Ithuluzi lezinkanyezi elihlonyiswe nge Imicu ye-optical yerobhothi engu-5.000 ifinyelele okuthile okwakuzwakala njengendaba yesayensi eminyakeni embalwa edlule: ukuphakamisa imephu enkulu kunazo zonke enobukhulu obuthathu yendawo yonke esakhiwe kuze kube manje. Akuyona nje isithombe esimangalisayo sesibhakabhaka, kodwa irekhodi eliningiliziwe elisivumela ukuthi silandele umlando wokwanda kwendawo yonke futhi siphonsele inselelo eminye yemibono esungulwe kakhulu mayelana nokuthi indawo yonke isebenza kanjani.
Le khathalogi enkulu, esekelwe ekukhanyeni kwe amashumi ezigidi zemithala, ama-quasar, nezinkanyeziLolu cwaningo luveza ubufakazi bokuthi amandla amnyama—ingxenye eyimfihlakalo eqhuba ukwanda okusheshayo kwendawo yonke—angase angaziphathi kahle njengoba kwakucatshangwa ngaphambili. Uma le miphumela iqinisekiswa, amamodeli amanje e-cosmological kuzodingeka abukezwe ngokucophelela.
I-DESI: ithuluzi elishintshe ubukhulu bamamephu e-cosmos
Umuntu obangela lesi senzo ngu- Ithuluzi Le-Spectroscopic Lokutadisha Amandla Amnyama, eyaziwa ngesifinyezo sayo i-DESI (Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument). Ifakwe kutheleskopu kaNicholas U. Mayall engamamitha amane eKitt Peak National Observatory e-Arizona (e-USA), futhi iyingxenye yokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe okubandakanya ososayensi abangaphezu kuka-900 abavela ezikhungweni ezingu-75 nasemazweni angu-14.
I-DESI isebenzisa i-matrix ye Imicu yokukhanya engu-5.000 elawulwa amarobhothi amancane zikwazi ukuziqondisa, njalo ebusuku, zibheke ezinkulungwaneni zezinkanyezi ezahlukene. I-fiber ngayinye ilungiswa ngokunemba okungama-micron ayi-10—okuncane kakhulu kunobukhulu bezinwele zomuntu—ukuze izibeke ngqo phezu kwendawo esibhakabhakeni lapho ukukhanya kuzoqoqwa khona. Lo msebe wokukhanya uhlukaniswe ube yi-spectrum yawo, okuvumela ukubalwa kwebanga, isivinini, kanye nezinye izakhiwo zomzimba zento ngayinye.
Ngenxa yalobu buchwepheshe, ithuluzi lingabona imithala engaphezu kuka-100.000 ngobusukuLokhu kukhuphuka kwejubane kukhulise inani ledatha etholakalayo ngokuphindwe kasithupha uma kuqhathaniswa nazo zonke izinhlolovo zangaphambilini ze-cosmological zihlangene. I-DESI isebenzise kokubili ubusuku obumnyama, obuhle kakhulu bokutadisha izinto ezikude kakhulu, kanye nezikhathi ezinenyanga, lapho igxile khona ezinkanyezini nasezindaweni eziseduze.
Umkhankaso omkhulu wokubuka, owenzelwe ukuhlala iminyaka emihlanu, waqedwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi esibekiwe naphezu kwezehlakalo ezingalindelekile ezimbi njengobhubhane lwe-COVID-19 kanye nomlilo we-Contreras ka-2022, owasongela ngqo izikhungo ze-observatory. Noma kunjalo, ithimba likwazile ukugcina ijubane lalo futhi laqeda ukuqoqwa kwedatha ngesikhathi esirekhodiwe.
Imephu enkulu kunazo zonke ye-3D yendawo yonke: iminyaka yokukhanya eyizigidigidi eziyi-11.000 yomlando
Umphumela walo mzamo ohlanganisiwe imephu enezinhlangothi ezintathu ehlanganisa cishe izigidi ezingama-11.000 zokukhanya kweminyaka kude ngokujulile. Lokho kusho ukuthi i-DESI iqopha imithala ekhipha ukukhanya esikubonayo namuhla lapho indawo yonke yayineminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.700 ubudala, eduze kakhulu nokuqala komlando wayo, okulinganiselwa eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-13.700.
Sekukonke, iphrojekthi ifakiwe kuhlu imithala nama-quasar angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-47kanye nezinkanyezi ezicishe zibe yizigidi ezingama-20 emthaleni wethu iMilky Way. Konke lokhu kumelelwe kumephu ye-3D lapho iphuzu ngalinye libonisa indawo yenye yalezi zinto zasemkhathini kanye nendlela ezihlelwe ngayo ngezinga elikhulu, zakha uhlobo "lwewebhu yendawo yonke" lwemicu kanye nezikhala.
Ngale mephu, izazi zezinkanyezi zingalandelela ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kwemithala kushintshe kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi zakhe kabusha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi umlando wokwanda kwendawo yonkeIsihluthulelo ukukala ngokunembile ukushintshashintsha kokukhanya okuvela emthaleni ngamunye, okungukuthi, ukuthi ubude bawo be-wavelength buye banwetshwa kanjani njengoba isikhala ngokwaso sanda ngenkathi ukukhanya kuhamba kuza kithi.
