Umbuzo mayelana lapho umsebenzi wobuciko kufanele ube khona Akuyona nje impikiswano phakathi kochwepheshe: isibe yisihloko sengxoxo yomphakathi, sigcwele imizwa, izintshisekelo zezepolitiki, kanye nezimpikiswano zomthetho. Ngezikhathi ezithile, kuvela icala elisha elivuselela impikiswano futhi lisiphoqe ukuthi sicabange ukuthi izingcezu zefa lomhlaba ezifanekisela kakhulu zisendaweni yazo efanele yini.
Nakuba kungase kubonakale sengathi ingxoxo yamuva nje, impikiswano ngokubuyiselwa kwemisebenzi Yaqala, okungenani ngesimo sayo sesimanje, ngekhulu le-19. Ngo-1836, iGrisi yafuna ngokusemthethweni ukubuyiselwa kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ama-Elgin Marbles" avela e-United Kingdom—izingcezu zeParthenon ezagcina ziseBritish Museum. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ingxabano phakathi kweminyuziyamu, amazwe avela kuwo, kanye nombono womphakathi iye yanda, futhi namuhla ixhumene ngqo nempikiswano ezungeze i- I-Picasso's Guernica kanye nokuthuthwa kwayo okungenzeka iye eBasque Country.
Kusukela kuParthenon kuya kuma-Elgin Marbles: umsuka wempikiswano enkulu
Indaba yamaMarble eParthenon iyisibonelo sezingxabano mayelana Ukuphanga, ukuba semthethweni kanye nesiphetho semisebenzi yobucikoEkuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, uLord Elgin, inxusa laseBrithani eMbusweni wama-Ottoman, wasusa ingxenye enkulu yemihlobiso yezithombe zeParthenon e-Athene. Sekuyiminyaka eminingi egomela ngokuthi wayenemvume ebhaliwe evela ku-Ottoman sultan, kodwa lo mbhalo awukaze uvele, ushiye ukuthi ukufaneleka kokusebenza kwale nqubo kufihliwe yinkungu elungele i-United Kingdom.
Leli cala, kanye namanye adume kabi ngokufanayo—kusukela ekubanjweni kwe- UNefertiti eBerlin edlala neBenin kuma-bronzes noma isigqoko sekhanda esidumile sikaMoctezuma—siyingxenye yochungechunge olude lweziqephu ezihlaziywe ngokuningiliziwe ezincwadini ezibhekisela kuzo njengencwadi kaKatia Fach noCatharine Titi ekhuluma ngalokho okubizwa ngokuthi “ubuciko obuthunjiwe.” Lapho, uhlu lwamacala cishe olungapheli luyahlungwa, lugcwele izindaba ezimangalisayo, kodwa lapho izimpikiswano ezifanayo ziphindaphindwa khona kaningi: ukuba semthethweni kokutholwa, ukulondolozwa okungcono kwale ngxenye, kanye nesici sesithathu, esingavunyelwe kangako, kodwa esinqumayo: Ezombusazwe kanye nokulwela izimpawu.
Esimweni esithile seParthenon, labo abavikela ukuqhubeka kokuba khona kwamamabula eLondon babambelele amashumi eminyaka emcabangweni wokuthi atholakala ngokusemthethweni, bethembele emvumeni yesultan. Kodwa-ke, ukuntuleka kobufakazi obubhaliwe kanye nomongo wamakoloni wangaleso sikhathi kuyawucekela phansi kakhulu lo mbono. Ukuba semthethweni, kalula nje, bekungeke kuboniswe ngokuqinile., okuvula ithuba lokusolwa ngokuphanga okuyimfihlo ngaphansi kwesimo sezombusazwe.
Uma siphendukela empikiswaneni yesibili enkulu, ukulondolozwa kwemvelo, umlando awuthandi neze iLondon. ULord Elgin akazange asuse amamabula ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zesayensi noma ngokuvikela kwawo isikhathi eside engqondweni, kodwa ngenhloso engathandeki kakhulu: lungisa indlu yakho yaseScotlandEzinye izingcezu zalahleka ngokuphelele, ezinye zaphelela, ngaphandle kwencazelo eningi, ezindlini ezinkulu zaseBrithani, futhi lapho iBritish Museum ithatha iqoqo, izinqubo zokuhlanza ezazisetshenziswa zasusa i-polychromy yokuqala yezithombe.
