Ukukhuluma ngoWolfgang Amadeus Mozart noFranz Peter Schubert Kufana nokucwila ngekhanda enhliziyweni yomlando womculo waseNtshonalanga: izihlakaniphi ezimbili zase-Austria, ezinezimpilo ezimfushane, ezaguqula njalo ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi umsebenzi womculo ungaba yini. Zazalwa zihlukene ngamashumi amane eminyaka futhi zihlukene ngezinsuku kuphela ekhalendeni (Januwari 27 no-31), imisebenzi yazo ilandela umugqa ophelele kusukela ekuphakameni kwe-Classicism kuya ekuqaleni kwe-Romanticism.
Bobabili bazalelwa emhlabathini wase-Austria futhi babenempilo yabo enhle kanye nesiteji sobuciko eViennaKodwa umlando wabo, izimo, kanye nobudlelwano babo nempumelelo kanye nomphakathi kwakuhluke kakhulu. UMozart wanqoba iYurophu cishe njengomculi wezindaba wesikhathi sakhe; uSchubert, ngakolunye uhlangothi, wathuthela kakhulu emibuthanweni eseduze futhi washona engazi ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe uzobhekwa njengenye yengcebo eyigugu kakhulu yobuciko bomculo.
Umongo womlando: kusukela ku-Baroque kuya ku-Classicism kanye nebhuloho eliya ku-Romanticism
Ukuze umuntu aqonde uMozart noSchubert, kumelwe ababeke enkathini yabo.UMozart wazalwa ngo-1756, njengoba nje inkathi yamaBaroque yayisiphelile ngokufa kukaJohann Sebastian Bach ngo-1750, umqambi obelokhu ebizwa iminyaka eminingi ngokuthi “ubaba womculo.” Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, isikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi iClassical saqina, sibuswa ukucaca okusemthethweni, ibhalansi, kanye nendlela entsha yokuqonda i-symphony kanye ne-string quartet.
Kulelo zwe lakudala, kwavela abantu ababalulekile njengoFranz Joseph Haydn noLudwig van Beethoven.UHaydn, ngama-symphony akhe angaphezu kwekhulu, wabizwa ngokuthi "uyise we-symphony" kanye ne-string quartet; uBeethoven, yena, wacindezela izinhlobo ezizuzwe njengefa waze wavula iminyango ye-Romanticism. Phakathi kwalezi ziqhwaga ezimbili kumi uMozart, owahlanganisa ulimi lomculo lukaHaydn ngendlela emangalisayo yemvelo, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, waba nethonya elibalulekile kuBeethoven osemusha.
USchubert, owazalwa ngo-1797, usevele engomunye umqondoUmculo wakhe ungena enkathini yokuqala yothando, yize usabonakala ngokusobala ukuthi uvela emasikweni aseViennese Classical. Uvame ukubonwa njengebhuloho: ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubheka kuMozart noHaydn, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke kuBeethoven, ayebahlonipha kakhulu; ngakolunye uhlangothi, uvula izwe elisha elingokomzwelo nelivumelanayo, eligcwele izinkumbulo ezidlule, ukudabuka, kanye nokusondelana okulindelwe uBrahms, uSchumann, noma uMahler.
Imibhalo emibili ehambisanayo nephikisanayo: ubuhlakani bemidiya kanye nomdali ocishe afihlwe
UMozart wazalelwa eSalzburg, emndenini ozinikele ethalenteni lakhe.Uyise, uLeopold, naye owayengumqambi wezingoma, nakuba ayemncane ngesiqu, washeshe waqaphela ukuthi wayenesiphiwo esingakaze sibonwe futhi wazinikela ekumboniseni kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Kusukela esemncane kakhulu, uWolfgang wadlala phambi kwezinkantolo nezilaleli eMunich, eVienna, eFrankfurt, eLondon naseParis, eqamba ngekhibhodi, eqamba ngokushesha, futhi ekhazimulisa izikhulu kalula ngendlela emangalisayo.