I-DESI ifake imephu cishe ingxenye yesithathu yesibhakabhaka Futhi labo abaphethe iphrojekthi bahlela ukwandisa lokho kuhlanganiswa nakakhulu. Umgomo ukwandisa indawo ebonwe cishe ngo-20%, kufinyelele cishe kuma-degrees square angu-17.000. Uma kuqhathaniswa, uzipho lomunwe opinki obude bengalo luhlanganisa cishe i-degree square eyodwa, kuyilapho inyanga egcwele ithatha cishe ama-degrees square angu-0,2.
Imephu isitshelani ngamandla amnyama?
Nakuba imephu ngokwayo ihlaba umxhwele, isifiso esikhulu se-DESI kwakungekona nje ukudweba isibhakabhaka ngemininingwane eminingi, kodwa ukusebenzisa lolo lwazi ukuqonda kangcono amandla amnyamaLe ngxenye, engakhiphi futhi ingamunci ukukhanya, ibhekwa njengeyimbangela yokwanda okuqhubekayo kwendawo yonke futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi imelela cishe u-70% wokuqukethwe okuphelele kwendawo yonke.
Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, imodeli ejwayelekile ye-cosmology icabanga ukuthi amandla amnyama aziphatha njenge- i-cosmological njaloIgama elithi "Euros-Moon" laqalwa ngu-Albert Einstein kumbono jikelele wokuhlobana kwezinto ukuze kuchazwe ukwanda okufanayo kwesikhala. Empeleni, lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuqina kwaso akushintshi ngokuphawulekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi: sihlala sisebenza ngendlela efanayo kuwo wonke umlando wendawo yonke.
Nokho, okubonwe yi-DESI sekuqala ukudweba isithombe esicacile. Ukuhlaziywa kwendlela imithala ehlangana ngayo phakathi naleyo minyaka eyizigidi eziyi-11.000 kusikisela ukuthi amandla amnyama angaba yinto eyenzeka. inamandla futhi ayihlali njalo ngokupheleleKakade emiphumeleni yokuqala eyethulwe ngo-2025, ithimba likhombisile ukuthi umphumela "wokulwa namandla adonsela phansi" waleli gunya ungase unciphe kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Uma lo mkhuba uqinisekiswa lapho kuqedwa ucwaningo lwawo wonke idatha eqoqwe, kungasho ukuthi ushintsho oluyisisekelo kumodeli ye-cosmologicalAbacwaningi abanjengososayensi wezinkanyezi uLuz Ángela García kanye nesazi sezinkanyezi uYoung Wook Lee sekuyisikhathi eside beveza ukuthi lolu hlobo lwemiphumela luvula umnyango wohlaka olusha lwemfundiso yokuqonda ibhalansi phakathi kwezinto kanye namandla endaweni yonke kanye nokuvela kwayo esikhathini esizayo.
Ikusasa elihlukile lendawo yonke?
Kuze kube manje, umbono osakazeke kakhulu wawuwukuthi indawo yonke izoqhubeka nokukhula ngesivinini esisheshayo unomphela, iqhutshwa amandla amnyama angenakuguquguquka. Kuleso simo, eminyakeni eyizigidigidi, imithala yayizohlukaniswa kakhulu kuze kube yilapho yakha i- indawo yonke ebandayo, emnyama futhi cishe engenalutholapho amandla adonsela phansi ayengasakwazi ukuhlanganisa izinto ngezinga elikhulu.
Okutholakele kwe-DESI kukhomba okuthile okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Uma amandla amnyama eba buthakathaka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, Amandla adonsela phansi angaphinde athole indawo esikhathini esizayo esikude. Amanye amamodeli enkolelo-mbono asikisela ukuthi, ngesikhathi esithile, lokhu kubuyiselwa emuva kunganciphisa ukukhula okusheshayo futhi kukuhlehlise.
Kulowo mongo odlulele, indawo yonke ingase ibheke esimweni esaziwa ngokuthi I-Big Crunch noma i-Great ImplosionEsikhundleni sokukhula unomphela, indawo yonke ekugcineni yayizowa ngokwayo: imithala yayizoqala ukusondelana, amabanga ayezofinyela, futhi ezigabeni zokugcina, yonke into kanye namandla kwakuzocindezelwa kube sesimweni esiminyene kakhulu nesishisayo.
Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi, okwamanje, lezi zimo zisalokhu zikhona umbono wesikhathi eside kakhuluAkekho othi i-Big Crunch izokwenzeka nakanjani, kodwa idatha ye-DESI isiphoqa ukuthi sicabangele ngokungathi sína amathuba ayebhekwa njengamancane kuze kube muva nje. Okubonakala kusobala ukuthi amandla amnyama angase angabi lula njenge-consistent engaguquki kuzibalo.
