El ukucabanga okuqoshiwe Akuyona nje ikhono lokubumba itshe, insimbi, noma ubumba: kuyindlela yokuqonda umhlaba ngezindlela, imiqulu, kanye nesikhala. Kuwo wonke umlando, kusukela ezithombeni zakudala kuya eziqoshweni zesimanje, isintu sisebenzise izithombe eziqoshiwe ukuze sizindle ngobukhona bazo, ukwesaba kwazo, ukungabaza kwazo, kanye namaphupho azo.
Imisebenzi edumile efana ne Umcabango ngu-Auguste Rodin Amakhanda kaJuan Gila abonisa ukuba khona kwezinto, kanye nezingcezu ezibonakala zingafani njenge-Cernavodă's Thinker noma imifanekiso kaMichelangelo, abonisa ukuthi ukudweba kusho nokuzindla. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ngokuthula ukuthi uyini umcabango oqoshiwe, izici zawo, ukuthi ubonakala kanjani ezibonelweni eziqondile, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo namuhla, kokubili kwezobuciko nasendleleni yethu yokubona iqiniso.
Kuyini ukucabanga ngezithombe?
Uma sikhuluma ngakho ukucabanga okuqoshiwe Sibhekisela endleleni umqondo, umuzwa, noma ingxabano yangaphakathi ehunyushwa ngayo ibe yisimo esinezinhlangothi ezintathu. Akukhona nje "ukwenza izithombe," kodwa mayelana nokuguqula isenzo sokucabanga sibe yivolumu, ukuthungwa, kanye nesenzo. Ngalo mqondo, ukudweba kuba uhlobo "lomcabango obonakalayo," lapho yonke i-fold, yonke imisipha, kanye nayo yonke i-void kwembula okuthile ngesimo somuntu.
Le ndlela ibonakala ngokucacile ku- Umcabango kaRodin, umsebenzi ozalwa uhlobene nezincwadi—i- Amahlaya aphezulu kaDante—kodwa okugcina kuthola incazelo ebanzi kakhulu. Lo mfanekiso awuseyona nje imbongi ecabanga ngezindilinga zesihogo, kodwa uwuphawu olujwayelekile lomuntu obhekene nokungabaza kwakhe, umlando wakhe, kanye nendawo akuyo. Isithombe esiqoshiwe asisakwazi ukuveza umbhalo futhi siba uphawu lwesenzo sokucabanga.
Nokho, ukucabanga ngezithombe akugcini nje ngoRodin. abantu abancane basendulo okwakusikisela kakade ukuzihlola, ukubheka ithuna likaLorenzo de Medici Kusukela kuMichelangelo kuya emisebenzini yesimanje efana nomsebenzi kaFernando Botero noma izinhloko zikaJuan Gila, sithola intambo efanayo: ukudweba njengethuluzi lokuphenya ukuthi singobani, ukuthi sizizwa kanjani nokuthi sihlobana kanjani nesikhathi nokufa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlobo lokucabanga lunesici esingokomzimba kakhulu: umzimba kanye nesenzo Ziba yizimoto zemibono engaqondakali. Esikhundleni senkulumo yamagama, umqophi wakha inkulumo yemisipha eqinile, ubuso obusontekile, ukuma okuphoqelelwe, noma izilinganiso ezingenakwenzeka. Yilapho ubuciko buzihlukanisa khona nobunye ubuciko: ukubonakaliswa kwabo kuyathinta, kuya endaweni, futhi kubanzi.
Incwadi kaRodin ethi The Thinker: Imvelaphi kanye Nomongo
Auguste Rodin (1840-1917) ungomunye wabaqophi bezithombe abanethonya elikhulu bekhulu le-19, futhi udumile Umcabangi Sekuyisithonjana somhlaba wonke. Ngokuthakazelisayo, lesi sibalo saqala njengengxenye yephrojekthi enkulu kakhulu: isango lesihogo, iqembu elikhulu lezithombe eziqoshiwe eliqondiswe eMyuziyamu Wezobuciko Bokuhlobisa eParis futhi eliphefumulelwe yi- Isihogo nguDante Alighieri.