USchubert akazange asondele ngisho nokuba nalolo hlangothi "lwabezindaba" lukaMozart.UFranz Peter wazalelwa endaweni ethobekile yaseVienna, indodana yothisha wesikole. Ngokushesha wajoyina ikwaya ye-Imperial Chapel (iVienna Boys' Choir) futhi lapho wazicwilisa emculweni ongcwele, imisebenzi kaHaydn, uMozart, noBeethoven uqobo. Wazama ukulandela indlela "ephephile" njengomsizi kayise esikoleni, kodwa ukufundisa kwamcindezela kakhulu, futhi ekugcineni wakushiya ukuze azinikele cishe ngokuphelele ekubhaleni, yize kwakusho ukuphila ebunzimeni bezezimali.
Ngesikhathi uMozart elwela ukulondoloza ukuzimela kwakhe kubaqashi bakhe —ikakhulukazi phakathi neminyaka yakhe eVienna, lapho enqaba ukuba yinceku yomculo nje—, uSchubert wathuthela emibuthanweni yabangane nabaxhasi abancane. Imisebenzi yakhe yayisenziwa emibuthanweni yangasese, edumile. Ama-Schubertialapho izimbongi, abaculi, kanye nomdwebi ngezikhathi ezithile babehlangana khona ukuzophuza iwayini, bafunde uGoethe, futhi badlale ama-sonata, ama-lieder, kanye nomculo we-chamber. Kwakungekho ma-premiere amakhulu e-symphonic ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe: imisebenzi yakhe eminingi ye-orchestral ayizange izwakale emphakathini kwaze kwaba ngamashumi eminyaka ngemva kokufa kwakhe.
Isiphetho sakho kokubili sifushane njengoba sihlaba umxhwele ngokukhiqiza kwayo okuningi.UMozart washona ngo-1791 eneminyaka engu-35 kuphela ubudala, eshiya imisebenzi engaphezu kuka-600 eqediwe. USchubert washona ngo-1828 eneminyaka engu-31, futhi enezingoma ezingaba ngu-600. Kunzima ukungamangazwa ubuningi kanye nekhwalithi yomculo abawukhiqizile esikhathini esifushane kangaka sokuphila.
Amakhathalogi nezinhlobo: indawo yonke ka-K uma kuqhathaniswa nomhlaba ka-D
Enye yezindlela ezicacile zokuqhathanisa uMozart noSchubert ukubheka ukuthi imisebenzi yabo ihlukaniswe kanjani ngezigaba nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezihlakulelwe yilowo nalowo.Endabeni kaMozart, izingoma zakhe zi-oda ngokulandela ikhathalogi ehlanganiswe nguLudwig von Köchel, yingakho uhlamvu oludumile u-K lungaphambi kwezingcezu eziningi kangaka: K 138, K 491, K 595… Lowo “K” usucishe ube uphawu lokuhweba.
USchubert, yena, uhlukaniswe ngohlamvu DIsiqalo sika-Otto Erich Deutsch, isazi somculo owayala ukukhiqizwa kwakhe. Ngakho-ke kuvela izinkomba ezifana no-D 87, D 872, D 944 noma D 950. Nokho, ngemuva kwalezo zincwadi kulele indawo yonke enomsindo ehluke kakhulu kwekaMozart, yize inezinga elifanayo ngokwenani lemisebenzi.
UMozart wahlanganisa cishe zonke izinhlobo zesikhathi sakhe: ama-sonata kanye nemicabango yepiyano eyedwa, ama-concerto epiyano kanye ne-orchestra, ama-concerto e-violin, i-bassoon, umtshingo kanye nehabhu, i-clarinet, ama-symphony (anezinombolo ezingu-41), ama-symphony e-concertante, umkhiqizo obanzi kakhulu womculo we-chamber (ama-duos, ama-trios, ama-string quartets nama-quintets, ama-serenades, ama-divertimentos), imisebenzi yenkolo (izixuku, ama-litanies) kanye, vele, ama-opera ngesiNtaliyane nangesiJalimane ahlala eyithuluzi lokuhlola umculo we-lyrical.
