Isiko lamaZapotec lingenye yemiphakathi ebaluleke kakhulu eMesoamerica, enomlando osukela eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-2,500 XNUMX. Laba bantu bomdabu ikakhulukazi babehlala esifundazweni sase-Oaxaca, nakuba ithonya labo lidlulele nasezifundeni ezifana nePuebla, Guerrero neVeracruz. Bagqama ngokuthuthuka kwabo inhlangano yezenhlalo, it izakhiwo eziyisikhumbuzo kanye nolwazi lwakhe olujulile lwe ukubhala, lo i-astronomy futhi i ezolimo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amaZapotec akwazi ukuthuthukisa ingcebo enkulu yamasiko esekhona nanamuhla.
Kusukela ekusungulweni kwe-Monte Albán njengesinye sezikhungo zokuqala zasemadolobheni e-Mesoamerica kuya ekuvunyelanisweni kwezenkolo abakwamukela ngokufika kwamaSpanishi, amaZapotec abengabantu abaqinile abaqinile. ikwazile ukulondoloza nokuvumelanisa amasiko ayo. Okulandelayo, sizohlola ngokuningiliziwe umlando walo, amasiko, izinkolelo kanye nefa abalishiye njengenye yempucuko yangaphambi kweSpanishi ethakazelisa kakhulu.
Indawo nokunwetshwa kwabantu baseZapotec
AmaZapotec azinza eSigodini sase-Oaxaca, indawo enamasu eyawavumela ukuba athuthukise umnotho ngokusekelwe ezolimo futhi i ezentengiselwano. Njengoba impucuko yabo ikhula, bakhulisa ithonya labo ezindaweni ezizungezile, kuhlanganise neSierra Madre del Sur kanye ne-Isthmus yaseTehuantepec.
I-Monte Albán yayiyisikhungo sayo esiyinhloko sezombangazwe nezenkolo. Lomuzi, owakhiwe entabeni, wawuvumela a umbono we-panoramic zezigodi ezimaphakathi, okwenza kube lula ukuzivikela nokulawulwa kwendawo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ezinye izindawo zokuhlala ezifana ne-Mitla zazuza ukubaluleka, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuwohloka kwe-Monte Albán cishe ngo-800 AD. Kulesi sifiso sokwandisa kanye nomthelela, isifundo se- Isiko laseMesoamerican Kubalulekile ukuqonda umongo wayo.
Inhlangano yezenhlalakahle nepolitiki
Isakhiwo senhlalo yamaZapotec sasilandelana futhi sisekelwe ku isimiso esingokwasezulwini. Phezulu kwakunabapristi nababusi, ababebusa ukuphila kwezombangazwe nezenkolo. Izicukuthwane, ezakhiwe izikhulu zempi nezikhulu eziphezulu, zaba neqhaza elikhulu ekuphathweni kwendawo.
Abantu abavamile bahlanganiswa Abalimi, izingcweti nabathengisi ngaphakathi komphakathi waseZapotec, ababe nesandla ekuthuthukisweni komnotho womphakathi. Phansi kwephiramidi yezenhlalakahle kwakukhona izigqila, ikakhulukazi iziboshwa zempi noma abantu ababoshelwe amacala.
Inkolo nokubuka umhlaba
AmaZapotec ayekholelwa kunkulunkulu abaningi futhi inkolo yawo yayihlobene ngokujulile imvelo. Babekholelwa konkulunkulu abahlukahlukene ababemelela izici eziyisisekelo zokuphila njengamanzi, ilanga nokufa. Phakathi konkulunkulu bayo abakhulu kwakukhona:
- I-Cocijo: UNkulunkulu wemvula nokuduma, kubalulekile ezitshalweni.
- pitao cozobi: UNkulunkulu wombila nenzalo.
- Coqui Bezelao: UbuNkulunkulu bomhlaba ophansi nokufa.
- I-Xipe Totec: Okuhlobene nokuvuselela kanye nentwasahlobo.
Ukukhulekela amadlozi nakho kwakuyingxenye ebalulekile yombono wabo wezwe. I Amathuna Zapotec Ayehlotshiswe ngobunyoninco futhi ehlotshiswe ngeminikelo, okubonisa ukukholelwa kwawo ekuphileni ngemva kokufa. Ubudlelwano nokufa kumbono wezwe waseZapotec buyaqhathaniswa nowamanye amasiko, njengoba kungabonakala ocwaningweni Isiko leMixtec.
Ukubhala kanye nentuthuko yesayensi
AmaZapotec ayengamavulandlela ekuthuthukisweni kwe uhlelo lokubhala lwe-hieroglyphic eMesoamerica. Le ndlela yokubhala yayivumela izenzakalo zomlando, zenkolo nezenhlalo ukuba ziqoshwe ngezimpawu eziqoshwe etsheni.
