Isiko lamaZapotec lingenye yempucuko ebaluleke kakhulu eMesoamerica, enomlando osukela eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-2,500. Laba bantu bomdabu babehlala kakhulu esifundazweni sase-Oaxaca, yize ithonya labo lafinyelela nasezifundeni ezifana nePuebla, iGuerrero, neVeracruz. Babaziwa ngokuhleleka kwabo okuthuthukile kwezenhlalo , ukwakheka kwezakhiwo ezinkulu , nolwazi olujulile lokubhala , izinkanyezi , kanye nezolimo . Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amaZapotec athuthukisa ifa lamasiko elicebile elihlala kuze kube namuhla.
Kusukela ekusungulweni kweMonte Albán njengenye yezindawo zokuqala zasemadolobheni eMesoamerica kuya ekuvumelaneni kwenkolo abakwamukelayo ngokufika kwamaSpanishi, abantu baseZapotec bebeyiqembu eliqinile eliye lalondoloza futhi lavumelanisa amasiko abo. Ngezansi, sizohlola ngokuningiliziwe umlando wabo, amasiko, izinkolelo , kanye nefa abalishiye njengenye yemiphakathi ethakazelisa kakhulu yangaphambi kwamaSpanishi.
Indawo nokunwetshwa kwabantu baseZapotec
AmaZapotec ahlala eSigodini sase-Oaxaca, indawo ebaluleke kakhulu eyabavumela ukuthi bathuthukise umnotho osekelwe kwezolimo nakwezohwebo . Njengoba impucuko yabo ikhula, bandisa ithonya labo ezifundeni ezizungezile, okuhlanganisa iSierra Madre del Sur kanye ne-Isthmus yaseTehuantepec.
IMonte Albán yayiyisikhungo sabo esikhulu sezombusazwe nezenkolo. Lo muzi, owakhiwe egqumeni, wawunikeza umbono obanzi wezigodi eziphakathi, okwenza kube lula ukuzivikela kwawo nokulawula indawo yawo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ezinye izindawo zokuhlala ezifana neMitla zathola ukubaluleka, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuwa kweMonte Albán cishe ngo-800 CE. Kulo mzamo wokwanda kanye nethonya, ukutadisha isiko laseMesoamerica kubalulekile ekuqondeni umongo walo.
Inhlangano yezenhlalakahle nepolitiki
Isakhiwo sezenhlalo samaZapotec sasinohlu lwezikhundla futhi sisekelwe ohlelweni olungokwenkolo . Phezulu kwakukhona abapristi nababusi, ababebusa impilo yezepolitiki neyenkolo. Izikhulu, ezazakhiwe yizikhulu zempi nezikhulu eziphezulu, zadlala indima ebalulekile ekuphathweni kwendawo.
Abantu abavamile emphakathini wamaZapotec babehlanganisa abalimi, izingcweti, nabathengisi , ababenegalelo ekuthuthukisweni komnotho womphakathi. Esisekelweni sephiramidi yomphakathi kwakukhona izigqila, ikakhulukazi iziboshwa zempi noma abantu abalahlwe ngamacala obugebengu.
Inkolo nokubuka umhlaba
AmaZapotec ayekholelwa konkulunkulu abaningi, futhi inkolo yawo yayixhumene kakhulu nemvelo . Ayekholelwa konkulunkulu abahlukahlukene ababemelela izinto eziyisisekelo zokuphila, njengamanzi, ilanga nokufa. Phakathi konkulunkulu bawo abayinhloko kwakukhona:
- I-Cocijo: UNkulunkulu wemvula nokuduma, kubalulekile ezitshalweni.
- pitao cozobi: UNkulunkulu wombila nenzalo.
- Coqui Bezelao: UbuNkulunkulu bomhlaba ophansi nokufa.
- I-Xipe Totec: Okuhlobene nokuvuselela kanye nentwasahlobo.
Ukukhulekela okhokho nakho kwakuyingxenye ebalulekile yombono wabo womhlaba. Amathuna aseZapotec ayehlotshiswe ngeminikelo, okubonisa inkolelo yabo ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa. Ubuhlobo bombono wamaZapotec nokufa bufana nobamanye amasiko, njengoba kungabonakala esifundweni samasiko aseMixtec.
Ukubhala kanye nentuthuko yesayensi
AmaZapotec ayengamaphayona ekuthuthukisweni kohlelo lokubhala lwe-hieroglyphic eMesoamerica. Le ndlela yokubhala yabavumela ukuthi baqophe izenzakalo zomlando, zenkolo, kanye nezenhlalo ngezimpawu eziqoshwe etsheni.