Emklamo wokuqala, isithombe esisazi namuhla ngokuthi Umcabangi inkathi ImbongiOkusho ukuthi, uDante, owayehleli phezu kwesango, wabuka imiphefumulo ehlushwayo yabalahliwe. Umbhali ubonakala enqunu, engagqokile izingubo zakhe ezihlukile, okwadala impikiswano ethile: abanye abagxeki bakubheka njengokungathi kuwukukhohlisa ukucabanga ngoDante engagqokile izingubo zakhe ezibonakalayo, ngoba lokho kwasusa umehluko phakathi kobuntu bakhe nendawo yabafileyo.
URodin wasungula inguqulo yokuqala cishe ngo-1880-1881, esimweni lapho ithonya likaMichelangelo Wayenamandla kakhulu emsebenzini wakhe. Ukufana nezithombe ezifana nalezi Umcabango noma umprofethi uJeremiya waseSistine Chapel kusobala: imizimba enemisipha emikhulu, ukuma kokuzindla kodwa okuqinile, kanye nedrama equkethwe ebonakala sengathi izoqhuma.
Eminyakeni edlule, iphrojekthi ye isango lesihogo Kwaqhubeka kushintsha futhi akuzange kuqedwe njengoba kwakuhleliwe, kodwa Umcabangi Yaqala ukugqama njengesiqephu esizimele. Ngo-1888 yethulwa ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi Imbongi eCopenhagen, kwathi ngo-1889, embukisweni iMonet-Rodin eGeorges Petit Gallery, wayesevele evele eqanjwe ngokuthi Umcabangi; imbongi, ingxenye yomnyangoNgokushintsha kwaleli gama, lesi sibalo salahla ubunjalo baso obukhethekile njengoDante ukuze sibe umfanekiso obanzi wesenzo sokucabanga.
Izici ezisemthethweni ze-Thinker
Isithombe simelela indoda enqunu, enobukhulu bobuqhaweEhleli edwaleni, ugoba phambili, umzimba wakhe ugobile, ingqiniba yakhe yesokudla incike edolweni lakhe lesobunxele, isandla sakhe sokudla sisekela isilevu sakhe. Uma ubheka kuqala, kungase kubonakale sengathi kuyindlela nje yokucabanga, cishe kuyinto evamile, kodwa uRodin udlula kakhulu isithombe esivamile somuntu ohlakaniphile.
Umzimba uchazwa ngokuthi imininingwane enkulu yokwakheka komzimbaImisipha iyavuvukala, imisipha iyaqina, izinzwane ziyagoba. Lokhu kucindezeleka ngokomzimba kusikisela ukuthi umzamo wokucabanga awugcini nje ngokwengqondo kodwa futhi ungowomzimba. Ukucabanga kuba yinto esindayo, ebuhlungu, into efinyeza umzimba wonke. Kunokuba kube ukuzindla okukhululekile, umzimba ubonakala ucwile empini yangaphakathi.
URodin wasebenzisa indawo ebukhali ngamabomuIsiphetho sayo asicwebezeli kangako kunesabaqophi abaningi bezithombe besikhathi sakhe. Lokhu kuthungwa okungajwayelekile kubamba ukukhanya ngendlela eshintshashintshayo futhi kunegalelo ekuzizweni kokunyakaza kwangaphakathi: kunjengokungathi isithombe sizohamba, njengokungathi isisindo sethusi sinyakaza ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okwakubhekene nomlingiswa.
Lesi sithombe saqanjwa ekuqaleni endaweni ephakeme cishe ngamasentimitha angama-70 ngaphakathi kwenhlangano yesango, kodwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 uRodin wanquma khulisa ubukhulu bayoWathuma uHenri Lebossé, uchwepheshe ekusebenziseni i-pantograph, ukuba adale inguqulo engaba ngu-180 cm, eyanikezwa eParis Salon ngo-1904 ukuze idunyiswe kakhulu. Lokhu kushintsha kosayizi kwaba yisihluthulelo somsebenzi wokuthola amandla angokomfanekiso kanye nokuba khona emphakathini.
