Yingakho labo abaphikelelayo bezwa into abafundi abaningi abayichaza ngokuthi "ukuvuka kwangempela"Lezi yizikhathi lapho umbono uvele ushintshe indlela obheka ngayo isihloko, ubudlelwano, noma ngisho nendaba yakho yokuphila. Akukhona nje ukuqonda inkolelo-mbono; kumayelana nokubona impilo yakho ngeso elihlukile.
Ukufunda ngefilosofi nakho kukuphoqa ukuthi ube umfundi okhuthele futhi ohlanganyelayoAkwanele ukumane udlule imigqa: umuntu kumelwe akhe kabusha izimpikiswano, athole okucatshangwayo, aqhathanise ababhali, bese ezibuza ukuthi ukwamukela lesi simo noma leso kuhilelani.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kukuguqula ube ngumuntu unekhono elikhulu ekuhlaziyeni izinkulumo, ekuqedeni izimpikiswano ezingamanga, kanye nokwakha izikhundla zakho ngokuqinileUfunda ukubuza, “Usho ukuthini ngempela ngalokho?”, “Ingabe leso siphetho siyalandela ngempela?”, “Yini engashiwongo lapha?”. Futhi lokho, okusetshenziswa ezingxoxweni zansuku zonke, kuyigolide elicwengekileyo.
Ifilosofi nesikhathi: ingxoxo nesikhathi esidlule, umthelela esikhathini samanje
Enye inzuzo enkulu yokucabanga ngefilosofi ukuthi kuyasisiza ivumelana nesikhathi esidlule futhi ikwenze kuhambisane nesikhathi samanjeSiphila emasikweni agxile ezintweni ezintsha, lapho okwedlule kuhlala kubonakala sengathi "sekuphelelwe yisikhathi" noma akubalulekile.
Kodwa-ke, uma ufunda uPlato, I-AristotleUDescartes, uKant, noma abacabangi besimanje, uthola ukuthi Sekungamakhulu eminyaka sibhekene nezinkinga ezifanayo kakhulu.: uthando, ukufa, isizungu, ubulungiswa, amandla, ukwesaba, ithemba.
Ukucabanga ngefilosofi kusho ukuxoxa nabantu abavela kwezinye izinkathi, ngokomongo wabo, Bazama ukucabanga ngokujulile ngezinkinga ezifanayo ezikwenza ulale ebusukuKungazelelwe, akusikho "izinto zokuhlola," kodwa ubungane obungokwengqondo nobubalulekile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifilosofi ayiphathi okwedlule njengemyuziyamu evaliwe, kodwa njengesikhumbuzo ihlathi elingapheli lezindlela ezihunyushwa kalulaUkubuyela embhalweni ofanayo ezigabeni ezahlukene zempilo yakho kwembula izinto ezintsha: ubona izinkinga kuwo ezazingabonwa ngaphambilini ngoba wawungazi.
Lokhu kuxhumana njalo nefa lefilosofi nakho kuyinto ethobisayo: Uthola ukuthi kuncane kangakanani okwaziyo nokuthi ulwazi lwabantu lukhulu kangakanani.Kunokuba kube yinto edumazayo, lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho "okungenamkhawulo" kungaba umthombo omkhulu wokukhuthaza kanye nelukuluku.
Funda ukuphikisana, ukuphikisana, futhi ungagwinyi konke.
Ifilosofi, ngokwemvelo yayo, iyinto Ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwababhali, ukunyakaza, kanye nezikhathi zomlandoAkavamile ukusho “amaqiniso” kuphela; uzinikela ekuphakamiseni lezi zindaba, azixoxe ngazo, aziphikise, futhi azifanele.
Lokhu kubangela labo abaqeqesha ngokwefilosofi ukuthi bathole amakhono okuphikisana abukhali kakhuluAwufundi nje imibono: uhlola izizathu, uhlonza izakhiwo ezinengqondo, uqaphela amaphutha, futhi uhlukanise phakathi kolimi olungenalutho kanye nezimpikiswano ezakhiwe kahle.
Ifilosofi, ngokungafani ukholo lwenkolo, ayikwazi ukukhanga - okungenani esicini sayo esibalulekile - amaqiniso angathintwa asekelwe egunyeni kuphela. Unesibopho sokunikeza izizathu, ukuziveza ekugxekweni, nokwamukela ukuphikiswa.Lokhu kuguquguquka kwempikiswano kusiza ekufakeni umqondo wokuthi ukushintsha ingqondo yomuntu ngezimpikiswano ezinengqondo akusikho ukunqotshwa, kodwa kuwuphawu lokwethembeka kwengqondo.
