Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, isithombe se-kraken Kwakubhekwa njengokungaphezu nje kwalokho indaba yomatilosi ngezilo ezikwazi ukucwilisa imikhumbiKodwa-ke, uchungechunge lophenyo lwakamuva luveze okuthile, kuze kube muva nje, okwakuzwakala njengenganekwane: ama-giant octopus angafika kumamitha angu-19 ubude kungenzeka ukuthi ayehlala olwandle lwaseLate Cretaceous, eziphethe njengezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane ngempela.
Le misebenzi, eshicilelwe kumagazini wesayensi Isayensi futhi iholwa amaqembu avela eNyuvesi yaseHokkaido (eJapan)Bathi ama-cephalopod athile ohlobo oluphelile Nanaimotoeuthis Zazihlala phezulu kochungechunge lokudla phakathi kweminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-100 neziyi-72 eyedlule. Kunokuba zibe yizisulu ezingenzi lutho, lezi zingwane ezinkulu zaziyoncintisana nama-mosasaur, ama-plesiosaur, kanye noshaka abakhulu ukuze zibuse izilwandle.
I-kraken yangempela olwandle lwaseCretaceous
Idatha entsha idweba isithombe esihluke kakhulu kwese-paleontology yakudala, eyayicabanga ukuthi Los izilwane ezinkulu zasolwandle ezinomgogodla Kwakuyibo kuphela amakhosi olwandleI-Late Cretaceous, eyayiphakathi kweminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-100 nezingu-66 ezedlule, yayibhekwa njengezwe elibuswa cishe kuphela ama-mosasaur, ama-plesiosaur, kanye noshaka abakhulu.
Ucwaningo oluholwa abacwaningi abanjengoShin Ikegami noYasuhiro Iba lubonisa ukuthi kuleso sikhathi esifanayo kwavela i- ama-octopus amakhulu anemizimba emide, izingalo ezinde, kanye nemihlathi enamandla kakhuluLezi zidalwa, zihlanganiswe I-suborder Cirrata (ama-octopus afakwe emanzini)Zifana kakhulu ne-kraken yesiko lamaNordic, yize ziyizinhlobo ezishabalele ezingenakho ukuxhumana okuqondile nezinganekwane.
Ososayensi bathole izinhlobo ezimbili ezibalulekile: Nanaimotoeuthis jeletzkyi y Nanaimotoeuthis haggartiBobabili bangabantu abahlala eNyakatho yePacific. Eyokuqala yayingafinyelela cishe amamitha angu-7,7 ubude, kanti eyesibili yayingalinganiselwa phakathi kwamamitha angu-7 kuya kwangu-19 kusukela esiqongweni se-mantle kuze kube sekupheleni kwe-tentacles. idlula ngisho ne-squid enkulu yesimanje.
Mayelana nosayizi, I-N. haggarti ingaba sezingeni - noma ngaphezulu - kwezilwane ezinkulu zasolwandle ezifana I-Mosasaurus hoffmannii, eyayingamamitha angaba ngu-17 ubude, noma ushaka wasendulo I-Ptychodus mortoni, cishe amamitha ayi-10. Ngakho-ke sikhuluma ngezinye zezindawo izilwane ezingenamgogodla ezinkulu kakhulu ezichazwe kuze kube manje kurekhodi lamathambo.
Imfihlo isemilonyeni: imihlathi engu-27 eshintsha umlando
Ukwakha kabusha impilo ye-octopus yakudala akuwona umsebenzi olula. Ngokungafani nezinye izilwane zasolwandle, lawa ma-cephalopod Azinawo uhlaka lwamathambo kanye negobolondo langaphandle eliqinilengakho umzimba wayo othambile awushiyi mkhondo emadwaleni. Okuhlukile yimihlathi ye-chitinous, "imilomo" edumile, efana nomlomo we-parrot.
Umsebenzi omusha uncike ngqo ekuhlaziyweni okuningiliziwe kwe- Imihlathi engu-27 yezinsalela ezivela ezidakeni zasolwandle eJapan naseVancouver Island (Canada)Ezinye zazo zase zaziwa kakade, kodwa zazihlotshaniswa namanye amaqembu afana nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-vampire squid". Ezinye zatholakala okokuqala ngqa kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela ye-tomography enekhwalithi ephezulu kanye namamodeli obuhlakani bokwenziwa.
