Ukulwa nobuhlungu kungenye yezinselele zezokwelapha ezindala kakhulu futhi zamanje. Izigidi zabantu zihlushwa yizinhlungu ezinzima nezingapheli nsuku zonke., nakulabo abaphethwe yikho, thola isixazululo esisebenzayo Kusho ukukwazi ukubuyisela izinga lempilo.
Namuhla, sibona uguquko lweqiniso ekuqondeni nasekwelapheni ubuhlungu. Isayensi iqhubekela phambili ezindleleni ezikhethiwe kakhulu, ezenzelwe umuntu siqu nezingangeneleli kangako., sibonga okutholwe kusukela ekulawulweni kofuzo kwama-neurons kuya kumadivayisi angenawaya kanye ukuguqulwa okunembile kwamaprotheni neziteshi zamangqamuzana. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ngokuningiliziwe impumelelo ejabulisa kakhulu, okutholakele okumangazayo, kanye nobuchwepheshe obusha obushintsha indlela ososayensi neziguli ababhekana ngayo nobuhlungu.
Ama-horizons amasha ekunciphiseni ubuhlungu: Ososayensi basebenza kanjani?
Sekungamashumi eminyaka, imithi yelapha ubuhlungu ngezixazululo ezijwayelekile: ama-opioid, ama-anti-inflammatories nama-anesthetics inkinga yawo enkulu ilele emiphumeleni engemihle kanye nokungakhethi kahleKodwa-ke, e-Oxford University, uDkt. David Bennett kanye nethimba lakhe baye bathatha i-qualitative leap ngokubhekana nobuhlungu obuvela emthonjeni wawo wakudala: ama-sensory neurons ngokwabo.
Elabhorethri ekhethekile, abacwaningi basebenza ama-neurons aguquliwe. Besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokunemba, bafaka ama-microelectrodes ku rekhoda umsebenzi kagesi we-neuronal ngaphambi nangemva kokuphatha umuthi omusha. Kuyinhlanganisela ekwaziyo ngokukhetha nangokuphephile vula noma uvale izimpawu zobuhlungu, okuthi, ngamazwi kaDkt. Bennett, amele a inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile uma kubhekwa i-arsenal elinganiselwe yokwelapha yamanje.
Inqubo ayisekelwe kuphela ekuqapheliseni, kodwa futhi nasekusetshenzisweni kwe-biotechnology: Izidakamizwa ezenza kusebenze iziteshi ze-ion eziguquliwe, okwenza isignali yobuhlungu ihlakazeke ngaphambi kokufinyelela ebuchosheni. Njengokungathi umjikelezo omfushane olawulwayo, amandla kagesi adlulisela ukwaziswa okubuhlungu awalokothi aqaphele.
Okwamanje, izivivinyo bezilokhu zihlolwa futhi zihlolwe kumaseli omuntu elabhorethri, kodwa umugqa wocwaningo ukhombisa ukuthi, ngokuzayo, Kuzokwazi ukwelapha ubuhlungu be-neuropathic ngendlela yomuntu siqu kanye ne-ultra-elective, ithulisa kuphela lawo ma-neuron abangela ukungakhululeki ngenkathi ilondoloza lonke ukuzwela.
Indima yamaprotheni kanye nezakhi zofuzo ebuhlungu
Ubuhlungu, abunakuba wuphawu nje, a okuhlangenwe nakho okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinzwa nemizwelo okubandakanya izindlela zokuzivikela ngokomzimbaNokho, lapho lesi simiso siwohloka futhi ubuhlungu buba yizinkinga ezingapheli, ezingokomzimba, ezingokomzwelo, nezenhlalo ziyanda.
ESpain, iNyuvesi yaseSalamanca ihola uchungechunge lwamaphayona olugxile kuphrotheni ye-ARMS/Kidins220. Ngokusho kweqembu elithi "Neurobiology of Neurotrophins", eliholwa nguJuan Carlos Arévalo, Ukuba khona noma ukungabi khona kwale phrotheni kunquma ukuthi ama-sensory neuron Basabela ekushiseni, u-spiciness (i-capsaicin) nezinqubo zokuvuvukala.