Yingakho abantu abake basebenza ngemibhalo yefilosofi bevame ukuba abasengozini enkulu yokuphathwa kabiAbahlatshwa umxhwele kakhulu yimisho emikhulu noma izihloko ezidumile; bafuna okungaphansi, okucatshangwayo, kanye nalokho okufihliwe.
Esimweni senhlalo esihlukene, lapho iziqubulo ezilula nezikhundla eziqine kakhulu zigcwele khona, leli khono lokwenza ukuhlanganyela engxoxweni, ukungavumelani ngenhlonipho, nokuba nombono wakho ngaphandle kokuwela ekushisekeleni Kungenye yeminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu yefilosofi.
Ifilosofi kwezemfundo: okungaphezu kakhulu kwesifundo "esigcwalisayo"
Iningi lokwehliswa kwesithunzi sefilosofi kwamanje livela endleleni efundiswe ngayo ezikoleni eziningi: Uhlu lwababhali, izinsuku, kanye nemibono echazwe ngendlela engaqondakali futhi engahlobene nokuphila kwangempela kwabafundi.
Uma uthisha ephetha ikilasi ngokuthi “ngiyabonga ngokubekezelela inkulumo yanamuhla”, umyalezo awuthumelayo, ngisho noma engahlosile, ukuthi Ngisho naye akakholelwa ngempela ekubalulekeni kwalokho akuchazayo.Abafundi basala benomuzwa wokuthi baphambi kohlobo oluthile lwemyuziyamu enothuli, hhayi ithuluzi lokuqonda umhlaba wabo.
Nokho, uma kwenziwa okuhle izifundo zefilosofiNgokuhumusha imiqondo enzima ibe yizibonelo zansuku zonke nokuyixhumanisa nezinkundla zokuxhumana, izinqumo zokuphila, izinkinga zokuziphatha zamanje kanye nezindaba zosuku, izinto ziyashintsha ngokuphelele.
Ngokungazelelwe, uPlato akayena nje "onemibono" nomhume, kodwa ungumuntu osevele ehlukanise phakathi apariencia y realidad ngomqondo osondelene kakhulu nalokho esikusebenzisayo lapho sikhuluma "ngamanga" noma ukuma. UDescartes akayena nje kuphela owathi "Ngicabanga, ngakho-ke nginguye," kodwa futhi usinika isixwayiso esifanele kakhulu mayelana nokujaha ukwamukela into njengeyiqiniso, ewusizo kakhulu ekusindeni ezindabeni ezingamanga.
Ezigabeni ezifana neMfundo Yasesekondari noma iBaccalaureate, imfundiso yefilosofi ehlelwe kahle ingenza ukusiza intsha ukuba ithuthukise ukwahlulela kwayo, ukuzazi kangcono nokwenza izinqumo ezihlakaniphile mayelana nezifundo, ubungane, ukusetshenziswa, amanethiwekhi noma iphrojekthi yokuphila.
Izinzuzo zomuntu siqu zokucabanga ngefilosofi empilweni yansuku zonke
Ngale kwezindawo zemfundo, ifilosofi—kuqondwa njenge cabanga ngokujulile, ubuze imibuzo, futhi ufune izizathu.– inethonya eliqondile empilweni yethu yansuku zonke.
Okokuqala, kusifundisa ukuthi sizicabangeleAkukhona ukuba "ngokwangempela" ngazo zonke izindleko, kodwa mayelana nokuyeka ukuphindaphinda okungahlungiwe kwalokho esikuzwayo. Ngokuhlola izinkolelo zethu, izindinganiso zethu, kanye nokubandlulula, singanquma ukuthi yiziphi esifuna ukuzigcina nokuthi yiziphi okufanele sizicabangele kabusha.
Okwesibili, ifilosofi ikhuthaza indlela yakudala ethi “zazi wena.” Ngokucabanga ngalokho esikuqondayo ngokuhle, impumelelo, uthando, noma ubulungiswa, Kancane kancane sithola ukuthi hlobo luni lomuntu esifuna ukuba yilo nokuthi iyiphi indawo yethu emhlabeni.Lokho kunikeza isiqondiso sangaphakathi esiqinile kakhulu kunokulandela nje izitayela noma okulindelwe abanye abantu.
