Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu ngaphandle kokuhamba kwabantu beya enyangeni, izindiza ezine ezivela ku- Imishini u-Artemis II Baqedela amalungiselelo ohambo oluzoba umcimbi obalulekile.Umgomo wabo awukona ukuphonsa indiza-mkhathi ebusweni, kodwa ukuhlela ukundiza okunembile kakhulu kuzungeze iNyanga—kufaka phakathi uhlangothi lwayo olukude—, ukwephula irekhodi lebanga ukusuka eMhlabeni, nokuvula umnyango wokufika kwenyanga esikhathini esizayo kanye nezisekelo ezihlala njalo.
Njengoba i-Orion capsule ihamba buthule emkhathini, i-NASA ilungisa yonke imininingwane yohlelo oluhlanganisa ukuhamba okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-orbital, ukuqaphela okujulile kwesayensi, kanye nokuphathwa ngokucophelela kwempilo yansuku zonke ebhodini. Lolu hambo, oluthatha cishe izinsuku eziyishumi, luzoba yindlela enkulu yokuzijwayeza izingubo Uhlelo lwe-ArtemisImizamo ye-United States yokubuyela eNyangeni nokuqinisa ukuba khona kwayo kwesikhathi eside ku-satellite, phakathi komjaho omusha wasemkhathini lapho iYurophu nayo ifisa ukudlala indima efanele.
Iqembu elihlukahlukene lohambo oluyingqophamlando
Umsebenzi uholwa yi- reid wiseman, umkhuzi wempi ka-Artemis IIBehambisana nomshayeli wendiza uVictor Glover kanye nochwepheshe bemishini uChristina Koch noJeremy Hansen, laba abane balungiselela ukuba ngabantu bokuqala ukuya eNyangeni kusukela enkathini ka-Apollo, futhi ezimweni eziningana, ukuba babe ngabalingisi bezenzakalo ezibalulekile eziphawula ushintsho lwezizukulwane ekuhloleni isikhala.
Ekuxhumaneni nesikhungo sokulawula saseHouston, abasebenzi bagcizelele ukuthi lolu hambo aluyona nje isibonakaliso sobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi luyisenzo sokuqhubeka. UHansen ugcizelele ukuthi bafuna ukuhlonipha izizukulwane zangaphambilini zabahloli bamazwe. Futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, thumela umlayezo ocacile kwabasanda kufika: irekhodi lebanga elizophulwa "akufanele ligcinwe isikhathi eside kakhulu."
Ithimba lalifuna nokushiya uphawu lwalo olungokomfanekiso ebusweni benyanga. Ngesikhathi sokuhamba ngendiza, Izazi zezinkanyezi ziphakamise amagama ezimbobo ezimbiliOmunye ubizwa ngokuthi u-Integrity, ebhekisela esiteketiso abasinike umkhumbi wabo, kanti omunye ubizwa ngokuthi uCarroll, ekhumbula umka-Commander Wiseman, owashona ngo-2020. Lesi simemezelo, esenziwe nguHansen, samukelwa ngemizwa ejulile ebhodini.
Ukusuka ekukhuphukeni kuya ekujikelezeni okuhunyushiwe: ukubala phansi okuphelele
Lolu hambo lwaqala eKennedy Space Center eFlorida, kanye ne- Irokhethi ye-SLS (Uhlelo Lokuqalisa Isikhala) ukusunduza i-capsule ye-Orion kuyi-Earth orbitNgemva kokwethulwa okulawulwayo kwemizuzwana ngemizuzwana, indizamkhathi yafika endaweni ephephile emhlabeni wonke, lapho abasebenzi bachitha khona amahora ambalwa okuqala behlola izinhlelo futhi behlola ukusebenza kwemishini ebhodini.
Ngosuku lwesibili, enye yezindlela ezibucayi kakhulu zohambo yenzeka: ukushiswa kwenjini ye-Orion ukuze kwenziwe umsebenzi umjovo we-translunarLokhu kukhuphuka okuqhubekayo, okwathatha imizuzu eminingana, kwalungisa indlela yomkhumbi-mkhathi futhi kwawubeka kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-translunar orbit, indlela eqondile eya enyangeni. I-NASA yaze yakhansela ukulungiswa kwendlela okwakuhleliwe ekuqaleni ngemuva kokuqinisekisa ukuthi i-capsule yayilandela indlela yayo ngokunemba okuqondile.
Phakathi nalesi sigaba sokuqala, osomkhathi bakwazile ukucabanga ngesithombe, yize besijwayele, esingapheli ukuhlaba umxhwele: Umhlaba wonke untanta ebumnyameniNjengoba i-Afrika, iYurophu, kanye nokukhanya okuncane kwe-aurora borealis kubonakala ngefasitela, uWiseman walandisa ukuthi ukubona iplanethi incipha yaba yimbulunga ebuthakathaka, kuyilapho iNyanga ikhula kancane kancane, kwashiya abagibeli abane bengakhulumi isikhashana.
Njengoba izinsuku zidlula, indizamkhathi yahamba isikhathi esingaphezu kwesigamu senyanga yaze yafika "endaweni yethonya" lesathelayithi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, uKoch wachaza, “Sayeka ukukhuphuka intaba ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi oMhlaba saqala ukuwela ngaseNyangeni”Lokho kuguquka kuphawula isandulela sesikhathi esikhulu somsebenzi: ukuwela ngaphesheya kohlangothi olukude.