Lokhu "kumbiwa kwezinsalela zedijithali" kuvumela Izingqimba zedwala ezincane kakhulu eziskenwa nge-3D futhi bathole izakhiwo eziphilayo ezifihliwe ngaphandle kokulimaza izinsalela. Ngenxa yalokhu, ithimba likwazile ukwakha kabusha imihlathi ngokunemba okukhulu, lilinganise ubude bayo (ezimweni eziningana budlula amamilimitha angu-80) futhi liyiqhathanise neyezilwane zanamuhla eziphila endle ukuze kutholakale ubukhulu besilwane.
Imininingwane etholakele ikhombisa ukuthi iziqongo ze Nanaimotoeuthis Kwezinye izibonelo, zidlule usayizi womlomo we-squid enkulu yesimanje, esekela ukulinganisa ubude obuphakathi kwamamitha angu-7 kuya kwangu-19. Lezi zindinganiso zibeka i-N. haggarti phakathi kwezilwane ezingenamgogodla ezinkulu kakhulu ezaziwayo futhi kuphoqelelwe ukubuyekezwa kobukhulu bezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane zaseMesozoic.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo esihle sokulondolozwa kwemihlathi savumela ukutadisha hhayi nje isimo sayo, kodwa nobuso bayo. Imifantu, imiphetho ebuthuntu, imihuzuko ejulile kanye nama-chips Banikeza ulwazi oluqondile mayelana nokudla nendlela yokuphila yalezi zingwane.
Izilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye: amathambo namagobolondo aqhekekayo
Omunye wemiphumela ehlaba umxhwele kakhulu yocwaningo izinga eliphezulu lokuguguleka okubonwa emilonyeni yabantu abadala. Emaqabungeni amancane, Izihloko zemihlathi zibonakala zibukhali njengezinsika.Kodwa-ke, kubantu abakhulu, lezi zindawo ezifanayo ziyindilinga, zigugile, futhi zigcwele ama-microfractures.
Abacwaningi babala ukuthi ezinye iziqongo zilahlekelwe yi- U-10% wobude bawo bokuqala ngenxa yokungqubuzana okuqhubekayo nezinto eziqinile kakhuluUkuqhathaniswa nama-cephalopods anamuhla kubonisa iphethini elihlukile: kungukugqoka okuvamile kwezilwane ezidla inyama, okungukuthi, izilwane ezidla inyama ezidla inyama ngamathambo noma amagobolondo aqinile.
Ngokusho kokuhlaziywa, lawa ma-octopus amakhulu Abazange babambe izilwane ezinomzimba othambile kuphelaBabengakwazi nje kuphela ukuchoboza amagobolondo e-ammonite nama-mollusk amakhulu, kodwa futhi namathambo ezinhlanzi kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo zasolwandle ezinkulu. Amandla abo okuluma ngabe anele ukuphula izakhiwo ezazingagwenywa ezinye izilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye izilwane.
Ukuze banikeze umbono olula, abalobi baqhathanisa ukuguga komlomo nokwezikere zokuthena ezingasetshenziswanga ukusika amaqabunga, kodwa ukuphula amatshe: Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubukhali buyanyamalala futhi imiphetho iyaguquguquka.Leso sithombe sibonisa ubukhulu bomsebenzi wokuphanga ku Nanaimotoeuthis.
Konke lokhu kuhambisana nombono wokuthi la ma-cephalopods ahlala kuwo izinga le-trophic elilingana nelezilwane ezinkulu zasolwandle ezinethambo lomgogodlaNgaphezu nje kokuba yizisulu ezinkulu, zaziyizilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane ezisindayo ezasiza ekwakheni isakhiwo sezinto eziphilayo zaseCretaceous.
Ubukhulu obukhulu, amaphiko, kanye nokuphila olwandle oluvulekile
Ngokusekelwe ebuhlotsheni obuphakathi kobukhulu bomlomo nobude bomzimba kuma-cephalopods anamuhla, ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi N. jeletzkyi kungaba ngamamitha angu-7,7ngenkathi N. haggarti Ingadlula kalula amamitha ayi-18, cishe ibanga liphakathi kwamamitha ayi-7 kuya kwangu-19. Lokho kufana cishe nebhasi elihlanganisiwe noma iloli eliyi-semi-trailer.
