AbaseFenike babengama idolobha lokuhweba lasendulo eladlala indima ebalulekile emlandweni weNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia, ikakhulukazi emasikweni akhona ngaphambili kanye nokuthuthukiswa komnotho kanye nedolobha lezindawo ezakha iSpain namuhla.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, sinikezela lesi sihloko ukukhuluma ngamaFenike, ukuhlola ithonya ababenalo eSpain, sinake izici ezifana ne ezentengiselwano, amasiko, ubuchwepheshe kanye nenhlangano yezenhlalo nezombusazwe yemiphakathi eyakhele inhlonhlo.
Umsuka wamaFenike eSpain
AbaseFenike bavela njengempucuko ezinikele olwandle olwakhula endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi iLebanon. Phakathi kwe Ikhulu le-12 nelesi-8 BC. C. waqala ukwanda, ukwandisa amanethiwekhi abo ezentengiselwano kulo lonke elaseMedithera nokusungula amakoloni nezimboni ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise neNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia.
Isikhathi sokufika kwabaseFenike enhlonhlweni Kwaqondana nesikhathi lapho kwakufunwa izinsiza ezintsha nezindlela zokuhweba. AbaseFenike base besungule inethiwekhi yokuhweba eyayibavumela ukuba bathole izinsimbi ezibalulekile njengesiliva nethusi, izinsimbi ezazichichima kakhulu eNhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia.
Ithonya lohwebo
Izakhiwo zokuqala zaseFenike zase zingenile izindawo ezifanelekile zohwebo lwakho njengeGadir (i-Cádiz yanamuhla), eyasungulwa cishe ngo-1100 BC. C. futhi elasheshe laba elinye lamachweba amakhulu ezentengiselwano aseMedithera.
Imikhuba yezohwebo yabaseFenike yayithuthukisiwe, kanye nemikhiqizo ababehweba ngayo (izindwangu, ingilazi noma izitsha zobumba), into eyayizogcina ithinta futhi iguqule imiphakathi yase-Iberia. Ngamakoloni, Babezosungula inethiwekhi yemizila yezohwebo exhuma i-Atlantic neMpumalanga Ephakathi, okwenze kube lula ukuhwebelana kwezimpahla, kodwa futhi kwavumela ukusatshalaliswa kwesiko, imibono noma ubuchwepheshe.
Okunye ukudla esinakho ekhaya namuhla kwethulwa abaseFenike, njengokuthi amafutha omnqumo noma iwayini, into okuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba siyibona namuhla, izosabalala futhi ibe "umkhiqizo wendawo" kwezinye izingxenye zeSpain. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhweba nokuhweba kwakhuthaza ukukhula kwalokho okwakuzoba yi- amachweba amakhulu emhlabeni.
Ithonya lamasiko
Ukufika kwabaseFenike eNhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia kwakungeyona nje into enhle ngokombono wezomnotho noma wezohwebo, kodwa futhi kwakusho ukushintshana kwamasiko okubalulekile. Ulimi lwaseFenike lwashiya uphawu lwalo ekuqanjweni kwamagama kwezinye izindawo. Amadolobha amaningi amanje eSpain asawagcina amagama asuselwa kwelaseFenike. Kodwa ngaphezu kwalokho, inkolo nonkulunkulu baseFenike bakhuthaza izinganekwane nezinkolelo zamasiko endawo, njengonkulunkulu uBhali noma u-Astarte.
Ukubhala ngokungangabazeki kwakungelinye lamafa amasiko abaluleke kakhulu. Bethula izinhlamvu zamaFenike, ezaba lula ukuxhumana nokuphatha. I-innovation eyinhloko kubantu base-Iberia ngamunye ukuthuthukisa uhlobo lwabo lokubhala. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kusengaphambili ngokubhala kungafaniswa nezinye intuthuko ezifana umsuka waseRoma, nayo eyaphawula ingqopha-mlando empucukweni.
Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe
AbaseFenike babengamatilosi abakhulu nabakhi bemikhumbi abakhulu, into eyayibavumela ukuba balawule imizila yasolwandle yaseMedithera. Bethula okusha amasu okwakha izikebhe okungaba yisisekelo ekwandeni kwabantu base-Iberia.
Ngaphezu kobuchwepheshe basolwandle, babuye baletha ubuchwepheshe obuhlobene ne-metallurgy, izitsha zobumba kanye nezolimo. Ukukhiqizwa kwethusi nensimbi kwapheleliswa ngemva kokufika kwabo. Ukukhiqizwa kwezitsha zobumba kungenzeka ukuthi sekuthuthukile namasu aseFenike (basebenzisa lezi zitsha ukuze bagcine uketshezi nanjengezitsha zohwebo). Ngokuphathelene nalokhu, kuyathakazelisa ukuphawula ukuthi ithonya laseFenike lalifanekisela intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe yesikhathi esizayo eyayiyobonakala ngesikhathi samaRoma.
Inhlangano yezenhlalakahle nepolitiki
Umthelela noma ithonya labaseFenike eSpain laqhubekela phambili. Baletha nohlobo lwabo lwenhlangano yezenhlalo nezombusazwe. Imiphakathi yaseFenike, ngaphezu kwezindawo zokuhweba, yayikhona izindawo lapho kwasungulwa khona ubudlelwano bokuhwebelana namandla, kwadalwa imifelandawonye kanye nokuthanda amakhasimende.
Imodeli yenhlangano yasemadolobheni kanye nemiqondo kahulumeni waseFenike yaba negalelo eku ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokuqala zamadolobha eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia. Lokho kwakhuthaza ukukhula kwezibalo zabantu, kwakhuthaza ukudalwa kwe izinhlaka zezombusazwe eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi izinhlangano zezombangazwe ezichazwe kakhulu zahlanganiswa. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, isakhiwo sezombangazwe esakhiwa abaseFenike singahlotshaniswa nesemuva ubuciko bekoloni ephinde ikhombise ithonya lamasiko ahlukahlukene enhlanganweni yezenhlalo.
Laliyini ithonya labaseFenike eSpain?
Ifa labaseFenike kule nhlonhlo laqala ukuncipha lapho kufika ezinye izizwe ezinjengamaGreki, kamuva, amaRoma. Kodwa-ke, ifa lakhe lahlala ezicini eziningana empilweni yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia. Amadolobha aseFenike aguqulwa futhi ahlanganiswa namasiko amasha, kodwa amagalelo akhe ayesabonakala ekuphileni njengasenhlanganweni yezomnotho.
Izindlela zohwebo ezimisiwe zabeka izisekelo zemizila yezohwebo yesikhathi esizayo eholwa amaRoma, ayezosungula inethiwekhi yawo yokuhweba kuyo yonke le nhlonhlo. Ukudla ababekwethule kwasabalala kwamila izimpande. Impilo yemiphakathi yendawo yacetshiswa, eyethula izinhlamvu zamagama kanye nezinkolelo ezingokwenkolo ezihlukahlukene ezihlangene nezomdabu. Futhi ekugcineni, zonke izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, zezenhlalakahle nezombusazwe ezikhuthazele futhi zakha imiphakathi yakamuva, njengalezo ezingabonwa namuhla ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene.
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Kukho konke lokhu, abaseFenike Babeka isisekelo esibalulekile emlandweni weSpain yanamuhla, eshiya ifa elibalulekile.