USchubert, ngaphandle kokuyeka umculo we-symphony noma we-chamber, wagxila ingxenye enkulu yobuhlakani bakhe kulaba abaqamba amanga.Izingoma zakhe ezingaphezu kuka-600 zezwi kanye nepiyano mhlawumbe zakha ingxenye enkulu yomculo we-Romanticism wakuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waqamba ama-sonata epiyano (kufaka phakathi amanye ezandla ezine), okungahleliwe, izikhathi zomculo, imisebenzi emikhulu yegumbi (ama-trios, ama-quartet, ama-quintets, ama-octet), ama-mass ayisishiyagalombili, umculo ohlangene, kanye nama-symphony ambalwa aseyingxenye yohlu lwezingoma zomculo ze-orchestral.
KuMozart, uhlobo lwezinkanyezi luvame ukubonakala kumakhonsathi e-opera nakumapiyanolapho ehlanganisa khona umuzwa weshashalazi ongenakuqhathaniswa nokuphelela okusemthethweni okumangalisayo. KuSchubert, ibhalansi ishintshela emculweni oqanjiwe nosondelene, yize imisa yakhe yamuva kanye nama-symphony amakhulu embula isifiso sokuvelela kanye nokujula okungokomoya okungavamile.
Ubu-Classicism baseVienna kanye nobu-Romanticism bokuqala: Izilimi ezimbili ezihlanganayo
I-Viennese Classicism inamagama amathathu amakhulu: uHaydn, uMozart, noBeethovenIzinsuku zayo ziphakathi kuka-1750 no-1820, futhi phakathi naleso sikhathi kwasungulwa ulimi lomculo olusekelwe efomini ye-sonata, ibhalansi yemisho, ukucaca kokuthungwa, kanye nohlobo lwedrama equkethwe kodwa ephumelelayo.
UMozart umelela, njengabanye abambalwa, inhlanganisela yokulinganisela kanye nokushaUmculo wakhe ungase ubonakale ulula ekuqaleni, unamanothi ambalwa kanye nemigqa ehlanzekile, kodwa njengoba uWanda Landowska eshilo, “ukuwufunda kulula, ukuwudlala kunzima kakhulu.” Ukuhlela, ukuphimisa, ukusebenzisa ukuthula kanye nokucacisa izinto kwenza amaphuzu akhe abe ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kunoma yimuphi umculi. Akukhona ukubhala “okuyinkimbinkimbi ngokweqile,” kodwa kubalwa ngokucophelela.
USchubert ungena endaweni lapho lokho kudala kuqala ukweqa imingcele yakoIsitayela sakhe, ikakhulukazi emisebenzini yakhe evuthiwe, sibonakala ngezingoma ezinde kakhulu, ukuvumelana okunamandla, kanye nokuguquguquka okwathi, ngesikhathi sakhe, kwakubonakala sengathi kuyaphazamisa. Ngakho-ke, uRobert Schumann wakhuluma "ngobude obuphezulu" bukaSchubert lapho ethola I-Symphony ku-C major D 944, “Omkhulu”.
Njengoba umqambi wezingoma uJosep Soler esho, laba ababili babelana ngohlobo “lwentsha eqaphelayo”Amandla angapheli angenakuvinjelwa, kodwa ahambisana nokujula nokuzimisela okumangazayo ngeminyaka yakhe. Lobo busha bubonakala ekucaceni okusemthethweni kukaMozart kanye nokusha kwengoma kaSchubert, yize lokhu kokugcina kwethula izithunzi, ukudabuka, kanye nokusondela njalo emcabangweni wokufa osekumbeke ngaphakathi komqondo wothando.