Izinsalela ezihlaziyiwe zibonisa ukuthi lezi zilwane zaziyingxenye ye-suborder Cirrata, Ama-octopus ahlonyiswe ngamaphiko amancane aseceleni awenza akwazi ukubhukuda kahleLokho kwakheka, kuhlanganiswe nomzimba omude noguquguqukayo, kusikisela ukuthi babengezona izidalwa zasekujuleni kwalasha, kodwa babeyizakhamuzi zase amashalofu ase-continental kanye nolwandle oluvulekile eNyakatho yePacific.
Isu labo lokuziphendukela kwemvelo lalihlanganisa shiya igobolondo langaphandle elivikelayo okwakuchaza ama-cephalopod amaningi eMesozoic, njengama-ammonite. Ngokulahlekelwa yilezo zikhali, athola ukuhamba, ukusheshisa, umbono, kanye nokukwazi ukunyakaza ukuze azingele ngenkuthalo, okwawavumela ukuba ancintisane ngqo nezilwane ezinkulu ezidla inyama.
Amamodeli aphakanyisiwe yithimba akhomba ku- ukukhula okusheshayo kakhulu kokuziphendukela kwemvelo eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyi-15 nje kuphelaPhakathi nalesi sikhathi, la ma-octopus akhula kusukela ngobukhulu obuphakathi kuya kobukhulu obukhulu. Lokhu kwanda kwahambisana nesikhathi sokuqhekeka kolwandle okukhulu ngemva kokuqhekeka kwePangaea, okwandisa izindawo zemvelo ezitholakalayo.
Kulomongo, Ama-octopus amakhulu abengabelana ngamanzi nama-mosasaur amakhulu, ama-plesiosaur, kanye noshakazincintisana ngemithombo efanayo yamandla. Nakuba kungekho okuqukethwe esiswini okutholakale okufakazela ngqo ukuthi zihlasele ama-mosasaur, ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi, okungenani ngokombono, ayengaphakathi kobukhulu namandla adingekayo ukuze abhekane nezilwane ezinkulu ezinomgogodla.
Ubuhlakani kanye nohlangothi: izinkomba zokuguguleka kweziqongo
Ngale kobukhulu namandla ezilwane, lolu cwaningo lusikisela ukuthi lezi zilwane zingaba yinkimbinkimbi ngokumangalisayo ngokombono wokuqonda. Ukuguga okubonwa emihlathini akufaniUhlangothi lwesokudla lubonakala lugugile kakhulu kunolwesobunxele.
Lokhu kungalingani kukhumbuza ukwakheka kwezinhlangothi okubonwa ezilwaneni eziningi zanamuhla, okuhlanganisa ama-octopus anamuhla, izinyoni, nezilwane ezincelisayo, lapho kukhona khona ukukhetha ukusebenzisa uhlangothi olulodwa lomzimba, njengokuba ngakwesokudla noma ngakwesokunxeleKu-biology, lesi simo sivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezinhlelo zezinzwa eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokuziphatha okuyinkimbinkimbi.
Nakuba abacwaningi beqaphela futhi bevuma ukuthi Ubuhlakani abunakulinganiswa ngqo efosini.Ukuba khona kwalokhu kungalingani emilonyeni yabantu abakhulu kusekela umqondo wokuthi Nanaimotoeuthis Kwakungeyona nje isilwane esikhulu nesingenaso isizotha. Konke kusikisela ukuthi yayisebenzisa izingalo ezithile ngokukhethekile ukuphatha isisulu sayo ngaphambi kokusiluma okokugcina.
Le ndlela ihambisana nomfanekiso esinawo wama-octopus anamuhla, aziwa ngokubukeka kwawo ikhono lokufunda, amakhono okuxazulula izinkinga, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezitho nezitho ngendlela eguquguqukayoEndabeni yeCretaceous, lokhu kuhlanganiswa kobukhulu, amandla, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuziphatha okungenzeka kuqinisa umqondo wokuthi zazikwazi ngokugcwele ukusebenza njengezitha ezinkulu.