Ngokunciphisa amazinga e-ARMS/Kidins220 kumagundane esebenzisa amasu ofuzo, ososayensi bathola ukuthi Izilwane zazizwela kakhulu ezintweni ezithile ezibuhlungu, nakuba bahlala bengenandaba neminye imiphumela efana nokucindezela okubandayo noma komshini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, baqaphela ukuthi ukulawulwa kweprotheni ngemva kokuxhumana ne-capsaicin kubalulekile ekuphenduleni kwe-nociceptive.
Ukuthola okufanelekile ikakhulukazi ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-ARMS/Kidins220 kanye nephrotheni i-BDNF, ehilelekile ekuboneni ubuhlungu. Ukususa i-BDNF kumagundane anamazinga aphansi e-ARMS/Kidins220 kwenza ukuzwela kwawo kujwayelekile, okushiya umnyango uvulekele ukungenelela kwemithi yesikhathi esizayo ukuze ukhethe ngokukhetha ubuhlungu.
Le miphumela igqamisa ukubaluleka kwe baqonde futhi baphathe izindlela zofuzo kanye namaprotheni ezibangela izinhlobo ezahlukene zobuhlungu, enikeza ithemba kulabo abaphethwe yizimo ezingapheli ngaphandle kokukhululeka.
I-Photopharmacology: Inguquko ebuhlungu obulawulwa ukukhanya
Enye yezinto ezintsha ezidabukisayo ekulawuleni ubuhlungu i-wireless photopharmacologyLeli gama libhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwezidakamizwa ezivulwa kuphela lapho zivezwe ekukhanyeni okuthile, zivumela ukulawulwa kwemilimitha yokwelapha ezithweni ezithile noma ezindaweni ezithile zomzimba.
Abacwaningi abavela eNyuvesi yaseBarcelona, kanye nabalingani bamazwe ngamazwe, bakwazile ukwenza i- idivayisi yokuqala ekwazi ukwenza i-photopharmaceutical isebenze ngesilawuli kudeEzifundweni zemodeli yezilwane, basebenzise okuhlukile kwe-morphine (pc-Mor) okuxhunywe eqenjini elizwela izithombe: Kuphela uma ukukhanya okungu-405 nm kushaya indawo ethintekile, i-morphine iyakhululwa futhi isebenzise umphumela wayo we-analgesic kuleyo ndawo enembile..
Inzuzo enkulu yale ndlela ukugwema izinkinga zakudala zama-opioid, njengokulutheka nokuncika, kusukela Into esebenzayo ayijikelezi kuwo wonke umzimba, kodwa isebenza kuphela lapho idingeka khona.Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathemba esikhathi esizayo ahlanganisa ukunweba lobu buchwepheshe kwezinye izifo, njengesithuthwane, i-Parkinson, i-schizophrenia, nomdlavuza, ngokukhishwa kwezidakamizwa endaweni, okulawulwa kancane.
Le ntuthuko ihlanganisa izinselele ezithile zobuchwepheshe nezokulawula: ukuqaliswa okuphephile kwamadivayisi, ukuhambisana kwawo ne-biocompatibility, kanye nokugunyazwa komtholampilo kwemikhiqizo ehlanganisa izidakamizwa nobuchwepheshe bezokwelapha.
I-Optogenetics namadivayisi: ubuhlungu ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwedijithali
EYunivesithi yaseWashington, uDkt Robert Gereau uthathe ukuguqulwa kobuhlungu isinyathelo esiqhubekayo nge-optogenetics. Lobu buchwepheshe buhlanganisa ukufaka ama-protein azwela ukukhanya kuma-neurons., ukuze umsebenzi wayo ulawulwe kalula ngokulawula ukuqina kanye nesikhathi sokukhanya okusetshenzisiwe.
Kuze kube manje, kuye kwenziwa ucwaningo kumagundane anobuhlungu besinye obungapheli, kusetshenziswa ibhande elizungeza isitho futhi likhipha ama-pulses okukhanya. Ngokusebenzisa amaprotheni avimbelayo, isignali yobuhlungu iyanyamalala cishe ngesikhathi sangempela.Umgomo uwukuletha lobu buchwepheshe kubantu futhi kwandiswe ukuqapha, isibonelo, ezimeni zobuhlungu obuphakathi nendawo njenge-endometriosis noma izilonda zemvelaphi engaqinisekile.