Namuhla, iGrisi ineMyuziyamu yesimanje ye-Acropolis, eyenzelwe ngokukhethekile ukugcina lezi zinsalela ezimweni ezinhle, enobuchwepheshe bokulondolozwa obuthuthukisiwe kanye nesimo sezulu esifana kakhulu nesaseLondon. Ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi, okwamanje, izimo zobuchwepheshe kanye nezemvelo e-Athens Zifana noma zingcono kunezeBritish Museum ukuze zihlale la ma-marble.
Ngakho-ke, isiphetho esikhona emphakathini omkhulu wamazwe omhlaba ukuthi akukhona ukuba semthethweni kokutholwa noma ukugcinwa Bathethelela ukugcina ingxenye enkulu kangaka yeParthenon iqhele ngamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-3,000 ukusuka lapho yaqanjwa khona. Okusele, ngaphezu kwakho konke, yisici sezepolitiki: ukwenqaba kwe-United Kingdom ukuyeka uphawu lwamandla amasiko kanye nobukhosi basendulo.
I-Guernica: kusukela ekuqhumeni ngamabhomu kuya emisebenzini yobuciko yomhlaba wonke
Ngomhlaka-26 kuMbasa 1937, phakathi neMpi Yombango yaseSpain, idolobha elincane laseBasque iGernika lahlaselwa emoyeni yi- Izindiza zaseJalimane nezase-Italy zisebenzela uhlangothi lwabavukeliUkuqhuma kwamabhomu, okwacekela phansi idolobha futhi kwabangela ukufa kwabantu abaningi abavamile, kubhekwa njengokunye kokuhlasela okukhulu kokuqala emoyeni kubantu abangenakuzivikela, ubugebengu bempi obuzoba uphawu loshintsho emlandweni wezingxabano zanamuhla.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, uhulumeni osemthethweni weRiphabhulikhi Yesibili yaseSpain wayala uPablo Picasso ukuba akhe udonga olukhulu lwesakhiwo. Inkundla yaseSpain eMbukisweni Wezizwe WaseParis ka-1937Ekuqaleni konyaka, ikhomishini yayiphezulu emoyeni: uPicasso wayebhekene nenkinga yomuntu siqu neyokudala, futhi wayengakwazi ukuthola indlela noma isihloko esasizonikeza incazelo ku-canvas enkulu ayecelwe ukuba ayidale ukuze amele iSpain emhlabeni.
Izindaba zokuqhunyiswa kweGuernica zaba yisisusa sangempela. Ethinteke kakhulu yilokho okwenzekile edolobheni laseBasque elinomlando, uphawu lwenkululeko yesifunda saseBasque kanye nobunikazi baso, uPicasso wagcina esitholile isihloko ayesifuna. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, waqala ukusebenza ngamandla acishe abe yinto exakile ku-canvas eyagcina isiba umsebenzi wakhe wobuciko. I-Guernica, omunye wemisebenzi evelele kakhulu yekhulu lama-20.
Ngenyanga nesigamu nje kuphela, uPicasso wakhiqiza izifundo nemidwebo ecishe ibe amashumi amahlanu, ngaphezu kwezinhlobo eziningi zomdwebo. Amarekhodi ezithombe zaleso sikhathi asivumela ukuthi sakhe kabusha inqubo: umdwebi wayengumuntu ukuguqula ukwakheka, ukushintsha izibalo, ukushintsha ukukhanya kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlamvu kwaze kwaba yilapho kufinyelelwa inguqulo yokugcina. Umphumela waba umdwebo omkhulu oqoshiwe omhlophe, omnyama nompunga, wedrama exakile, eyaphula imithetho yendabuko yokumelela impi.