Ngokwamazwi abanye ochwepheshe abaxoxisana nabo eYurophu, umqondo wokuthi ukuhlangana ne-octopus ecishe ibe ngamamitha angu-20 ubude ehlome umlomo okwazi ukuchoboza amathambo Akuqinisekisi neze. Ukube babehlala nabantu, okhokho bethu babengeke babe nesifiso sokubhukuda kulezo zilwandle.
Ukubhala kabusha indima yezilwane ezingenamgogodla olwandle lwasendulo
Sekungamashumi eminyaka, izincwadi ze-paleontology ziveza izilwane zasemanzini ezingenamgogodla zaseMesozoic njengezilwane zasolwandle. abadlali abasekelayo abazinikele kakhulu ekuzivikeleni kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinkulu kanye noshaka. Ukukhulisa amagobolondo, ukuqinisa amathambo, noma ukuthuthukisa izinhlungu kwakuyizindlela zakudala zokugwema izilwane ezidla ezinye.
Umsebenzi uyaqhubeka Nanaimotoeuthis Lokhu kuphoqa ukucabanga kabusha ngokuphelele kwalolo hlelo. Okokuqala ngqa, kuyasiza ubufakazi obuqondile bezilwane ezingenamgogodla ezinkulu ezihlala phezulu kochungechunge lokudlahhayi nje kuphela njengezisulu, kodwa futhi njengabazingeli abacindezela kakhulu ezinye izinhlobo.
Lolu shintsho lombono luhambisana nomqondo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuguquguqukayo: Amaqembu ahlukene, izilwane ezinomgogodla kanye nezilwane ezingenamgogodla, athuthukisa izixazululo ezifanayo Ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga efanayo yemvelo, zaba yizilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane. Ngenkathi izilwane ezihuquzelayo zasolwandle zithuthukisa imizimba yazo ethambile, ama-octopus amakhulu akhetha ukuguquguquka, ukuhlakanipha, kanye nemihlathi eqinile.
Ngakho-ke, izilwandle zaseCretaceous azisabhekwa njengezimo lapho izizukulwane ezimbalwa kuphela zabusa khona, futhi ziba izimiso zemvelo ezincintisana kakhulu futhi eziyinkimbinkimbiUkuba khona ndawonye kwama-mosasaur, ama-plesiosaur, oshaka, kanye nama-giant octopus kusikisela ukulinganisela okubucayi, kanye nokuxhumana okuningi phakathi kwezilwane ezidla ezinye kanye nezilwane ezizingelayo okusazoqondakala.
Kwi-paleontology yaseYurophu, egxile kakhulu ezihuquzelayo zasolwandle ezivela oLwandle iTethys lasendulo, le miphumela ivula ithuba lokuthi buyekeza amaqoqo ama-microfossils namatshe asevele efundwe befuna imilomo ye-cephalopod okungenzeka ukuthi ayizange ibonwe. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamasu edijithali kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa kungaveza ukuthi “ama-krakens” aseCretaceous ayengekho eNyakatho Pacific kuphela.
I-AI, i-tomography kanye nokumbiwa kwedijithali: amathuluzi amasha okulandelela ama-krakens
Enye yeminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu yezindlela zocwaningo ukusetshenziswa okuhlangene kwe i-computer tomography enesinqumo esiphezulu kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa ukuthola izinsalela ezincane emabhulokini edwala abonakala engavamile.
Esikhundleni sokukhipha ngokoqobo izinsalela, ngengozi yokuzilimaza, abacwaningi baskena amasampula ungqimba ngengqimba. Ngemuva kwalokho, imodeli ye-AI yaqeqeshwa ngokukhethekile ukuze iwabone... amaphethini ajwayelekile ezakhiwo eziphilayo, njengemilomo yama-cephalopods, yathola imihlathi efihliwe eyayingeke ibonwe ngamasu avamile.
Le ndlela, eseqalile ukusetshenziswa emalabhorethri eYurophu, ivumela ukwakhiwa kabusha amamodeli e-3D anemininingwane ngombala ogcwele kwezinsalela zamathambo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokususa i-matrix yedwala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenza kube lula ukutadisha ukuguguleka kwendawo ngezinga lemininingwane elalingacatshangwa ngaphambili.