Imisebenzi ebalulekile kaMozart: kusukela kuma-divertimentos kuya kuma-concertos nama-opera amahle
Nakuba uhlu lwemisebenzi eyisisekelo kaMozart lucishe lungapheli, kunezibonelo ezithile ezisiza ukumqhathanisa kangcono noSchubert.. Enye yazo I-Divertimento ku-F major K 138, eyabhalwa uMozart eneminyaka engu-16 kuphela ubudala. Ukunyakaza kwayo kokuqala kuhlanganisa ubusha bobusha kanye nokuthatha izinqumo okusemthethweni kanye nesimo sengqondo esilindele uMozart ovuthiwe.
Emkhakheni wama-concerto epiyano, i-K 595 ku-B-flat major Kungenye yeminikelo yakhe yokugcina kulolu hlobo lomculo futhi kuvame ukubhekwa njengomsebenzi ovuthiwe. Kuyo, i-classicism kaMozart ibonakala icwengekile: imiculo ecacile, i-orchestra exoxa ngqo nepiyano, kanye nethoni ethule, cishe yokuvalelisa. Akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi ivame ukuhlelwa kanye nemisebenzi kaSchubert kumakhonsathi e-symphonic, ngoba ivumela umuntu ukuzwa ukuguquka kusuka kolunye ulimi lomculo kuya kolunye ngomsindo owodwa.
Omunye umsebenzi obalulekile wokuqonda ithonya lakhe kamuva yiPiano Concerto No. 24 ku-C minor K 491.okuhlanganisa idrama yangaphambi kukaBeethovenia kanye nomculo ocebile nohlukile. Njengomsebenzi weshashalazi ojulile, wahlelwa, isibonelo, ngemijikelezo ezinikele kubuciko baseVienna kanye noSchubert noBeethoven, eqokomisa ubudlelwano kanye nomehluko phakathi kwalaba abathathu.
Ku-opera, uMozart ufinyelela izinga eliphakeme kakhulu elingaphikiswana kangako.Izingoma ezifana nethi "The Marriage of Figaro," "Don Giovanni," kanye nethi "The Magic Flute" zibonisa ikhono lokuhlukanisa abantu ngokwengqondo, umuzwa weshashalazi, kanye nobuciko bolimi olukhulumayo okwaphawula inkathi yokushintsha. Akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi, lapho kuxoxwa ngomqambi "omkhulu kunabo bonke" emlandweni, abaningi babeka uMozart phakathi kwabazongenela ukhetho kanye noBach, uBeethoven, noHaydn.
Imisebenzi ebalulekile kaSchubert: kusukela kuQuartet D 87 kuya kuma-trios amakhulu nama-symphony
Ebusheni bukaSchubert sesivele sithola amagugu egumbi ahlanganyela engxoxweni ne-classicism kaMozart. Isibonelo esihle yilesi I-String Quartet No. 10 ku-E-flat major D 87Yabhalwa ngesikhathi uSchubert esemusha, ukunyakaza kwayo kokugcina, ngesimo se-sonata yakudala kakhulu, kubonisa ubuchule besimo esimangazayo ngokweminyaka yakhe futhi ixhumeka ngokuphelele nesiko likaHaydn noMozart.
Imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala ye-orchestra ihlanganisa nama-overture, ama-mass, kanye nezingcezu zepiyano. Le misebenzi ikhombisa indlela ahlanganisa ngayo ulimi lomculo oluzuzwe njengefa futhi alugcwalise ngamazwi akhe aqondene nomuntu siqu. Kodwa-ke, igxathu elibalulekile lifika esikhathini sakhe sokugcina sokudala, lapho amanye amaphuzu akhe ahlaba umxhwele kakhulu egxile khona.
Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, uSchubert wabhala isethi yemisebenzi ecishe ibe yinganekwane.: the I-Symphony No. 9 ku-C major D 944 “Omkhulu”, i-Piano and String Trios op. 99 kanye ne-100, i- I-Quintet ku-C major D 956umjikelezo wengoma "I-Winterreise" futhi i I-Piano Sonata No. 21 ku-B flat major D 960Phakathi kwezinye. Ngokuvamile kuthiwa, ngokufanele, le misebenzi yakha "ingoma yakhe ye-swan" yangempela.