I-Guernica yethulwa okokuqala emphakathini e-Spanish Pavilion eParis International Exposition. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, umsebenzi waqala uhambo olude lwamazwe ngamazwe olwakhuthaza imibono emisha ngobucikoKwaphela amashumi eminyaka, wahamba emazweni ahlukahlukene eYurophu naseMelika, ngezinye izikhathi njengethuluzi lokusola nokubambisana nabantu baseSpain ngokumelene nombuso wobushiqela kaFranco. Akuzange kufike eSpain kwaze kwaba ngu-1981, lapho ifakwa okokuqala eCasón del Buen Retiro, eMadrid, futhi kamuva yathuthelwa eReina Sofía Museum, lapho ibilokhu iboniswa khona kusukela ngo-1992.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iGuernica yadlula umcimbi othize owawuphefumulela. Namuhla, Isetshenziswa njengophawu noma nini lapho kunesifiso sokusola ubudlova obungakhethi obubhekiswe kubantu abavamile.Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yizimpi, ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula, noma ezinye izinhlobo ezimbi kakhulu zobuthakathaka babantu, sekuyinto ebonakala emhlabeni wonke yokubhujiswa nokuhlupheka okubangelwa yimpi, uphawu oluhlala isikhathi eside olubonisa ukulahlwa okukhulu kwempi.
I-Reina Sofía Museum isungule iphrojekthi yocwaningo olubanzi nge-Guernica, ihlanganisa ulwazi ngayo endaweni yedijithali. Imibhalo engu-2.000 ehlobene nomsebenziLeli qoqo lezinto lihlanganisa konke kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhomishini kanye nokuxhumana okuhlobene kuya ezithombeni zenqubo yokudala, ukubuyekezwa, imibukiso, kanye nohambo lomdwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Limelela olunye lophenyo oluphelele kakhulu olwake lwenziwa engxenyeni eyodwa yobuciko besimanje.
I-Guernica kufanele ibe kuphi: ukusemthethweni, ukulondolozwa kanye nezepolitiki
Impikiswano ngendawo iGuernica ekhona ivuselelwe eminyakeni yamuva nje, ikakhulukazi ngenxa izicelo eziphindaphindwayo ezivela kuHulumeni waseBasque ukuze umsebenzi wobuciko uhambe okwesikhashana uye eBasque Country, ikakhulukazi eminyuziyamu efana neGuggenheim eBilbao. Lezi zicelo zivame ukuhambisana nezikhumbuzo ezibalulekile, njengosuku lokugubha ukwakhiwa kukaHulumeni wokuqala waseBasque noma isikhumbuzo sokuqhunyiswa kweGernika uqobo.
Uma izindlela ezifanayo ezisetshenziswa ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokubuyiselwa kwemisebenzi yobuciko—ukufaneleka, ukulondolozwa, kanye nezepolitiki—zisetshenziswa eGuernica, umphumela uhluke kakhulu kowecala likaParthenon. Ngokombono wezomthetho, Akukho sisekelo sokukhuluma ngokubuyiselwa kwemali.Ngoba iGuernica ayikaze ibe ngaphansi kukaHulumeni waseBasque njengesikhungo. UPicasso wanquma ukuthi umsebenzi kufanele uhlale ngaphansi kokunakekelwa koMbuso waseSpain futhi, ikakhulukazi, washo ngokucacile ukuthi isiphetho sawo sizoxhunyaniswa neMadrid uma umbuso wobushiqela usuphelile.
Ngokuphathelene nesimo sayo sokulondolozwa, labo abaphethe iReina Sofía Museum kanye nochwepheshe abaningi bokuvuselela bebelokhu bephikelela: I-Guernica ngumsebenzi obucayi kakhuluKucatshangwa ukuthi ukuthuthwa, ngisho noma kungesikhashana, kungaba yingozi enkulu ekuqineni kwayo, kokubili ngenxa yokudlidliza kanye nezinguquko zemvelo ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa kanye nangenxa yezidingo ezithile zokulawula isimo sezulu kanye nokukhanya ezidingekayo ukuze kulondolozwe isikhathi eside.