Izinto ezimnyama, imifudlana yezinkanyezi, kanye nemithala emincane
Inani le-DESI aligcini nje ekufundeni amandla amnyama. Imephu enezinhlangothi ezintathu iphinde inikeze ulwazi olunemininingwane eminingi mayelana indaba emnyama, leso esinye isakhi esingabonakali esakha ingxenye enkulu yobuningi bendawo yonke futhi esithonya ngokunamandla indlela imithala eyakheka futhi ihlangana ngayo ndawonye.
Ngokuhlaziya indawo kanye nokunyakaza kwezigidi zemithala, izazi zezinkanyezi zingaphetha ngokuthi into emnyama, engabonakali ngqo kodwa ethintayo, isakazwa kanjani. Amandla adonsela phansi ashiya uphawu lwawo ezakhiweni ezinkuluNgaphezu kwalokho, lo msebenzi uhlose ukutadisha ngokucophelela imithala emincane kanye nemifudlana yezinkanyezi eduze kweMilky Way.
Lezi zigelezi zi- izinkanyezi ezidabukile yezinkanyezi ezincane ezidonswa amandla ethu adonsela phansi. Ukulandelela ukuma kwazo kanye nomzila wazo kusenza sikwazi ukwakha kabusha uhlobo lwe-halo yento emnyama ezungeze i-Milky Way futhi siqonde kangcono ukuthi ikhule kanjani ngokumunca izinhlelo ezincane eminyakeni eyizigidigidi.
Ngokufaka izindawo eziseduze nomthala wethu ebalazweni lawo, okuhlanganisa nezindawo lapho ukukhanya kwezinkanyezi noma izimo zomkhathi kuvimbela khona ukubonwa, i-DESI ihlose ukudala isithombe esifanayo sesibhakabhaka. inguqulo ekhulisiwe yemephu Kuzosiza ekuthuthukiseni amamodeli okwakheka kwezakhiwo ze-cosmic kusukela ezikalini zendawo kuya ezingxenyeni ezinkulu kakhulu zendawo yonke ebonakalayo.
Inselele yezobuchwepheshe kanye nokubambisana engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili
Ngale kwemiphumela yesayensi, iphrojekthi ye-DESI isibe yisibonelo salokho okungafezwa ngokusebenzisa ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezuluNgokuxhumanisa amakhulu abacwaningi abasakazeke emazwenikazi amaningana, leli qembu liye lakwazi ukugcina ithuluzi lisebenza cishe njalo ebusuku iminyaka eminingi, licubungula idatha eningi engakaze ibonwe.
Ukusebenza kohlelo kudinga ukuhlanganiswa okunembile kwe- Ihadiwe yesibonakude sikaMayallUhlelo luhlanganisa indlela amarobhothi abeka ngayo izinto, ama-electronics okufunda ama-spectrograph, kanye nesofthiwe yokulawula nokuhlaziya eyinkimbinkimbi. Iseshini ngayinye yokubuka ihilela ukuhlela ukuthi yiziphi izifunda zesibhakabhaka ezizombozwa, ukulungisa ukukhomba kwemicu, ukulungisa imiphumela yomkhathi, nokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yama-spectra atholiwe.
Konke lokhu kugeleza kwedatha kugcina kumakhathalogi amakhulu, lapho eselungisiwe, asebenza njengesisekelo sezifundo ze-cosmological. Umthamo wolwazi olukhiqizwe yi-DESI mkhulu kakhulu kangangokuthi ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kuzoqhubeka iminyaka, okusho ukuthi Imiphumela ehlaba umxhwele kakhulu kungenzeka ukuthi ayikafiki.Amaqembu amaningi esayensi eYurophu, eMelika nase-Asia asevele esebenzisa lezi zingosi zolwazi ukuhlola imibono ehlukile yamandla adonsela phansi, ukuzama amamodeli amasha ezinto ezimnyama, noma ukuqhathanisa izindlela ezahlukene zokulinganisa ukwanda kwendawo yonke.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kwe-DESI kubeka nesibonelo sokufakwa kwesikhathi esizayo, njengokuhlelwa kokuhlolwa okusha kwe-optical kanye ne-radio ezindaweni ezahlukene zokubuka emhlabeni jikelele. Ngandlela thile, le mephu yendawo yonke enezinhlangothi ezintathu isebenza njenge Ukubuka kuqala kwesizukulwane esilandelayo sezifundo zokunemba ozozama ukuxazulula izingcezu ezisasele kuphazili yendawo yonke.
Njengoba imephu enkulu kunazo zonke ye-3D yendawo yonke isitholakala manje, isayensi inethuluzi elingenakuqhathaniswa lokubuyekeza imibono yayo. Isithombe esinemininingwane sendlela imithala, ama-quasar, nezinkanyezi ezisatshalaliswa ngayo, kanye nezinkomba zokuthi amandla amnyama angase angahlali njalo njengoba kwakucatshangwa ngaphambili, sikhomba esigabeni lapho imodeli yendawo yonke kuzodingeka ihlanzwe futhi, mhlawumbe, ishintshwe kakhulu. Esikhundleni sokunikeza izimpendulo eziqondile, umsebenzi we-DESI uqinisekisa ukuthi lapho sibheka phambili, indawo yonke esizama ukuyiqonda iba yinkimbinkimbi futhi imangaze kakhulu.