Okwesithathu, kondla umcabango kanye nekhono lokubona kusengaphambili izimoIzazi zefilosofi eziningi zaziphambili kunesikhathi sazo, ziphakamisa imibono eyakha izinkathi zonke kamuva. Singasebenzisa lolu hlobo lomcabango ocabangayo ezimpilweni zethu: ukucabanga ngemiphumela, ezinye izindlela, kanye nezindlela ezingaba khona, esikhundleni sokumane senze ngokungenaso isikhathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifilosofi isisiza ukuthi ukuhlela ingqondo nokwakha kangcono izimpikiswanoSifunda ukuhlukanisa okubalulekile kokungabalulekile, okuqinile nokungaqinile. Lokhu kuhleleka kwangaphakathi nakho kuholela ekubeni namandla amakhulu okwenza izinqumo ezinzima ngokuthula.
Ekugcineni, ifilosofi ikhuthaza ukuthula, ukuzethemba, kanye nekhono lokuqhubeka uphuphaAkukhona ngokuphila ezweni lamaphupho, kodwa ngokugcina liphila ithuba lomhlaba ongcono, wobudlelwano obuhle, wokuphila okunenjongo kakhudlwana. Izazi zefilosofi eziningi ziye zaxwayisa ngokuthi ukuyeka ukuphupha kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuhoxa nokungakholwa.
Umthelela kwezenhlalo nakwezepolitiki: ngaphandle kwefilosofi, asiqondi umhlaba wethu
Izinguquko ezinkulu kwezepolitiki nakwezenhlalo azizange zivele ngeze: Ngemuva kwemithethosisekelo, ukuvukela umbuso, kanye nezinhlangano zamalungelo kulele imibono yefilosofi eqondile kakhulu.Umqondo wanamuhla woMbuso, ubukhosi obuvamile, ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla, kanye nomqondo wamalungelo abantu kusekelwe ezingxoxweni zefilosofi zababhali abanjengoHobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu, noKant.
Ngaphandle kokuqonda okuyisisekelo kwalezo zinsika ezingaphansi, Akunakwenzeka ukuqonda ngokugcwele ezombusazwe zamanje.Njengoba uHegel eshilo, ifilosofi "isikhathi sayo sokucabanga," okungukuthi, umzamo wokubamba emibonweni lokho okushayayo enkathini ethile.
Ezingeni lokuziphatha, ukuzindla ngefilosofi kubalulekile ekuxazululeni izingxoxo mayelana izimiso zokuziphatha, i-ecology, ubulungiswa bezenhlalo, ubandlululo ngokobuhlanga, ubulili, ubuchwepheshe, noma ubudlovaIzinkinga ezinjengokukhipha isisu, ukubulala, ukucwasa, noma ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo azinakuxazululwa ngemininingwane yesayensi yodwa; zidinga izinhlaka zezindinganiso, izimpikiswano zokuziphatha, kanye nokuzindla ngesithunzi somuntu.
Isakhamuzi esithuthukise isiko elithile lefilosofi singu akulawuleki kalula, kunzima ukukuthonya ngenkulumo yabantu abaningi, futhi kukwazi ukuhlanganyela engxoxweni mayelana nokungavumelani okukhuluLokhu kukhuthaza imiphakathi yentando yeningi, enobunye, futhi enomthwalo wemfanelo.
Ngalo mqondo, ukucabanga ngefilosofi akuyona into yokunethezeka engenziwa ngabambalwa abakhethiwe, kodwa isidingo esihlangene uma sifuna ukuhlala emiphakathini enobulungiswa futhi singanciki kakhulu ukushiseka ngokweqile noma ukunganaki.
Umcabango wokugcina odlula yonke le mibono ukuthi Ifilosofi ayikaze ibe yimfundiso nje: iyisimemo esiqhubekayo sokuhlola indlela esiphila ngayo, lokho esikumelelayo, kanye nohlobo luni lomhlaba esisiza ekwakheni.Singaqhubeka singazifundi zonke izincwadi zakudala, kodwa asikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokuzibuza imibuzo, ukubuza okusobala, nokufuna izizathu zalokho esikwenzayo; lokho, ngokunembile, kuyifilosofi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
