I-United States inikeze ushintsho olukhulu ephiramidi yalo yokudla esemthethweni Ngokushicilelwa kweZiqondiso Zokudla ezintsha zika-2025-2030, uhlelo lwendabuko olubeka okusanhlamvu phansi luba umlando futhi luthathelwa indawo yiphiramidi eguquliwe egxile kumaprotheni, amafutha anempilo, izithelo nemifino njengezinto eziyinhloko ekudleni kwansuku zonke.
Lolu shintsho, oluqhutshwa uMnyango Wezempilo Nezinsizakalo Zabantu kanye noMnyango Wezolimo ngaphansi kwesiqubulo esithi "Yidla ukudla kwangempela"Akugcini nje ngokuhlela kabusha amaqembu okudla, kodwa futhi kuqinisa ukulwa noshukela owengeziwe kanye nemikhiqizo ecutshungulwe kakhulu. Umhlahlandlela omusha uyahambisana nohlelo lwezepolitiki. Yenza iMelika Ibe Yimpilo Futhi (MAHA)Lokhu kunezela isici esicacile semibono empikiswaneni yokudla okunempilo.
Ibukeka kanjani iphiramidi entsha yokudla yase-US?
Iphiramidi yakudala abaningi abayikhumbulayo ezincwadini zezincwadi isusiwe esikhundleni sayo. Esikhundleni sayo kuvela i- imodeli yephiramidi eguquliweIqukethe umklamo omncane, inciphisa amaqembu okudla abe amabhlogo ambalwa amakhulu futhi isusa amaswidi nokudla okucutshungulwe kakhulu emehlweni.
Kulo msebenzi omusha, Ingxenye enkulu ihambisana namaprotheni, imikhiqizo yobisi ephelele, namafutha anempiloIzithelo nemifino kulandela, okufanele kudliwe nsuku zonke ngezikhathi eziningana, futhi endaweni encane kakhulu kukhona okusanhlamvu, okukhethwa kukho okusanhlamvu okuphelele okucebile nge-fiber kanye nesincomo esicacile sokunciphisa ama-carbohydrate acwengisisiwe ngangokunokwenzeka.
Lesi siphakamiso sithatha indawo yemodeli ye-MyPlate ka-2011 — ipuleti elihlukaniswe izingxenye — kanye Iphinda iphiramidi ibe uphawu olubonakalayoKodwa-ke, umsebenzi wayo ungokomfanekiso kakhulu kunokufundisa. Ochwepheshe abaningana baveza ukuthi isithombe asibonisi ngokucacile izilinganiso noma ubukhulu bokuphakelwa, nokuthi izakhamuzi kufanele zibheke iwebhusayithi esemthethweni ukuze ziqonde imininingwane yezincomo.
Ingosi kahulumeni ehlobene nayo, i-realfood.gov, iqinisa umlayezo ngobuhle obuphefumulelwe yi imikhiqizo yokudla okunempilo: ukuthayipha okuhlanzekile, imifanekiso yesitayela sakudala, kanye nomyalezo ogxile kakhulu emcabangweni "wokudla kwangempela" uma kuqhathaniswa nemikhiqizo yezimboni.
Iziqondiso ezintsha: amaprotheni amaningi, amafutha endabuko amaningi, kanye noshukela omncane
Ingqikithi yenguquko itholakala kuhlelo olusha Iziqondiso Zokudla KwabaseMelika 2025-2030, eyethulwe nguNobhala Wezempilo uRobert F. Kennedy Jr. kanye noNobhala Wezolimo uBrooke Rollins. Lo mbhalo uchazwe nguhulumeni uqobo njenge "ukulungiswa okubaluleke kakhulu kwenqubomgomo yokudla okunempilo emashumini eminyaka".
Enye yezinguquko eziphawuleka kakhulu ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwe- inani elinconywayo lansuku zonke leprotheyiniUmhlahlandlela usikisela ukuthi abantu abadala badle amagremu aphakathi kuka-1,2 no-1,6 eprotheyini ngekhilogramu yesisindo somzimba ngosuku, uma kuqhathaniswa no-0,8 g/kg owawunconywa iminyaka eminingi. Kumuntu onamakhilogremu angu-70, lokhu kulingana namagremu aphakathi kuka-84 no-112 eprotheyini nsuku zonke.
Imithombo yamaprotheni ephakanyisiwe ihlanganisa inyama ebomvu, izinyoni kanye nokuphathwa kwazo kwenhlanzekoinhlanzi, amaqanda kanye nemikhiqizo yobisi epheleleNgaphezu kwemifino, amantongomane, imbewu kanye nesoya, kugcizelelwa ukuthi ukudla ngakunye kufanele kubeke phambili ukudla okucebile ngamaprotheni asezingeni eliphezulu, kuhlanganiswe namafutha anempilo avela ekudleni okuphelele njenge-avocado, amantongomane, uwoyela womnqumo, inhlanzi enamafutha, noma ubisi olunamafutha agcwele.