Baphinde benza intuthuko enkulu kwezesayensi yezinkanyezi kanye nezibalo , bakha ikhalenda elisekelwe ekubonweni kwezinto zasezulwini. Lolu lwazi lwabavumela ukuba babikezele imijikelezo yezolimo futhi bamise izinsuku zemikhosi ebalulekile yenkolo, isici esiyisisekelo senhlangano yabo yezenhlalo.
Umnotho nemisebenzi ekhiqizayo
Umnotho waseZapotec wawusekelwe kwezolimo , kanti ummbila, ubhontshisi, u-squash, kanye nopelepele kuyizitshalo eziyinhloko. Basebenzisa amasu okunisela amasha kanye nokulima okuhleliwe ukuze bandise isivuno sezitshalo. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwezolimo kwakubalulekile ekuzilimeni kwabo nasekuhwebeni.
Ukuhweba kwakungomunye umsebenzi obalulekile. Ngemizila yokuhweba, amaZapotec ayeshintshana ngemikhiqizo efana ne-obsidian, ubumba, kanye nezindwangu . Ukusondela kwawo e-Isthmus yaseTehuantepec kwawavumela ukuthi afinyelele ekuhwebeni olwandle, okwenza kube lula ukushintshana nezinye izifunda zaseMesoamerica, isici esibonisa ikhono lawo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo nokuchuma ezweni elixhumene.
I-Arquitectura y arte
Ukwakhiwa kweZapotec kuphakathi kwezinto ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu eMesoamerica. IMonte Albán iyisibonelo esihle sobuchule bayo bokwakha, inezakhiwo ezinezitebhisi, ama-plaza emikhosi, namathuna ahlotshisiwe. Ukwakhiwa kweMonte Albán akubonisi nje kuphela ikhono lobunjiniyela besikhathi sayo kodwa futhi nenhlangano yayo yezenhlalo neyezepolitiki, lapho isiko lamaChincha lingaqhathaniswa khona.
Ubuciko beZapotec babuhlanganisa nokwenza igolide , ubumba olunemininingwane yobuciko , kanye nezindwangu . Izitsha zabo zomngcwabo ziphawuleka kakhulu ngobuciko bazo obuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nophawu lwenkolo ezilumelelayo, ubufakazi obuphathekayo bomlando wazo ocebile wamasiko.
Amasiko namasiko
Naphezu kwezinguquko phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, amasiko amaningi amaZapotec aye ahlala ekhona. Ezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu zihlanganisa:
- Usuku lwabafileyo: Umgubho wokuhlonipha amadlozi, ngeminikelo nama-altare ahlotshiswe ngezimbali nokudla.
- AbakwaGuelaguetza: Ifestiveli yendabuko ye-Oaxacan exuba imithelela yomdabu kanye neyobuKristu ekugubheni umdanso nomculo.
- Imithi yesintu: Isekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwezitshalo zokwelapha kanye nemikhuba yokwelapha etholwa ngokhokho babo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulimi lwesiZapotec luhlala lukhona emiphakathini eminingi, yize lubhekene nezinselelo ekulondolozweni kwalo ngenxa yokuhwebelana komhlaba wonke kanye nokusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kweSpanishi kwezemfundo, okufana nalokho okwenzeka kweminye imiphakathi yomdabu, njengasesikweni samaChichimec.
Ifa kanye nesimo samanje
Namuhla, abantu baseZapotec bangomunye wemiphakathi emikhulu kakhulu yabomdabu eMexico. Naphezu kwezingcindezi zesimanje, bakwazile ukulondoloza ubuwena babo ngokulondoloza ulimi lwabo, imikhosi, kanye nemikhuba yamasiko.
Ubuciko beZapotec buyaqhubeka nokubaluleka emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi izindwangu zalo , izinto zobumba, kanye nezinto eziqoshiwe. Ngokufanayo, izindawo ezifana neMonte Albán neMitla ziye zaqashelwa njengezindawo zamagugu amasiko, zinegalelo ekusakazweni nasekuvikelweni komlando wazo. Leli nani lamasiko libonakala nasemasikweni aseMexico , ahlanganisa amasiko ahlukahlukene kanye nefa elivela kubantu bakhona bomdabu.
Abantu baseZapotec, ngefa labo elicebile lamasiko, bashiye uphawu olungenakulibaleka emlandweni waseMexico. Intuthuko yabo ekubhaleni, ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, kanye nasekubukeni umhlaba iyaqhubeka nokuba yindaba yokufunda nokuphefumulelwa namuhla. Naphezu kwezinselele zanamuhla, amaZapotec ayaqhubeka nokugcina amasiko awo ephila, eqinisekisa ukuthi ifa lawo lihlala likhona ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