Ngaphandle kwecala elithile le- NanaimotoeuthisLa mathuluzi avula indlela eya thola kabusha izindawo zemvelo zasendulo ngombono omushaIzindawo eziningi zigcina izinsalela ezithambile noma eziqhekekile ezifakwe edwaleni ezingase zivele ngenxa yalolu hlobo "lwemivubukulo yedijithali".
Le ndlela yobuchwepheshe isivele idala intshisekelo phakathi kwamaqembu aseYurophu asebenza e- Amadiphozithi e-Cretaceous eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia kanye nalo lonke izwekaziNakuba kungekho okutholwe yi-octopus enkulu okuye kwamenyezelwa kuze kube manje emanzini namuhla okuzohambisana ne-Atlantic empumalanga noma iMedithera yokuqala, akekho ophika ukuthi imikhankaso yesikhathi esizayo izoveza izimanga.
Kusukela enganekwaneni yamaNorse kuya ku-paleontology yesimanje
Ukuxhumana phakathi kwesayensi nenganekwane ye-kraken kungenye yezinto eziye zaheha kakhulu umphakathi. Kwamatilosi aseNyakatho Yurophu, I-kraken yayiyisidalwa esikhulu, esivame ukuchazwa njenge-octopus enkulu noma i-squid., ekwazi ukusonga imikhumbi ngezinsika zayo bese iyihudula iye phansi.
Ngokwesiko, ososayensi babexhumanisa lezi zinganekwane ukubonwa okungahleliwe kwe-giant squidLezi zidalwa, ezaziwa amashumi eminyaka, zingafinyelela ubude obungaba amamitha ayi-12. Kodwa-ke, idatha entsha iphakamisa ukuthi imvelo yakhiqiza izidalwa ezihlaba umxhwele nakakhulu, yize izigidi zeminyaka ngaphambi kokuba kube khona lezo zindaba.
Abalobi balolu cwaningo bachaza ukuthi Akukho ubudlelwano obuqondile bomlando phakathi kwama-octopus aseCretaceous kanye nezindaba zamaViking.zihlukaniswe yigebe elikhulu lesikhathi. Kodwa bayavuma ukuthi ukufana ngobukhulu nangendlela yokuphila—izilwane ezinkulu ezithambile ezinemizimba emide—kwenza ukuqhathaniswa kube yinto engenakugwenywa.
Ezitatimendeni ezibikwe yimithombo yezindaba ehlukahlukene, izazi eziningana ze-paleobiology ziyavuma ukuthi Imvelo iye yaveza izilwane ezicishe zifane nalokho esikucabanga namuhla njenge-kraken esikhathini esidlule.Ukutholakala kwe Nanaimotoeuthis Kubonisa ukuthi umugqa ohlukanisa indaba eqanjiwe neqiniso ngezinye izikhathi mncane kunalokho okubonakala.
Kumphakathi wesayensi, leli cala liphinde lisebenze njenge isikhumbuzo sokuthi irekhodi lezinsalela zasendulo alikapheleli kangakananiIfosili ngayinye entsha, noma ngabe incane kangakanani, efundwe kahle ingaphoqa ukuthi kubuyekezwe izindaba ezazibonakala zivaliwe, kusukela ekuguqukeni kwama-cephalopods kuya esakhiweni sezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle zangaphambilini.
Isithombe esivela kulezi zifundo singenye yezilwandle zaseCretaceous ezaziyingozi kakhulu futhi zihlukahlukene kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambili, lapho Ama-octopus amakhulu afinyelela kumamitha angu-19 ubude abelana ngokugqama nezilwane ezihuquzelayo zasolwandle kanye noshakaKusukela emihlathini embalwa eguquliwe, i-paleontology iveze izilwane ezinkulu ezingenamgogodla, mhlawumbe ezihlakaniphile futhi ezikwazi ukuchoboza amathambo namagobolondo ngaphandle kwenkinga enkulu, ezifanelana kahle ngokumangazayo nomqondo odumile "we-kraken yangempela" futhi zisikhumbuza ukuthi izilwandle zesikhathi esidlule zisaphethe izimfihlo ezinkulu kangakanani.