Esinye isici esihlukile yi- ukuvuselelwa kwamafutha ajwayelekile angcolileIziqondiso zikhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwebhotela noma i-beef tallow ekuphekeni—kanye namafutha omnqumo njengenketho ekhethwayo—nokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yobisi ephelele ngaphandle koshukela owengeziwe, uma nje inani eliphelele lamafutha agcwele lingadluli u-10% wamakhalori ansuku zonke. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kuye kwadala impikiswano ngoba, empeleni, kubeka phambili ukudla okunamafutha agcwele.
Impi evulekile ngoshukela owengeziwe kanye nokudla okucutshungulwe kakhulu
Uma kukhona iphuzu elilodwa lapho kungekho mpikiswano khona phakathi kochwepheshe, isidingo sokuthi nciphisa kakhulu ushukela owengeziweLapha iphiramidi entsha kanye neziqondiso zayo zihamba phambili kunezinguqulo zangaphambilini: umbhalo uthi akukho shukela owengeziwe noma izinongo ezingezona ezondlo ezibhekwa njengengxenye yokudla okunempilo.
Izincomo zichaza ukuthi Akukho ukudla okufanele kube namagremu angaphezu kwe-10 kashukela owengeziwe —cishe amathisipuni amabili— futhi seluleka ukuthi kuqedwe ngokuphelele ushukela ezinganeni ezingaphansi kweminyaka emine, okuwumkhawulo oqinile kunasemihlahlandleleni yangaphambilini. Ukwenqatshwa [okungacacile - mhlawumbe "amaswidi" noma "amaswidi"] nakho kuyaqiniswa. iziphuzo ezinoshukelakufaka phakathi iziphuzo ezibandayo, iziphuzo zezithelo kanye neziphuzo ezinikeza amandla.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lo mbhalo unamandla kakhulu maqondana ukudla okugayiwe kakhuluUmhlahlandlela uncoma ukugwema imikhiqizo epakishiwe, elungele ukudliwa, noma ecutshungulwe kakhulu enamazinga aphezulu kasawoti, ushukela, ufulawa ocolisisiwe, imibala, noma izithasiselo. Nakuba umhlahlandlela ugwema igama elithi "okucutshungulwe kakhulu," incazelo ihambisana nalokho iningi lezincwadi zesayensi elikuhlanganisa nemiphumela emibi yezempilo.
Iziphathimandla ziyavuma ukuthi incazelo esemthethweni yegama elithi “elicutshungulwe kakhulu” isaxoxwa ngayo, futhi uMnyango Wezolimo kanye ne-FDA basebenza kuyo. incazelo yokulawula lokho kungasetshenziswa enqubweni yomphakathi kanye nasekubhaleni amalebula, into engaba yinto efanele naseYurophu.
Izincomo ngezithelo, imifino, okusanhlamvu kanye nama-carbohydrate
Ngaphandle kokuvelela kwamaprotheni, iphiramidi entsha iqinisa umlayezo ojwayelekile: gcwalisa ipuleti lakho ngezithelo nemifinoKunconywa ukudla okungenani izitsha ezintathu zemifino kanye nezitsha ezimbili zezithelo ngosuku, ubeka phambili izingcezu eziphelele, ezintsha noma ezingacutshungulwanga kahle, ezihlukahlukene futhi ezinemibala ehlukene.
Uma kwenzeka ama-carbohydrate, ushintsho olucacile kakhulu oluya kokusanhlamvu okupheleleUmhlahlandlela uncoma ukukhetha okusanhlamvu okuphelele, isinkwa esine-fiber ephezulu, i-pasta, ilayisi, nokunye okusanhlamvu, kanye nokunciphisa ama-carbohydrate acwengekile, ama-pastries, ukudla kwasekuseni okulungisiwe, ama-tortilla kafulawa, nama-crackers.
Uhlelo olusha lubeka ama-carbohydrate acwengekile engxenyeni encane kakhulu yephiramidi eguquliweLokhu kuyasuka embonweni wokuthi okusanhlamvu kuyisisekelo sokudla kwansuku zonke. Kuze kwaphakanyiswa nokuthi abantu abanezifo ezithile ezingamahlalakhona bangazuza kukho. ukudla okune-carb ephansi, njalo ngaphansi kokuqondisa kodokotela.