I-Piano Trio No. 2 ku-E-flat major, i-Op. 100 D 929 Kungenye yezindawo eziphakeme zomculo wakhe wegumbi kanye nebhuloho elicacile eliya kuBeethoven. Ukunyakaza kwesibili, Ukuhamba ngesithuthuthuKwaba yinto ethandwa kakhulu, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngenxa yokubonakala kwayo efilimini kaStanley Kubrick ethi "Barry Lyndon." Lowo mashi ku-C minor, eshintshana ngezigaba ezikhanyayo ku-E-flat kanye ne-C major, uzwakala sengathi imashi yomngcwabo kanye nomthandazo ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokuzwakala okucacile kwe- Imashi yomngcwabo we I-Symphony Yesithathu ethi “Eroica” nguBeethoven.
USchubert noBeethoven: ukuncoma, ukuphikisana kanye nokuphindaphinda kwesitayela
Ubuhlobo obungokomoya bukaSchubert noBeethoven buyisihluthulelo sokuqonda imisebenzi yakhe yakamuva.USchubert wayithanda kakhulu inkosi yaseBonn futhi waya emngcwabeni wakhe eVienna ngoMashi 26, 1827. Lokho okuhlangenwe nakho, kanye nokuqaphela ubuthakathaka bakhe, kwashiya uphawu olukhulu olungokomzwelo emculweni wakhe wakamuva.
Izingcezu eziningi ezinhle uSchubert azibhala kusukela ngo-1827 kuqhubeke —kufaka phakathi i-Trios op. 99 kanye ne-100, i-Quintet D 956, i-“Winterreise,” kanye ne-Sonata D 960— cishe ingafundwa njengezikhumbuzo ezingaqondile ku-Beethoven. I-Trio D 929 ngokwayo, ngokushintshana kwayo phakathi komashi womngcwabo omnyama kanye nezingxenye ezikhanyayo kukhiye omkhulu, ikhumbuza ngamabomu ukunyakaza kwesibili kwe-“Eroica.” Ngisho nezikhiye ezikhethiwe (i-C minor / i-E-flat major) ziwukunqekuzisa ikhanda okuqaphile.
Akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi abanye abahlaziyi bakhulume ngalezi zincwadi njenge-"requiem" engashiwongo.Njengoba nje uMozart ebhale incwadi yakhe edumile I-Requiem Ngaphandle kokwazi ukuthi kuzohlala kungaqedwanga futhi kuhlanganiswe phakade nokufa kwakhe, uSchubert ubonakala sengathi ngokungazi ubhala incwadi yakhe yokuvalelisa umhlaba. Umehluko ukuthi uyakwazi ukuqeda iningi lemisebenzi yakhe: akashiyi lutho olungaqedwanga, ngaphandle kwe I-Symphony “Engaqediwe” D 759, omfihlakalo yakhe engokomthetho namuhla ibhekwa njengohlobo lokuphelela, ngokuyindida.
UBeethoven, naye, wayejwayelene okungenani nomculo kaSchubert. Waze waze wathi ngaye “unomlilo waphezulu.” Lelo gama lifingqa kahle ingxube yokuthobeka kwangaphandle kanye nolaka lwangaphakathi oluchaza umqambi wezingoma waseVienna.