Ubunqunu abuyona into engenasidingo. KuRodin, Umzimba onqunu wembula kangcono umhlaba wangaphakathi Imisipha nesimo somzimba womuntu kukhuluma ngemizwa kanye nokungqubuzana ngaphandle kwesidingo sezingubo noma izimfanelo zangaphandle. Umqophi waphikisa ngokuthi, kulabo abakwaziyo ukubukeka, ubunqunu luwulimi oluqondile kakhulu lomoya.
Incazelo kanye nokufundwa kwe-The Thinker
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isibalo sithole izincazelo eziningiPhakathi namashumi eminyaka okuqala kwayo, abaningi baphikelela ekuyiboneni njengoDante ecabanga ngabalahliwe esihogweni. Kodwa-ke, kancane kancane umsebenzi waqala ukufundwa njengokubonakaliswa okujwayelekile kwamandla omuntu okucabanga, ukungabaza, ukwahlulela nokudala.
Abanye abacwaningi bakhombe ukuxhumana ne- UMinos, umahluleli wezwe elingaphansi komhlaba Emsebenzini kaDante, indawo yalo muntu emnyango ikhumbuza abantu abangcwele abasezingosini zeGothic: uhlobo lomahluleli olawula indawo futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, obanjwe yiyo. Ngakho-ke, Umcabangi Wayezoba umahluleli kanye nesiboshwa, isibuko sesimo somculi maqondana nesikhathi sakhe.
Umgxeki uFrançois Blanchètiere uchaze lesi sibalo njenge- umzimba ohlushwayo kodwa okhululekile ngokomoyauzimisele ukudlula ngezinkondlo. Ngale ndlela, umlingiswa uba umfanekiso womdali wanamuhla, obhekana nokuphikelela kwakhe kanye nengcindezi yomphakathi ngenkathi ezama ukwakha umsebenzi wobuciko wangempela.
Kubabukeli banamuhla, lesi sithombe sivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezikhathi ukungabaza kokuphila kanye nokuzindla okujulileSingobani, yiziphi izinqumo okufanele sizenze, ukuthi singaqhubekela kanjani phambili empilweni. Eqinisweni, ukuthandwa kwayo ezimweni ezahlukahlukene njengokukhangisa, imfundo, noma isiko elidumile kungenxa yokuthi sonke siyaqaphela kuleso simo sokuma esigobile nesigxilile okuthile kwezinkinga zethu zangaphakathi.
URodin wathatha lokhu kuhlonza ngendlela eyeqisayo: enye yezinguqulo ze Umcabangi Yabekwa ethuneni lomkakhe, futhi kamuva, yabekwa eyedwa. Kunjengokungathi umqophi wayefuna ukuvala umlando wakhe ngalesi sithombe esifingqa lokho impi yangaphakathi yomculi yesimanje: ukucabanga, ukudala nokuhlupheka ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Inqubo yokudala, izinto zokwakha kanye namakhophi
Imodeli yokuqala ye- Umcabangi Yakhiwe nge-terracotta futhi yasebenza ngokuphelele ngezandla zikaRodin ngokwakhe. Kusukela kulesi siqeshana sokuqala, umqophi wadala isikhunta seplasta esasiyisisekelo sezinto eziningi zokwenziwa zethusi. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe kwenziwa izinhlobo ezingamashumi amahlanu kusukela kusikhunta sokuqala.
URodin akazange aphonse ithusi ngokwakhe: wayala umsebenzi ama-workshops akhethekile njengoRadier noma uCoubertin. Inqubo yokubumba yayihlanganisa ukukhiqiza izithombe zokugcina zethusi ezivela ezibunjweni namamodeli okuqala omdwebi. Nakuba abasizi bakhe babephatha umsebenzi omningi wokuqala, uRodin wayehlala ezigcinela yena izinto zokugcina ebusweni kanye nemininingwane, ukuze yonke into eqediwe idlule ezandleni zakhe.