Okuwumbono ngempela ukuthi, esikhathini esizayo, Lawa madivayisi angafakwa futhi alawulwe kusuka kuhlelo lokusebenza lweselula, okuvumela iziguli ukuthi zilawule ubuhlungu bazo ngokuzenzakalelayo nangokuphepha.
Iqhaza elibalulekile lomphumela we-placebo namasekhethi obuchopho
Kanye nokwelashwa kwezobuchwepheshe, isayensi ikhonjwe ku Ubuchopho bomuntu bunezinqubo zokulawula ubuhlungu eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili.Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi umphumela we-placebo, lapho ukukholelwa nje ekukhululekeni kudala umphumela wangempela wokunciphisa ubuhlungu, kunesisekelo esibonakalayo se-neurobiological.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe kumagundane lukhombisile lokho Ubuchopho buyakwazi ukwenza kusebenze amasekhethi athile anciphisa umbono wobuhlungu ngisho nalapho isikhuthazo esibuhlungu siqhubeka. Ngokuhlola i-nuclei yobuchopho ehilelekile ekusebenziseni i-optogenetics, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi ukusebenzisa ama-neurons athile ku-nucleus ye-pontine kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubambezeleka noma ukunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kobuhlungu ekuphenduleni i-stimuli engakhululekile.
Lokhu kutholakala kusondeza amathuba okuba thuthukisa izidakamizwa noma amasu athuthukisa umphumela we-placebo ngendlela elawulwayo, enikeza enye indlela engeyona eyekhemisi futhi ehambisanayo yokwelapha ubuhlungu obungazweli.
I-Migraines, i-auras kanye nokutholakala kwezindlela ezintsha
Kwabahluphekayo i-migraines eqhubekayo noma ubuhlungu bekhandaIntuthuko yamuva yesayensi iye yakhuthaza kakhulu. I-Migraines, ethinta izigidi zabantu futhi evame ukuhambisana nezimpawu ezinjengokukhanya kokukhanya, ukuncenceza, noma ubunzima bokukhuluma, ihlala iyimpicabadala ngezindlela eziningi.
Kodwa ucwaningo olushicilelwe kumagazini iSayensi seluchaze okokuqala ngqa umzila oqondile lapho amasignali e-migraine ahamba esuka ebuchosheni aye ohlelweni lwezinzwa lwe-peripheralNgesikhathi sokwenzeka kwe-cortical spreading depression, ama-neuron akhulula amaprotheni avuvukalayo ku-cerebrospinal fluid, okuthi kamuva afinyelele ku-trigeminal ganglion ngokuphuka okungalindelekile kumgoqo wegazi nobuchopho.
Lokhu kutholakala akugcini nje ngokucacisa ukuthi kungani ubuhlungu buvame ukugxila ohlangothini olulodwa lwekhanda, kodwa futhi kusivumele ukuthi sikhombe amaprotheni afika kwayi-12 okungenzeka kube okuqondiswe kuwo izidakamizwa eziqondile zesikhathi esizayoPhakathi kwabo, i-peptide ye-CGRP igqamile, okuhloswe ngayo izindlela zokwelapha ezintsha zokuvimbela.
Ubuhlungu obukhulu nobungapheli: izinhlangothi ezimbili, izixazululo ezimbili
Enye yezindawo ezithuthuka kakhulu ngenxa yesayensi yezinzwa umehluko phakathi ubuhlungu obukhulu kanye nobuhlungu obungapheliUcwaningo lwakamuva luye lwembula ukuthi ama-neurons afanayo angaziphatha kanjani ngokuhluke ngokuphelele kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lobuhlungu abalucubungulayo.