USchubert okholwayo: izixuku zamuva kanye nokholo olude kakhulu nolulula
Isici esingathandeki kangako kodwa esiyisisekelo sikaSchubert yimisebenzi yakhe yenkolo.Kusukela esemncane wayehileleke emihlanganweni yamaKatolika nge-Vienna Boys' Choir, kwathi esemusha waqala ukubhala amamisa. Eneminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu wadweba umdwebo wakhe. Isisindo ku-F major D 105Ngo-1816 wayeseqoqe imisebenzi engcwele ecishe ibe ngamashumi amathathu.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inani liyancipha, kodwa ukujula kuyanda.Kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1828, waqamba inqwaba "enkulu" eyisishiyagalombili kanye nenye IMisa laseJalimane (Deutsche Messe) D 872Ababili babo, Isisindo No. 5 ku-A-flat major D 678 futhi i Isisindo No. 6 ku-E-flat major D 950Zibhekwa njengeziqongo zangempela zalolu hlobo ngekhulu le-19, ngokuhambisana nemisebenzi engcwele kaBeethoven noma kaMozart, yize zinendlela yomuntu siqu.
USchubert uthatha inkululeko ephawulekayo ngombhalo wesonto: kwezinye credo Ushiya amafomula anjengokuthi “et unam sanctam catholicam et apostolicam Ecclesiam” noma “consubstantialem Patri.” Abanye babone lokhu njengokuqhelelana neSonto njengesikhungo, kodwa abanye, njengoNikolaus Harnoncourt, bachaza lokhu kuthula njengokukhetha komculo kunokuba kube yizenzo zokuvukela izimfundiso. KuHarnoncourt, uSchubert uyindoda ethanda kakhulu inkolo ezwa inkolo hhayi njengento enikeziwe, kodwa njengokufuna.
Isisindo No. 5 ku-A-flat major Sekuvele kubonisa ulimi oluvuthiwe kakhulu: a UKyrie wokuzinikela ngokuthobeka, Gloria cishe i-symphonic, a credo egcwele izikhathi zokuziveza okukhulu (ikakhulukazi ku- I-Incarnatus), kanye a Agnus Dei yokushintshashintsha kwemisindo kanye nezingoma ezimangalisayo. Isazi somculo uHermann Kretzschmar saze sathi noma ubani ongalazi leli qembu akalazi ngempela ifa likaSchubert elingokomoya.
Isisindo No. 6 ku-E-flat major D 950Njengoba yabhalwa ngonyaka wokugcina wokuphila kwakhe, mhlawumbe ngumsebenzi wakhe wenkolo ohlaba umxhwele kakhulu. Ukuvumelana kucebile nakakhulu, i-polyphony iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kanti nokuhlelwa kwezingoma kunamandla kakhulu. UKyrie Ivula ngendlela engavamile ngama-cellos nama-double bass ku-E-flat, okudala isimo sokubizelwa emthandazweni esathinta kakhulu izilaleli emcimbini wokuqala ngemva kokufa. Gloria Iphetha nge-fugue esekelwe esihlokweni esivela ku- I-clavier emnene UBach, kanye no Agnus Dei Uphinde athathe izinto zikaBachian njengendawo yakhe yokuqala. UBrahms wazizwa ezinikele kakhulu kule misa kangangokuthi waze wenza nelungiselelo lopiyano.
I-Symphonic Schubert: kusukela kuma-symphony okuqala kuya ku-"Unfinished" kanye ne-"The Great"
Ensimini ye-symphonic, uSchubert ulandela indlela eyingqayiziveleAma-symphony akhe okuqala ayisithupha abhalelwe ama-orchestra aphansi, acishe abe ngama-amateur, futhi aveza umoya wokuzijabulisa nobuhle kunokuba abe nesifiso sokudala "umsebenzi omuhle" ngesitayela sikaBeethovenian. Okwesine, “Okubuhlungu”kanye I-Quinta Ngokuvamile babhekwa njengabaphumelele kakhulu kuleli qembu.
Isibonelo, i-Sixth Symphony iqondwa cishe njengehlaya likaRossini.Lokhu kubonisa “ubudlova bukaRossini” bangempela obabugcwele iVienna ngaleyo minyaka. USchubert udlala ngezindlela zase-Italy ezifashini futhi ubonisa ukuthi uyazi kahle indawo ye-opera yesikhathi sakhe.