Kuyiqiniso ukuthi abaningi bakuthola kunzima ukwamukela ngokugcwele lezi zimpikiswano zobuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi uma zivela kochwepheshe abaxhumene ngqo neReina Sofía Museum, abanentshisekelo ecacile kumdwebo osasele eqoqweni labo eliyinhloko. Ngokuvamile kuthiwa, ngokuhlekisayo, ukuthi Izizathu zesayensi bezingaba yiqiniso kakhulu ukube bezivela kochwepheshe abangenalo uxhumano nesikhungo.Noma kunjalo, ukuvumelana okuvamile phakathi kwabalondolozi bezinga eliphezulu kukhomba ohlangothini olufanayo: noma yiluphi uhambo lwaseGuernica lungaba yingozi kakhulu, okungenani.
Isici sesithathu, esezombusazwe, mhlawumbe sicacile kakhulu. KuHulumeni waseBasque, iGuernica ingaphezu nje kobuciko bomhlaba wonke: iyi- uphawu lomhlaba wonke oluxhumanisa iZwe laseBasque nesimo sokuba yisisulu sobudlovaUkukwazi ukuyibonisa eZweni laseBasque, noma ngabe izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela, kungaba nesisindo esikhulu esingokomfanekiso, kokubili ngaphakathi (ukuqinisa inkumbulo yokuqhuma kwamabhomu kanye nobunikazi beqembu) kanye nangaphandle (ukukhombisa isithombe esithile sezwe enkundleni yamazwe ngamazwe).
Okwamanje, uhulumeni ophakathi kanye neReina Sofía Museum nabo bayazi kahle amandla angokomfanekiso eGuernica. Ukunikeza imvume yokufuduka kwayo kuzovula umnyango wezidingo zesikhathi esizayo futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, kwamukele lokho. Ukuxhumana phakathi kweqembu neMadrid akunakuphikiswana njengoba kuye kwashiwo. Lokhu bekulokhu kunjalo amashumi eminyaka. Kwenzeka into efanayo ngeParthenon Marbles: yize i-United Kingdom yazi ukuthi izimpikiswano zayo zibuthakathaka, ikuthola kunzima ukulahla ingxenye ebalulekile yendaba yayo yamandla amasiko nomlando.
Kulo mongo, ukuqhathanisa phakathi kweParthenon Marbles neGuernica kusenza siqonde ukuthi, ekhulwini lama-21, ezombusazwe ezingokomfanekiso kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi “impi yamasiko” Lezi zici ziya ngokuya zithonya izinqumo mayelana nesiphetho semisebenzi yobuciko emikhulu. Izingxoxo azisekho kuphela kochwepheshe bezomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe noma ukulondolozwa; seziphenduke izingxoxo zemidiya nezenhlalo, lapho ubunikazi obuhlangene, izinkumbulo ezibuhlungu, kanye namasu amandla athambile eqala ukusebenza khona.
"Enye iGuernica": i-triptych ka-Aurelio Arteta
Ngaphambi kwesigodlo sase-Ajuria Enea, indawo yokuhlala esemthethweni yamaLehendakaris, kumi isigodlo sase-Agustín Zulueta, okwamanje Indlunkulu ye-Museum of Fine Arts yase-Álava, e-Vitoria-GasteizEkamelweni elithule esitezi sokuqala, eduze kwendwangu ka-Ignacio Zuloaga kanye nesithombe sikaMiguel de Unamuno, umsebenzi abaningi abawubiza ngokuthi "omunye uGuernica" ubulokhu uboniswa isikhathi esithile. Kuyi-triptych ekhuluma ngeMpi Yombango yaseSpain ebhalwe ngumdwebi waseBasque u-Aurelio Arteta.
Lo mdwebo we-triptych wenziwa nango-1937 futhi, njengomdwebo kaPicasso, ugxile ku- ukusola okwesabekayo kokuqhuma kwamabhomu eGuernica kanye nempi iyonke. U-Arteta wabambisana noHulumeni waseBasque ukugqamisa umonakalo wempi ngokulungiselela uMbukiso Wamazwe Ngamazwe eParis, kanye nekhomishini uHulumeni wamaRiphabhulikhi ayeyinike uPicasso yenkundla yaseSpain.