Baphinde benza inqubekelaphambili ebonakalayo isayensi yezinkanyezi kanye nezibalo, ukwakha ikhalenda elisekelwe ekuhloleni izinkanyezi. Lolu lwazi lwabavumela ukuba babikezele imijikelezo yezolimo futhi babeke nezinsuku zemikhosi eyinhloko yenkolo, isici esiyisisekelo senhlangano yabo.
Umnotho nemisebenzi ekhiqizayo
Umnotho waseZapotec wawusekelwe ku ezolimo, egqamisa ukutshalwa kommbila, ubhontshisi, isikwashi nopelepele. Basebenzise amasu amasha we ukuchelela kanye namasimu anyathelayo ukuze bakhulise isivuno sezitshalo zabo. Le ntuthuko yezolimo yayibalulekile ukuze baziphilise futhi bahwebe.
Ukuhweba kwakungomunye umsebenzi obalulekile. Ngezindlela zohwebo, amaZapotec ahwebelana imikhiqizo efana ne-obsidian, izitsha zobumba nezindwangu. Ukuba seduze kwabo ne-Isthmus of Tehuantepec kwabavumela ukufinyelela kwezohwebo zasolwandle, okwenza kube lula ukushintshana nezinye izifunda zase-Mesoamerica, isici esibonisa ikhono labo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo nokuchuma emhlabeni oxhumene.
I-Arquitectura y arte
La Izakhiwo zeZapotec Ingenye ehlaba umxhwele kakhulu eMesoamerica. I-Monte Albán iyisibonelo esicacile sobungcweti bakhe ekwakheni, enezakhiwo ezinesitebhisi, amaplaza emikhosi namathuna ahlotshisiwe. Ukwakhiwa kwe-Monte Albán akubonisi nje ubunjiniyela besikhathi sayo, kodwa futhi nenhlangano yezenhlalo nezepolitiki, lapho Isiko lamaChincha ingaqhathaniswa futhi.
Ubuciko beZapotec bubuye bahlanganisa umkhandi wegolide, lo izitsha zobumba ezinemininingwane yobuciko futhi i izindwangu. Imibhobho yabo yokungcwaba iphawuleka kakhulu ngobuciko babo obunemininingwane kanye nezimpawu zenkolo ezimele zona, ubufakazi obuphathekayo bomlando wabo ocebile wamasiko.
Amasiko namasiko
Naphezu kwezinguquko phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, amasiko amaningi amaZapotec aye ahlala ekhona. Ezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu zihlanganisa:
- Usuku lwabafileyo: Umgubho wokuhlonipha amadlozi, ngeminikelo nama-altare ahlotshiswe ngezimbali nokudla.
- AbakwaGuelaguetza: Ifestiveli yendabuko ye-Oaxacan exuba imithelela yomdabu kanye neyobuKristu ekugubheni umdanso nomculo.
- Imithi yesintu: Isekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwezitshalo zokwelapha kanye nemikhuba yokwelapha etholwa ngokhokho babo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i Ulimi lweZapotec Isasebenza emiphakathini eminingi, nakuba ibhekene nezinselele ekulondolozweni kwayo ngenxa yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kanye nokusetshenziswa kakhulu kweSpanishi kwezemfundo, okufana nalokho okwenzeka kweminye imiphakathi yomdabu, njengase Chichimeca isiko.
Ifa kanye nesimo samanje
Namuhla, amaZapotec akha omunye wemiphakathi emikhulu yendabuko eMexico. Naphezu kwengcindezi yesimanjemanje, bakwazile ukugcina yabo Identity ngokulondolozwa kolimi lwabo, imikhosi yabo kanye nemikhuba yabo yamasiko.
Ubuciko beZapotec buyaqhubeka nokubaziswa emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi bayo izindwangu, izitsha zobumba kanye nokubazwa. Ngokunjalo, izindawo ezifana ne-Monte Albán kanye ne-Mitla ziye zaqashelwa njengezindawo zamagugu zamasiko, ezinegalelo ekusatshalalisweni nasekuvikeleni umlando wazo. Lokhu ukubaluleka kwamasiko kubonakala futhi Isiko laseMexico, ehlanganisa amasiko ahlukahlukene namafa abantu bayo bomdabu.
Abantu baseZapotec, namagugu abo acebile amasiko, ishiye uphawu olungacimekiyo emlandweni waseMexico. Ukuthuthuka kwayo ekubhaleni, ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo kanye nokubuka umhlaba kuyaqhubeka nokuba yisihloko esifundwayo nesikhuthazwayo namuhla. Naphezu kwezinselele zanamuhla, amaZapotec Baqhubeka begcina amasiko abo ephila, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umlando wabo uphilela izizukulwane ezizayo.