Nokho, cishe ngo-1825, kwenzeka ushintsho olukhulu.USchubert uyavuma ukuthi ama-symphony kaBeethoven amthinta kakhulu futhi wanquma ukuwafunda kahle. Waqala i-Seventh Symphony angazange ayiqede, kodwa okusasele imidwebo kanye nokuhlelwa okungaphelele kwayo.
I-Eighth, i-“Unfinished” D 759 edumileMhlawumbe yi-symphony yakhe eyimfihlakalo kakhulu. Inezinyakazo ezimbili kuphela eziqediwe, kodwa umuzwa womsebenzi oqediwe unamandla kangangokuthi abaqhubi abanjengoHarnoncourt bagomela ngokuthi uSchubert wakhetha ukuwushiya ngaleyo ndlela ngamabomu. Umnyakazo wokuqala uhlanganisa isimo esimnyama nesingaqondakali namagama athinta inhliziyo; owesibili, ngokuphambene nalokho, unikeza ingxube yenduduzo kanye nokuba wedwa okucishe kungabekezeleleki ezilalelini eziningi.
Owesishiyagalolunye, “Omkhulu” D 944Imelela okufana kakhulu kukaSchubert nama-symphony kaBeethoven. Ubukhulu bayo bukhulu kakhulu, futhi ukungena okudumile kwezimpondo emqhudelwaneni wokuqala kusetha ithoni yothando yomsebenzi wonke. Ukunyakaza kwesibili, Ukuhamba ngesithuthuthuIshintshanisa izingxenye zamagama neziqephu zedrama enkulu; i-scherzo isebenza cishe njenge-sonata efihliwe njengomdanso; kanye nesiphetho, I-Allegro vivaceIbonisa amandla athelelanayo naphezu kobude bomsebenzi. Yaqala ukusebenza ngemva kokufa kukaMendelssohn ngo-1839, kwathatha iminyaka eminingi ukuze iqondwe ngokugcwele.
Ulimi lukaSchubert lomuntu siqu: phakathi kwezinganekwane zaseVienna kanye nokujula okungokomzwelo
Esinye sezihluthulelo zesitayela sikaSchubert ubuhlobo bakhe nomculo wesintu waseViennaUHarnoncourt uphikelela ngokuthi uSchubert “ukhuluma ngolimi lwaseVienna”: izingoma zakhe ze-waltzes, i-ländler, kanye nomdanso zigcwele ukujika kwe-melodic kamuva okungena kuma-symphony akhe, ama-sonatas, kanye nama-lieder. Ungukuphela kochwepheshe abakhulu be-Classical-Romantic owazalelwa futhi washona eVienna futhi ugxile ngokuphelele kulowo muzi.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umculo wakhe uhlanganisa injabulo yokuphila nokuqaphela njalo ukufaUHarnoncourt ukufingqa ngesithombe esicacile kakhulu: eVienna, ukufa kuyindaba exoxwa njalo, futhi imikhosi ibonakala ibanjwe onqenqemeni lokufa. KuSchubert, ukushintsha kusuka kokunye okudlulele kuya kokunye kwenzeka ngokuzumayo: kusuka ku-waltz elula kuya ekushintsheni okudabukisayo, kusuka kumculo wokuthula okukhazimulayo kuya ku-chord evula umgodi.
Lokhu kungafani kusekelwa ukuvumelana okwakunesibindi kakhulu ngesikhathi sako.Igcwele ukuguquguquka okungalindelekile, i-chromaticism, kanye nokwelulwa okusemthethweni okwadida abagxeki abathile bekhulu le-19, ababekhuluma “ngokunyakaza okuqhubekela phambili kuze kube seqophelweni lokukhathala.” Nokho, namuhla, lawo “made asezulwini” afanayo yilokho kanye esikuzwayo njengobuhlakani: USchubert welula isikhathi somculo ukuze umlaleli aphile ngaphakathi komculo futhi angawuzwa nje udlula.