Ebuhlungwini obukhulu, ama-neurons ophondo lwe-dorsal of the brainstem avula indlela yemvelo "yebhuleki", okwandisa i-IA ye-potassium yamanje, okunciphisa ukujabula kwawo futhi kuvimbele isignali yobuhlungu ukuthi ingaqhubeki lapho ukulimala sekupholile.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ezinhlungwini ezingapheli, Leli bhuleki lebhayoloji liyanyamalalaAma-Neurons aba namandla ngokweqile, aqhubekisela phambili ukuzwa okubuhlungu isikhathi eside ngemva kokulimala kwasekuqaleni. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani ezinye izinhlungu zinyamalala futhi ezinye ziba yisimo esihlala njalo, kodwa futhi kukhomba izindlela ezintsha zokwelapha ezingase zibe khona zokuvimbela ubuhlungu obungapheli.
Ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo zobuhlungu kusiza amasu okwelapha okuqondisa kangcono, ukufeza izixazululo eziphumelelayo ezihambisana nesimo ngasinye.
Umnikelo wolwazi lwemvelo kanye nemithi yesintu
Ngaphandle kwentuthuko ye-biotechnology, Isayensi yesimanje iyaqhubeka nokuthola ugqozi olwazini lwendabuko kanye nemveloOsosayensi abadumile, abafana nabaphumelele indondo kaNobel ka-2021 uDavid Julius kanye no-Ardem Patapoutian, bayaqaphela ukuthi amaphilisi ezinhlungu aphumelela kakhulu, kusukela ku-aspirin kuya kunsangu yezokwelapha, avela emikhiqizweni yemvelo esetshenziswe amakhulu eminyaka ngamasiko ahlukene.
Ukucwaninga kwama-molecule afana ne-capsaicin, i-menthol noma i-wasabi akuvunyelwe kuphela vula izinqubo zamangqamuzana eziseduze kakhulu zobuhlungu, kodwa futhi ukuhlonza ama-receptors akhethiwe angasebenza njengesisekelo sokuklama imithi emisha, engaluthi kakhulu enemiphumela engemihle embalwa. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe ngalezi ntuthuko, ungahlola isihloko sethu ku Wazi kanjani ukuthi uneso elibi?.
Le ngxoxo phakathi kwemithi yokhokho kanye nesayensi yamangqamuzana ibalulekile, njengoba okuphawulwe kudala ngokuvamile kuyisiqalo sokusungula izinto ezintsha.
Izinselele, ukubambisana, kanye nekusasa locwaningo lobuhlungu
Intuthuko evezwe lapha ibingeke yenzeke ngaphandle kwe- Ukusebenzisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, uxhaso lomphakathi, nokuzibophezela okuqinile kwesayensi ekufuneni ukwazi nokusungula izinto ezintshaNjengoba ochwepheshe abaningi beveza, amanyuvesi namaqembu ezinhlanga eziningi angamandla ashukumisa ukutholwa okusha, futhi ukusebenzelana phakathi kwebhayoloji, ubunjiniyela, ikhemistri, kanye nefiziksi yikho okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuphupha ngemithi yokwelapha yomuntu siqu nephephile.
Luselude ukhalo okumele luhanjwe. Izinselelo zihlanganisa Dala imithi ekhetha ngempela yobuhlungu obungapheli, izinto eziphephile ezifakelwayo, kanye nemithethonqubo eqinisekisa ukufinyelela kulobu buchwepheshe. ngaphandle kwezingozi zokwelapha i-opioid zamanje.
Le nqubekelaphambili idala ithemba, kusukela Konke ukuthuthukiswa kunomthelela ekwelashweni okunobuntu, okusebenzayo, nokufinyeleleka kubo bonke labo abahlushwa izinhlungu.Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokuzivikela elangeni futhi ugweme ukungakhululeki, vakashela isihloko sethu amathiphu asebenzayo okuzivikela elangeni.
Umzimba womuntu, njengazo zonke izilwane, uklanyelwe ukuzibona futhi uzivikele ekulimaleni, kodwa lapho lezi zindlela zihluleka noma zingalawuleki, ukuhlupheka kuyanda. Ucwaningo lwamanje lumelela ithemba lekusasa elingenabuhlungu lezigidi zabantu., futhi isayensi iyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka ekufuneni kwayo ngokungakhathali amakhambi okudambisa ukuhlupheka.