Ukwenziwa kwensimbi yethusi yokuqala enkulu kwenziwa ngo-1884, kwaqalwa ngumqoqi uConstantine Alexander Ionides. Le nguqulo yayihlanganisa Ikepisi laseFrigiyauphawu lokucabanga okukhululekile kanye nentando yeningi eRiphabhulikhi Yesithathu YaseFrance, kodwa aluzange lwenziwe obala ngesikhathi sokuphila komculi. Ukubhekisela kokuqala okwaziwayo kulesi sihloko Umcabangi Ivela ngqo encwadini evela ku-Ionides, ekhuluma ngenhloso yokubeka isithombe etafuleni eliyindilinga ukuze sibonwe kuzo zonke izinhlangothi.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, futhi ngenxa yethonya labagxeki abanjengo UGabriel MoureyLo msebenzi waqala ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke. Ngo-1904, uMourey wawunikeza idolobha laseParis, wasiza ekwandiseni udumo lomqophi wezithombe kusukela emibuthanweni ekhethekile kuya emphakathini jikelele. Ngo-1906, kwafakwa inguqulo yethusi enkulu phambi kwePantheon eParis, lapho yahlala khona kwaze kwaba ngu-1922, lapho yathuthelwa khona eRodin Museum.
Namuhla baningi Izindawo zokusekela i-Thinker Njengoba zisakazeke emhlabeni wonke, ngobukhulu obuhlukene kanye nezilinganiso, zonke zibhekwa "njengezinto zokuqala eziningi" uma zivela ezikhumbeni ezigunyaziwe. Ingcezu evelele kakhulu isalokhu ikwiMusée Rodin eParis, kodwa amanye amakhophi angatholakala eminyuziyamu, ezigcawini, nasemakhampasi eyunivesithi emazweni ahlukahlukene, okuye kwasiza ekuqiniseni isithombe sesithombe njengophawu lomcabango olujwayelekile.
Izibonelo zomlando "zokucabanga okucatshangelwe"
Nakuba uRodin adumisa isithombe sale ndoda ecabanga kakhulu, isisusa somcabangi Ekubunjweni, kunezimpande ezindala kakhulu. Esikweni laseHamanye, isibonelo, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi Umcabangi we-Cernavodă, isithombe esincane se-terracotta esivela enkathini yamaChalcolithic, sihambisana nomlingani waso wesifazane, Owesifazane ohleli phansiLezi zingcezu zibhekwa njengezinye zezimpawu zokuqala zokuzindla komuntu ngaphambi komlando, ezikude kakhulu nezihloko zendabuko zokuzingela noma zokuzala.
Endaweni engcwele ye U-Artemis Orthia eSparta Kwatholakala isithombe esincane sethusi, esinomfanekiso, esimelela indoda enesimo sengqondo sokucabanga futhi esisukela ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-8 BC. Futhi, kuyindlela yokuma ephakamisa ukuzindla noma ukulila, okubonisa ukuthi umqondo "wokucabanga" wawusuvele uhlotshaniswa nokuma okuthile komzimba cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezintathu edlule.
Ezweni elikhuluma isiNgisi, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi umfanekiso ka Indoda YesiponjiCishe yisithombe esidala kunazo zonke esaziwayo somuntu kulesi simo. Sibonisa umuntu ohlezi esihlalweni sembiza yokushiswa, enezici eziningi ezibonisa ukuthi umuntu uzimele, njengokungathi ucabanga. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi sineminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziningana ubudala.
Kakade ku-Renaissance, Michelangelo Wadala ithuna likaLorenzo de' Medici eBasilica yaseSan Lorenzo eFlorence, ebhekwa njengomunye wemisebenzi emikhulu yeMannerism. Umuntu ophakathi, omele uLorenzo, ubonakala ngesimo sengqondo sokucabanga, ubuso bakhe busethunzini nengalo eyodwa isekelwe esisekelweni, ethula isimo sokuzindla abaningi abasiqhathanise nesikaRodin, yize umuntu waseFlorentine ehlezi ngendlela ehlukile futhi ezungezwe izithombe ezingokomfanekiso zeMini noBusuku.