Ngokuphathelene notshwala, umhlahlandlela uyawalahla amanani athile aye ashiwo kaningi—isiphuzo esisodwa ngosuku kwabesifazane kanye nezimbili kwabesilisa—futhi umane uncoma "Phuza utshwala obuncane ukuze ube nempilo engcono"Kunconywa kakhulu ukuthi ukugweme ngokuphelele uma ukhulelwe, unezinkinga zokulutheka, noma unenkinga yokulawula ukudla kwakho.
Umthelela wezepolitiki nowezenhlalo wemodeli entsha
Iphiramidi entsha iyingxenye yohlelo Yenza iMelika Ibe Yimpilo Futhi (MAHA)Ukunyakaza okuhlanganisa imiyalezo yokudla "okuhlanzekile", ukunciphisa ukudla okucutshungulwe kakhulu, kanye nokungazethembi izimboni zemithi nezokudla. Ukuhlelwa kabusha kokudla okunempilo kuchazwa njengokunye esinye isiqephu sesu lezamasiko nezepolitiki okuhlose ukuqhathanisa “ukudla kwangempela” nemikhiqizo yezimboni.
Iziqondiso zokudla zikahulumeni ziyisisekelo sezinhlelo eziningi zomphakathi: kusukela ku- izindawo zokudlela zesikoleepha izingane ezicishe zibe yizigidi ezingu-30 ngosuku, kumamenyu ezibhedlela, emajele, ezikhungweni zempi, kanye nasezinhlelweni zosizo lokudla. Ngakho-ke, ushintsho alugcini nje ngokuxhumana; lungathinta futhi lokho okukhonzwa ngempela kumathreyi ayizigidi kulo lonke izwe.
Uhulumeni uthethelela lolu shintsho ngokucaphuna isimo sezempilo: cishe amaphesenti angama-70 abantu abadala baseMelika bakhuluphele ngokweqile noma bakhuluphele ngokweqile, futhi cishe Ama-90% ezindleko zezempilo anikezelwe ezifweni ezingamahlalakhona Lezi zimo zihlobene kakhulu nokudla kanye nendlela yokuphila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lezi zifo seziqala ukukhawulela ngisho ukuqashwa kwamasosha ngenxa yezinkinga zokuqina komzimba.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inqubo yokuthuthukisa iziqondiso ibangele ukugxekwa mayelana ithonya lemboni yenyama nobisiEzinye izifundo zisikisela ukuthi ochwepheshe abaningana abahilelekile ekomidini lezeluleko balondoloze ukuxhumana kwamuva nale mikhakha, okudala ukungabaza ngokuthi ukugcizelelwa kwenyama ebomvu nemikhiqizo yobisi ephelele kusekelwe kuphela kwisayensi noma nasezithakazelweni zomnotho.
Izimpendulo ezivela emphakathini wesayensi wamazwe ngamazwe
Impendulo evela ezinhlanganweni zezokwelapha kanye nochwepheshe bezokudla iye yahlukahluka. I-American Medical Association (AMA) Wamukela ukugcizelelwa okukhulu kokunciphisa ushukela, iziphuzo ezinoshukela, kanye nokudla okucutshungulwe kakhulu, egcizelela ukuthi lezi zinto zibangela ukukhuluphala ngokweqile, isifo sikashukela kanye nesifo senhliziyo.
Esikhundleni salokho, i- I-American Heart Association uveze ukungabaza okukhulu mayelana ukuvelela kwenyama ebomvu kanye nemikhiqizo yobisi epheleleLe nhlangano yesaba ukuthi, uma ihunyushwa ngokunganaki, izincomo zingaholela ekudleni ngokweqile amafutha agcwele kanye ne-sodium, okungenzeka kube nokwanda kwengozi yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi.
Amanye amazwi ezemfundo, njengososayensi wezifo zokudla okunempilo uLindsey Smith Taillie noma uSolwazi uMarion Nestle, ancome indlela yokubeka phambili "ukudla kwangempela" nokunciphisa ukudla okucutshungulwe kakhulu, kodwa akholelwa ukuthi ukugcizelela kakhulu iphrotheni Lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele, uma sibheka ukuthi isilinganiso sabantu base-US sesivele sidla cishe amagremu ayi-100 ngosuku.
Lokhu kugxekwa kuyasebenza naseYurophu, lapho iningi lesiqondiso esisemthethweni kanye nocwaningo lwamuva luvame ukwenza khona thanda amaprotheni asekelwe ezitshalweni, izinhlanzi kanye nenyama engenamafutha, ukugcina indlela yokuqapha kakhudlwana ngenyama ebomvu kanye nemikhiqizo yobisi enamafutha agcwele.
Qhathanisa nephiramidi kanye neziqondiso zokudla okunempilo eSpain naseYurophu
Imodeli entsha yaseMelika ihluke kakhulu ku- izincomo zamanje eSpainIziqondiso zikazwelonke, eziphefumulelwe kakhulu ukudla kwaseMedithera, zibeka phambili ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwe- izithelo, imifino, ubhontshisi, okusanhlamvu okuphelele namafutha omnqumofuthi bagcina isikhala esincane senyama ebomvu nemikhiqizo yobisi enamafutha.