I-Royal Academy of History iqopha iqiniso elibaluleke kakhulu: Kwakukhona labo abaphakamisa ukuthi i-triptych ka-Arteta kufanele ithathe indawo ye-Guernica kaPicasso e-Spanish pavilion eParis. Ekugcineni, lowo mbono awuzange uphumelele, ikakhulukazi ngoba u-Arteta ngokwakhe wayephikisana noshintsho. Noma kunjalo, leli qiniso likhuluma ngenhlonipho enkulu yobuciko neyezombusazwe lo msebenzi owawunayo kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo.
Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo, "enye iGuernica" iphile impilo eyimfihlo kakhulu amashumi eminyaka kunomdwebo kaPicasso. Ubufakazi balokhu ukuthi, nganoma yiluphi usuku, noma ngabe kumenyezelwa isicelo esisha sokuthuthela iGuernica eBasque Country, Igumbi lapho kuboniswa khona i-triptych ka-Arteta lingahlala lingenalutho nhloboAkuqokonyiswa ngisho nasebhukwini elisemthethweni lemyuziyamu, okungafani nokuqashelwa kwalo okukhulayo kwezobuciko nomlando.
Nokho, umlando wombukiso we-triptych ubanzi. Ngo-1973, waboniswa eMadrid endlunkulu yeBhange laseBilbao (manje eliyingxenye ye-BBVA), ngesikhathi uFranco esaphila. Kwanyatheliswa amakhathalogi athile alowo mbukiso. Kamuva, umsebenzi waya eBilbao ngo-1979, okuhambisana nokugubha iminyaka eyikhulu yokuzalwa kuka-Arteta. Ngawo-1980 kanye no-1990, yayibukiswa emadolobheni afana neBayonne neBilbao.Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, kwakuyingxenye yombukiso omkhulu weMpi Yombango e-Imperial War Museum eLondon.
Muva nje, i-triptych iboniswe eBilbao Fine Arts Museum (2013), futhi eVitoria (2019-2020), kanye naseGuggenheim Bilbao (2021). Kuzo zonke lezi zimo, imali mboleko yayingeyesikhashana, njengoba umsebenzi wawungowomqoqi ozimele: usomabhizinisi waseVitoria. UJuan Celaya, owaziwa ngokusebenzelana kwakhe nebhizinisi namabhethri eCegasa noma inkampani iTuboplast, futhi lokho kwahlanganisa iqoqo elimangalisayo lemidwebo.
Ngemva kokushona kukaCelaya ngo-2016, ifa lakhe lobuciko ladlulela esisekelweni esibizwa ngegama lakhe, esizinikele ekukhuthazeni isiko laseBasque. Kodwa-ke, izikweletu zentela yengcebo eziqoqiwe zasho ukuthi, ngo-2022, lesi sisekelo kwadingeka sisebenzise ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi wobuciko—izingcezu ezingaphezu kwamashumi ayisishiyagalombili sezizonke—ukuze sikhokhele isikweletu. isikweletu sama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-4,3 kuMgcinimafa Wesifundazwe sase-ÁlavaPhakathi kwemisebenzi eyalethwa kwakukhona i-triptych ka-Arteta.
Lokhu kuthengiselana kwaba sobala ngo-2024, lapho isikhungo sabezindaba sembula imininingwane, futhi kamuva kwaqinisekiswa ngokusemthethweni ukuthi uCelaya wayengumnikazi wokugcina wesakhiwo. Iphakheji yemisebenzi edluliselwe yayihlanganisa... Iqoqo elilodwa kuphela lemidwebo yokuqala kaFrancisco de Goya elalibaluleke kakhulu kune-triptych., ngenani elilinganiselwa kuma-euro ayizigidi ezingu-1,5 uma kuqhathaniswa nezigidi ezingu-1,2 ezabelwe umsebenzi ka-Arteta.