U-Alfred Brendel, omunye wabahumushi abakhulu bakaSchubert kupiyano, wathi uma uBeethoven engumakhi wezakhiwoUSchubert wabhala njengomuntu ohambahambayo: ebonakala engenalwazi, kodwa enobuchwepheshe obukhulu obuyisisekelo. Yile nhlanganisela yemvelo kanye nobunzima okwenza kube nzima kakhulu, uma umuntu engena endaweni yonke kaSchubert, ukuphuma engenamyocu.
UMozart, uSchubert kanye nempikiswano engapheli mayelana “nomkhulu kunabo bonke”
Ezweni lomculo we-classical, cishe kuwumdlalo kazwelonke ukuphikisana ngokuthi ngubani "umqambi omkhulu kunabo bonke emlandweni."Kukhona labo abavikela, ngezwi elicishe liqine, ukuthi le ndawo ingekaBach, bekhanga ukuhlakanipha kwakhe okungaqondakali kanye nokujula okungokomoya; abanye bakhomba uMozart ngokukhululeka kwakhe, ukuphelela okusemthethweni kanye nokwazi kwakhe zonke izinhlobo zesikhathi sakhe; kanti abanye bathambekele kuBeethoven, beqokomisa ikhono lakhe lokusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokufuna kwakhe okungaziwa.
Kule mpikiswano, uSchubert uvame ukuvela “njengehhashi elimnyama”Kuvame ukuphawulwa ukuthi noma ngabe uMozart wayeshone emncane ngeminyaka emine, wayengeke ashiye umsebenzi omkhulu kunoFranz. Ubuhlakani bakhe bomculo, ubuqambi bokuzwana kwakhe, kanye nokujula ngokomzwelo komqambi wakhe kanye nemisebenzi yakhe yakamuva kwenza abathandi bomculo abaningi bambeke eceleni kweziqhwaga, ngaphandle kokungabaza.
Ngale kwezinga, okuthakazelisayo ukubona ukuthi ngamunye unikelani.Kubonakala sengathi uMozart uyamelana nanoma yimuphi umzamo wokwenza umculo ube ngcolile: noma ngabe i-"Eine kleine Nachtmusik" noma i-Symphony ku-G minor idlalwa ngokunganaki, umculo wakhe umelana nenguqulo ethengiswa kakhulu kanye nokulalelwa okujulile ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yinani lawo. Ukuthandwa kwakhe, ngandlela thile, kuwukunqoba kwekhwalithi phakathi kwamasiko amaningi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uSchubert akakayinqobi ngokugcwele impi yakhe emkhakheni wesiko elidumile.Izingoma zakhe azivamile ukuzwakala ezikhangisweni noma kumafilimu (ngaphandle kwe-"Barry Lyndon"), futhi ulimi lwakhe lomculo mhlawumbe ludinga isikhathi esengeziwe, ukuthula, kanye nokunaka. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokusabalalisa umculo buthuthuka futhi ukufinyelela ku-repertoire yakhe kuba ngokwentando yeningi, ukufinyelela komculo wakhe kuyanda. Futhi ngakho, umbono wokuthi sibona enye yefa lomuntu siqu nelishukumisayo le-Romanticism.
Ekugcineni, ukuqhathanisa phakathi kukaMozart noSchubert kuveza isithombe sento engaphezu nje kwempi yabahlakaniphile.Kusibonisa ukuthi isiko elilodwa—ubudala baseVienna—lingadala kanjani izindawo ezimbili ezihambisanayo. UMozart ubonisa umqondo wokulinganisela, ubuhle, kanye nemidlalo yaseshashalazini ephelele; uSchubert, ngaphandle kokulahla lelo fa, uhlola ubuhlungu, ukungabaza, ukholo, kanye nokudabuka ngobuqotho obucishe bube yinto engabekezeleleki. Ukulalela imisebenzi yabo eceleni, kusukela ekhonsathini kaMozart efana ne-K 595 kuya ku-"Unfinished" noma imisa kaSchubert yamuva, kuwukubona ushintsho lwesikhathi sonke ngamazwi amabili ahlukile.