Zonke lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi isithombe somcabangi Akuvelanga ndawo ngekhulu le-19, kodwa kunalokho kwakha ingxenye yesiko elide lapho ukuma komzimba kuba uphawu olubonakalayo lomcabango. Isenzo sokuletha isandla ekhanda, ukugoba umzimba, noma ukuzihlukanisa siye sasetshenziswa amakhulu eminyaka ukuveza ukuzihlola, ukungabaza, noma ubuhlungu.
Ezinye izithombe zomcabango oqoshiwe: uBotero noJuan Gila
Ekhulwini lama-20 nelama-21, ukucabanga okuqoshiwe Kuhlala kuvela kubaculi abahlukene kakhulu. Icala elithakazelisayo yileli Umcabango Isithombe sethusi sikaFernando Botero sango-1992 siyingxenye yeqoqo elinikelwe edolobheni laseMedellín futhi eliseduze neMyuziyamu yase-Antioquia. Lo msebenzi ubonisa owesifazane ojwayelekile waseBotero, onqunu futhi othanda izinto eziningi, emi phezu kwekhanda lendoda elikhulu ngokulinganayo.
Isithombe, ekuqaleni, siyavela okungenangqondo nokudidayoOwesifazane uguqulwe waba yisisekelo ekhanda esingachotshozwa yisisindo sakhe. Isihloko, Umcabango, ivula umnyango wezincazelo eziningi: umqondo wabesifazane njengabakhona njalo engqondweni yamadoda, noma ngisho nokuzindla ngomlando wobuciko, obugxile emzimbeni wesifazane amakhulu eminyaka.
Ngaphandle kwalezi zincazelo, umsebenzi kaBotero usikisela ukuthi ukubaza, ngokwako, kuyindlela "ukucabanga umcabango"Umdwebi uhlukanisa ubudlelwano bomzimba nekhanda, ashintshe izilinganiso, futhi aphoqe umbukeli ukuthi acabange kabusha ngalokho akubheka njengokunengqondo. Futhi, umcabango awuvezwa ngamazwi, kodwa ngesisindo, ibhalansi, kanye nokungaqondi kahle kwevolumu.
Ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele, umgxeki uFernando Castro Flórez ukhulume ngakho "Umcabango oqoshiwe" kaJuan GilaEmibhalweni yakhe, uveza ukuthi, ngisho nasemathuneni asendulo, ukumelwa komuntu ngendlela ehlelekile kungaqondwa njengohlobo lwesiginesha sombhali, indlela yokushiya irekhodi lomthwalo wabo wemfanelo ngezithombe. Isithombe esiqoshiwe, ngandlela thile, singagcina lo msebenzi wobufakazi: silungisa ukuba khona, sikuthuse, sikuguqule sibe umkhondo womlando obonakalayo.
UJuan Gila usebenza kakhulu no amabhuzu namakhanda Abagubhi ubukhulu bomuntu, kodwa kunalokho babonakala beqopha umzabalazo wangaphakathi. Bangabantu abampunga, abakhubazekile, abaneziphambeko zomzimba ngamabomu, abakude kakhulu nanoma yikuphi ukubonakaliswa kwakudala. UCastro Flórez uchaza le misebenzi njengezithombe ezigcwele okuqukethwe okukhona: ukukhubazeka kanye nokuphazamiseka kokuzwana kukhomba ubudlova bangaphakathi kunomonakalo wangaphandle.
Ukungabikho kwezinwele kuqeda noma yimaphi amazwi othando futhi kuguqula lezi zithombe zibe izidalwa ezingafaneleki, okusikhumbuza indawo kaSamuel Beckett: izithombe ezizimele, ezididekile, ezibanjwe uhlobo oluthile lokungaqondi. Amehlo azo aqinile nawo aqandisa amehlo ombukeli, okwenza kube nomuzwa ophazamisayo wokusondelana nento embi. Lapha, umcabango oqoshiwe ubonakala ku- ukungezwani phakathi kokuthula kwesibhakela kanye nesiphepho esingokwengqondo lokho okuphawulwe kulezi zici.