UMgcinimafa wase-Álava wanikela ngeqoqo eVitoria Museum of Fine Arts, eyayisivele ibonise eminye yemisebenzi ngemalimboleko eminyakeni edlule. Ngakho-ke, "enye iGuernica" ekugcineni yaba yingxenye yefa lesikhungo saseBasque kanye neqoqo elihlala njalo lomnyuziyamu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, Lo msebenzi uthole ukubonakala njengento ebalulekile yokuqonda inkumbulo ebonakalayo yeMpi Yombango eZweni laseBasque.nakuba kusekude nodumo lomhlaba wonke lomdwebo kaPicasso.
I-triptych njenge-altare lempi: Ukufundwa kuka-Arteta
I-triptych ka-Aurelio Arteta yakhiwe ngamaphaneli amathathu anesihloko esithi "Ingaphambili," "I-Exodus," kanye nesithi "I-Rearguard." Lezi zingxenye ezintathu zisebenza ndawonye njenge- i-altare elingokwezwe lempi yanamuhla, enamaphaneli amancane aseceleni kanye nephaneli enkulu ephakathi echaza indaba iyonke, ilandela isakhiwo esikhumbuza ama-altare enkolo, kodwa igxile enhlekeleleni yanamuhla.
Emdwebeni ongakwesobunxele, othi “The Front,” u-Arteta ubeka isenzo endaweni enamatshe futhi eqinile. Lapho, kuvela isithombe sensizwa yezempi, imi, ingenakusiza ibuka ukuthi Imbubhiso ivela esibhakabhakeniNgaphezu kwakhe, izindiza ezikhipha ukufa zivela esibhakabhakeni zibonakala ngokucacile, kanti nxazonke zakhe kulele izidumbu ezingenampilo zamasosha amabili akanye nawo. Umqondo wobuthakathaka bomuntu lapho ebhekene nempi yasemoyeni uvezwa ngokucacile okubuhlungu.
Iphaneli ephakathi, ethi “The Exodus,” ihlukile kwezinye ngoba ayibonisi ngqo nangokucacile izinkomba zempi. Akukho ukuqhuma noma amasosha, kodwa kunalokho indawo yokufuduka, yokuhamba ngenkani. Le ngxenye ye-triptych Incazelo yayo ephelele itholakala ebuhlotsheni bayo namanye amaphaneli amabili.okukunikeza umongo omangalisayo: labo abahambayo futhi babaleke benza kanjalo ngoba impi ibhubhise umhlaba wabo. Ngaphandle kokusondela kwayo ku-"The Front" kanye ne-"The Rearguard," ingafundwa njengesigcawu esilula sokuhamba; uma ibekwe phakathi kwalaba ababili, iba yisithombe sokudingiswa nokulahlekelwa.
Ephanelini elingakwesokudla, elithi “The Rearguard,” u-Arteta ukhombisa imiphumela yokugcina yengxabano endaweni eseduze. Lapha, imbubhiso iwela phezu kwayo Owesifazane nomntwana, bamelela ukuqhubeka komndeni nethemba lekusasaNgokufa kwakhe, unxantathu oyisisekelo kababa-umama-nomntwana osekela impilo yomphakathi uyanyamalala. Eceleni kwakhe kuvela izilwane ezimbili: inkabi efile nenja ikhonkotha ngenxa yobuhlungu, okwandisa isimo sokulila nokuqhuma okukhulu.
Ukwakheka kwakhiwe ngokucophelela ukuze kusebenze ngokuphelele. Isibhamu esiphethwe yisosha ku-"The Front" sakha umugqa oqondile othola ukuzwakala okubonakalayo ku- umugqa ogobile wodonga lwendlu ebhujisiwe ku-"The Rearguard"Lokhu kuhlangana kwama-diagonal kuhlanganisa izigcawu eziseceleni futhi kuzixhumanise nephaneli eliphakathi, okunikeza yonke i-triptych ukuhambisana okusemthethweni okuqinisa amandla ayo okulandisa.