ESpain, kunconywa ukusebenzisa amafutha e-olive Njengomthombo oyinhloko wamafutha, phuza amanzi ompompi njengesiphuzo esithandwayo, yidla izithelo nemifino izikhathi ezinhlanu ngosuku, dla okusanhlamvu okuphakathi kwezintathu neziyisithupha (okungcono okusanhlamvu okuphelele) bese unikeza isisindo esikhulu kuma-legumes, amantongomane nenhlanzi kunenyama.
Iziqondiso zaseSpain, kanye nezamanye amazwe aseYurophu, ngokuvamile zincoma, nciphisa ukudla kwakho inyama ebomvuNciphisa imikhiqizo yobisi ephelele bese ukhetha izinketho ezinamafutha amancane noma ezinamafutha amancane futhi ugcine iphethini yokudla isondele kakhulu ekudleni kwaseMedithera kunokudla okunamaphrotheni amaningi.
Ngakho-ke, iphiramidi entsha yase-US imele ukungqubuzana komqondo nendlela yaseYurophuLapho iziqondiso zaseSpain zikhuluma "ngenyama encane kanye noshizi omningi", uhlelo lwaseMelika lukhuthaza ukunikeza amaprotheni - kufaka phakathi lawo avela ezilwaneni - indima ebalulekile, uma nje evela ekudleni "kwangempela" hhayi emikhiqizweni ecutshunguliwe.
Umthelela kanye nomthelela wezindaba empikiswaneni yokudla okunempilo eSpain
Ukumenyezelwa kwephiramidi entsha kube nomthelela osheshayo ku Imidiya yezenhlalo yaseSpain kanye nabezindabalapho izazi zokudla okunempilo kanye nabantu abanethonya behlaziye ushintsho ngenhlanganisela yesithakazelo nokuqapha. Abanye abasekeli bokusetshenziswa kakhulu kokudla okucutshungulwe kakhulu bebelokhu bevikela umqondo "wokudla kwangempela," ngakho-ke babheka Ukuhlaselwa okuqondile kweziphuzo ezibandayo, amakhekhe, kanye nokudla okulula okucutshunguliwe.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingxenye yomyalezo okhuthaza kakhulu inyama ebomvu nemikhiqizo yobisi ephelele iveza Ukungabaza phakathi kochwepheshe baseYurophuNjengoba ijwayele ukukhuthaza amaphethini okudla asekelwe kakhulu kubhontshisi, izithelo, imifino, kanye nokusanhlamvu okuphelele, umehluko phakathi kwephiramidi eguquliwe yaseMelika kanye neziqondiso zikazwelonke usube yisihloko esiphindaphindayo ezingxoxweni, kuma-podcasts ezokudla, nasezihlokweni zokuhlaziya.
ESpain, lapho kwakuvele kukhona ukusunduza ekunciphiseni ukudla okucutshungulwe kakhulu, isibonelo sase-US singasebenza njengesiqondiso. qinisa izinqubomgomo ezithile —ngokwesibonelo, ukunciphisa iziphuzo ezinoshukela ezikoleni noma ukuthuthukisa ukulebula—, kodwa imodeli yokunikeza inyama ebomvu indawo evelele kangaka eshadini elisemthethweni cishe ayinakukopishwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano zaseYurophu ziyaqhubeka nokugcizelela isidingo Qondanisa iziqondiso zokudla nemigomo yokusimamaLokhu kuhilela ukukhetha amaprotheni asekelwe ezitshalweni kanye nokunciphisa umthelela wohlelo lokudla emvelweni, okuyisici esingabonakali kangako embhalweni wase-US.
Ngakho-ke iphiramidi entsha yokudla yase-US iba umuntu ophikisanayoNgakolunye uhlangothi, kuhlanganisa ukuvumelana okukhulayo mayelana nokunciphisa ushukela nokudla okucutshungulwe kakhulu kanye nokubaluleka kokudla okuphelele; ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungqubuzana nezincomo eziningi zaseYurophu ngokubuyisela inyama ebomvu nobisi olunamafutha agcwele njengezingxenye eziyinhloko zokudla. ESpain nakulo lonke elaseYurophu, inhlangano yaseMelika inikeza izikhali zokuqhubeka nokubuyekeza iziqondiso zayo, kodwa futhi isebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi ukudla okunomsoco komphakathi kuyindawo lapho isayensi ihlangana khona, ngokuvamile ngokushuba, nezombusazwe, ezomnotho, kanye namasiko.