Ukusetshenziswa kokucabanga okuqoshiwe kwezobuciko nangale kwalokho
Umqondo we ukucabanga okuqoshiwe Lokhu kunemiphumela ewusizo kubaculi kanye nakulabo ababheka ubuciko ngokwemibono yemfundo, ifilosofi, noma ngisho nokukhangisa. Okokuqala, kumqophi wezithombe, ukucabanga ngobuciko kusho ukuhumusha imibono engaqondakali ibe yizinqumo eziqondile mayelana nefomu, izinto ezibonakalayo, isikali, kanye nokuthungwa.
Isebenza njenge Umcabangi Zibonisa ukuthi zingavezwa kanjani izinkinga zokuziphatha, izingxabano zomphakathi, noma izinkathazo zomuntu siqu ngaphandle kwesidingo senkulumo. Ukukhetha umzimba onqunu, ukuma kwezandla, indlela yokuqinisa imisipha noma ukugoba umhlane kuyizinsiza ezibonisa umzabalazo wangaphakathi, uzwela ngokuhlupheka kwabanye noma ukungakwazi ukudlulisa isahlulelo esiqondile kwabalahliwe, njengoba kwenzeka kuDante kaRodin.
Emasimini ezemfundo kanye nokufinyelela abantu, ukusebenza ngokucabanga okuqoshiwe kusenza sikwazi ukubuza imibuzo evulekile kumbukeli: Yimiphi imizwa evezwa yilesi simo? Ucabanga ukuthi yini edlula engqondweni yalo mfanekiso? Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zithinta kanjani incazelo yakho? Lolu hlobo lwendlela luguqula ukucabanga ngokuqoshiwe kube ukuzivocavoca okusebenzayo ekuzindlenihhayi nje ngesikhathi sokuvakashela imnyuziyamu ngaphandle kokwenza lutho.
Ngaphandle kobuciko, isithombe somcabangi sesibe insiza engokomfanekiso Ukukhuluma ngefilosofi, ubuciko, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, noma ukwenza izinqumo, ama-logo, imikhankaso yokukhangisa, kanye nemifanekiso yemfundo konke kusebenzisa lesi sibalo esigobile ukuze kuhlanganiswe yonke inkimbinkimbi yokucabanga ibe isenzo esisodwa. Kuyindlela emfushane ebonakalayo esebenza ngoba idonsa amakhulu eminyaka yesiko lezithombe.
Okokugcina, emkhakheni wokudalwa kwanamuhla, ukucabanga ngezithombe kukhuthaza ukuzama ngezinto ezintsha, izikali, kanye nezimo: kusukela ezibaziwe zomphakathi ezisebenzisana nedolobha kuya ekufakweni okuphoqa umbukeli ukuba adlule ngokoqobo endaweni. Kuzo zonke lezi zimo, umbuzo oyisisekelo uhlala ufana: indlela umqondo ovezwa ngayo ngesimonokuthi leso simo sisenza sicabange ngendlela ehlukile ngathi kanye nomhlaba.
Uma sibheka izingcezu ezahlukene njengoba sihlangene Umcabangi kaRodin, uMcabangi waseCernavodă, ithuna likaLorenzo de' Medici, Umcabango Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusezithombeni zikaBotero noma emakhanda kaJuan Gila, kuvela into engaguquki: konke kuguqula isenzo esingabonakali sokucabanga sibe yinto ebonakalayo, ethintayo, futhi, ezimweni eziningi, engakhululekile ngokomzwelo. Kulapho kulele khona amandla amaningi e- ukucabanga okuqoshiwe: ngokusikhumbuza, ngezinto, ukuthi ikhono lethu lokuzindla libuthakathaka futhi liyaphikisana njengemizimba yethu.