Uma kubhekwa konke, i-triptych ka-Arteta ayigcini nje ngokuba nenani eliphezulu kwezomnotho, kodwa futhi inokubaluleka komlando nobuciko kwesigaba sokuqala. Kuyi- ingxenye ebalulekile yokuqonda ukuthi abaculi baseBasque bamelela kanjani iMpi Yombango futhi, ikakhulukazi, usizi lokuqhunyiswa kwebhomu eGuernica. Ukuqhathaniswa neGuernica kaPicasso akuhloselwe ukusungula amazinga ekhwalithi, kodwa kunalokho ukukhombisa ukuthi, eduze kwesigameko esifanayo, kwavela imibono ehlukene, ehambisanayo, yandisa inkumbulo ebonakalayo yalolo valo.
I-Guernica ngale kwekhanvasi: kuzwakala isiko laseBasque
Umthelela we-Guernica kaGernika noPicasso ungene ezingqimbeni eziningi zesiko laseBasque lanamuhla. Akukhona nje kuphela emidwebweni ka-Arteta noma ezinsolweni zezepolitiki ezizungeze umdwebo kaReina Sofía, kodwa futhi nase- izincwadi, amahlaya, amafilimu kanye nezinye izindlela zobuciko eziye zakhuluma ngenkumbulo yempi nobudlova.
Umuntu oyinhloko endabeni yesiBasque ngu UBernardo Atxaga (Asteasu, Gipuzkoa, 1951), obhekwa njengomuntu ohamba phambili ezincwadini zaseBasque kanye nomunye wamazwi ahlukile kakhulu ezincwadini zamuva zeSpanishi. Umsebenzi wakhe unegalelo engxoxweni mayelana izincwadi, inkumbulo kanye nokungqubuzanaUkugcotshwa kwakhe kwahambisana ne-“Obabakoak” (1988), umsebenzi awina ngawo iNational Narrative Prize ngo-1989 futhi owaguqulwa waba ifilimu kaMontxo Armendáriz ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi “Obaba” (2005).
Ngemva kwaleyo ngqophamlando, u-Atxaga waqhubeka nokuthuthukisa umsebenzi odumile ngamanoveli anjengethi “Indoda Enesizungu” (1994), eyawina umklomelo weNational Critics' Prize ngesiBasque; "Those Skies" (1996); "The Accordionist's Son" (2003, eyakhishwa kabusha ngo-2023), eyathola umklomelo weCritics' Prize, iGrinzane Cavour kanye neMondello, futhi eyaguqulwa yaba ifilimu kanye neshashalazi nguFernando Bernués; noma "Seven Houses in France" (2009), eyafika kowamanqamu emiklomelweni yokuhumusha yamazwe ngamazwe njenge-Independent Foreign Fiction Prize kanye ne-Oxford Weidenfeld Translation Prize.
Nakuba umsebenzi ka-Atxaga ungagcini nje ngesihloko sempi noma i-Guernica, indawo yakhe yokubhala ihlelwe ngaphakathi komongo lapho inkumbulo yengxabano, ubudlova bezepolitiki, kanye namanxeba esikhathi esidlule Zikhona kakhulu emcabangweni weqembu laseBasque. Ngaleyo ndlela, izincwadi zabo zithinta ngokungaqondile inqwaba yezimpawu ezifanayo iGuernica eyingxenye yazo, okunegalelo ekulandiseni okuyinkimbinkimbi nokunomqondo obanzi komlando wamuva.
Ukuphindaphinda kokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eGuernica nakho kufinyelele ezweni lamahlaya. Isibonelo esibalulekile “Guernica“,” ebhalwe ngumlobi uBruno Loth, iveza indaba efanayo phakathi kwezimpilo zansuku zonke zabantu abahlala edolobheni elabhujiswa kanye nenqubo yokudala kaPicasso. Le ncwadi yamahlaya ikhombisa ukuthi zingaki izimpilo ezabhujiswa ngosuku olufanayo nomuzi, kuyilapho umdwebi, ekude, efuna indlela yokudlulisa intukuthelo nobuhlungu bakhe ngokudweba.
Kule noveli enezithombe, uLoth usithatha asiyise kokubili empilweni yangasese yezisulu kanye nesitudiyo somdwebi, ehlola izihluthulelo ezingokomzwelo nezepolitiki zomsebenzi obalulekile wobuciko besimanjeNgale ndlela, iGuernica ayibe yisithonjana esilenga emnyuziyamu futhi iba yindlela yokungena ezindabeni ngazinye ezisekelayo, into esiza ukugcina incazelo ejulile yomdwebo iphila.
I-Gernika njengendawo: ezemidlalo, impilo yansuku zonke kanye nenkumbulo
Ngale kwemidwebo kaPicasso kanye nobuciko, iGernika nayo iyidolobha eliphilayo, eliye lakha kabusha impilo yalo yansuku zonke kanye ukuveza ubunikazi babo ezindaweni eziningiPhakathi kwazo kukhona ezemidlalo. Iphuzu elibalulekile kulo mqondo yiGernika Jai-Alai, enye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu eBasque Country zomkhuba we-cesta punta.
I-Gernika Jai-Alai, eyavulwa ngo-1963, ibilokhu iyindawo yeminye yemidlalo ekhumbuleka kakhulu e- cesta punta, pelota a mano kanye palaNjengoba inabantu ababalelwa ku-1.500, ibamba imikhosi njalo ngoMsombuluko unyaka wonke, okwenza kube yindawo yokuhlangana evamile yabalandeli nabadlali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkundla ye-pelota isebenza njengesikole lapho isizukulwane esilandelayo sabadlali be-pelota kumasipala siqeqeshwa khona.
Izakhiwo zaseJai-Alai zifaka amakamelo okushintshela, ilifti, kanye ama-awning ahambayo avumela isikhala ukuthi sihlukaniswe ukusingatha imisebenzi eyahlukahlukene, kusukela emicimbini yezemidlalo kuya kwezinye izinhlobo zemibuthano. Kulungiselelwa imyuziyamu eyinhloko mayelana neBasque pelota ukuze ifakwe ebalcony ephansi, efisa ukuba yisibonelo sokukhuthazwa nokulondolozwa kwalo mdlalo wendabuko.
Ngokuphathelene nokufinyelela, ukungena kuvame ukuba mahhala emisebenzini eminingi yansuku zonke, yize Amathikithi ayadingeka emicimbini ethile ekhethekile.Amanani ayahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lomcimbi ohleliwe, okwenza kube lula ukuthi iqembu ligcine imisebenzi eqhubekayo ivulekele umphakathi unyaka wonke.
Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwenkumbulo yomlando, umbono wamasiko, kanye nempilo yansuku zonke yezemidlalo kwembula ukuthi iGernika akuyona nje igama elihlotshaniswa nenhlekelele, kodwa futhi indawo lapho okwedlule, okwamanje, kanye nesikhathi esizayo kuhlangana khonaPhakathi komnyuziyamu, isikwele, inkantolo ye-pelota, kanye nemisebenzi yobuciko ephefumulelwe yibhomu, idolobha libonisa ngendlela ejulile kakhulu ukungezwani okuningi okuqhubeka phakathi kwengxoxo evamile ngefa, ubuwena, kanye nezimpawu ezihlangene.
Kusukela kumamabula kaParthenon kuya ku-Picasso's Guernica kanye ne-triptych ka-Arteta, ukudlula ezintweni zika-Atxaga zokubhala noma amahlaya kaBruno Loth, okuboniswayo yindawo lapho Imisebenzi yobuciko isibe yizindawo zempi ezingokomfanekisoIzimpikiswano zomthetho nezobuchwepheshe zihlangana namasu ezepolitiki, izifiso zesizwe, kanye nezinkumbulo ezibuhlungu eziphathelene nalezi zinkinga. izibazi zomphefumulo kanye nezintshisekelo zemyuziyamu. Akukho okubonisa ukuthi lolu hlobo lwezingxoxo luzoncipha; ngokuphambene nalokho, konke kusikisela ukuthi eminyakeni ezayo sizoqhubeka nokukhuluma, futhi sikhulume kakhulu, ngokuthi lezo zingcezu kufanele zibe kuphi, ngandlela thile, ezisitshela ukuthi singobani nokuthi sivelaphi.