Qopha ibanga kanye nokuba wedwa ohlangothini olumnyama
Uvuthondaba lohambo luzogxila emahoreni ambalwa okucindezeleka okukhulu kwe-orbital. Ngokusho kwezilinganiso ze-NASA, I-Orion izosondela cishe kumakhilomitha ayi-6.500 ukusuka ebusweni benyanga Njengoba idlula ngemuva kwesathelayithi, indizamkhathi izobona cishe ingxenye yesihlanu yediski yonke, ngenxa yesikhundla seLanga.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, iNyanga izosebenza njengesivikelo esikhulu sedwala, ivimbele ngokuphelele ukuxhumana noMhlaba. Izazi zezinkanyezi zizobhekana cishe Imizuzu engama-40 yokuthula ngokuphelele emsakazweniLokhu kuyinto engavamile enkathini yanamuhla, njengoba sijwayele ukuxhumana okuqhubekayo nokulawulwa kwemishini. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kunqanyulwa kuhleliwe futhi kuhlolwe ngokuphelele ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwemishini ye-Apollo.
Ngaphambi nje nangemva kwaleyo "ndawo yesithunzi", indizamkhathi izofeza enye yezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu zomkhankaso: ukufinyelela ibanga elingamakhilomitha angaba ngu-406.770 ukusuka eMhlabeni, idlula ngamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-6.000 irekhodi elibekwe ngengozi yi- Umsebenzi we-Apollo 13 Ngo-1970. Ngokombono wosomkhathi, uMhlaba uzovela njengesiyingi esincane esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esilenga ebangeni elijulile lesikhala.
Phakathi nalolo hambo lokuhamba, abasebenzi bazoba nesikhathi esicishe sibe ngamahora ayisithupha sesayensi ejulile. I-NASA ibeke uhlu lwamaphuzu angaba ngu-35 athakazelisayo enyangeni Ukubuka nokuthatha izithombe: ama-crater, izitsha zomthelela, izindawo ezisemaphethelweni, kanye nezindawo zokuguquka phakathi kwezinhlangothi eziseduze nezikude. Ngesikhathi omunye usomkhathi ethatha isithombe, omunye uzochaza ngokuzwakalayo lokho akubonayo ngefasitela, esebenzisa ikhono leso lomuntu lokuhlukanisa imibala ehlukahlukene kanye nokukhululeka ngezinye izikhathi okuphunyuka ezinzwa.
Phakathi kwezinhloso ezivelele kakhulu yilezi: I-Mare Orientale kanye ne-South Pole Aitken BasinIzakhiwo ezimbili ezinkulu zokuhlasela ezingabonakali kahle eMhlabeni. Esokuqala yisigodi esikhulu esingamakhilomitha angama-900 ububanzi, esinamasongo agxilile kanye neziqongo eziphakathi kwezintaba ezinde kakhulu eNyangeni. Esesibili, esitholakala esifundeni esiseningizimu ye-polar, siyisihluthulelo sokukhetha izindawo ezingaba khona zokufika ohambweni lwe-Artemis lwesikhathi esizayo, ikakhulukazi leso esihlelwe ukuthutha abasebenzi cishe ngo-2028.
Isayensi yenyanga: imibala, imithelela kanye nokufiphala kwelanga okuvela esikhaleni
Ukuze kuzuzwe ngokugcwele lokho kundiza okufushane kodwa okunamandla, i-NASA ithumele ithimba elikhulu lesayensi eligxile ekuhlolweni kwesimo sezulu senyanga, imigodi eshayisanayo, izintaba-mlilo, kanye neqhwa ezicongweni. Laba ochwepheshe bazolandela ukuphawula kwabasebenzi ngesikhathi sangempela. Kusukela eGumbini Lokuhlola Isayensi eJohnson Space Center, ngichaza abakubonile futhi ngibanikeza isiqondiso semininingwane okufanele bayibeke phambili.
UKelsey Young, inhloko yesayensi nokuhlola i-Artemis II, ugcizelele ukuthi izincazelo eziqondile ezivela kosomkhathi zizosiza ekuqondeni kangcono izinqubo zomthelela ezingakhi nje kuphela iNyanga, kodwa lonke uhlelo lwelangaUkuhlanganiswa kwezithombe ezinesinqumo esiphezulu, amavidiyo, kanye nama-akhawunti omuntu wokuqala kuzovumela incazelo enembile yokwakheka kanye nobudala bezifunda ezahlukene zenyanga.
Esinye sezici ezithakazelisa kakhulu ososayensi ukuhlukahluka imibala ensundu, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye ne-matte okuyinto iqembu elivele liqalile ukuyibika ngokubheka ubuso bohlangothi olukude. Kuze kube manje, izithombe ezithathwe yizihloli zibonise indawo egcwele imibala empunga, kodwa iso lomuntu libonakala libona ezinye izici ezingase zembule umehluko kumaminerali kanye nokuthungwa kwendawo.
Ngesikhathi sokundiza, osomkhathi bazophinde babheke isikhathi esifushane ukukhanya okubangelwa yimithelela ye-meteoroid Ngokumelene nobuso benyanga, kukhona futhi izinto zothuli ezikhuphuka ngaphezu kwamarimu e-crater ngenxa yemiphumela kagesi. Lezi zinqubo aziqondakali kahle, futhi ukubheka kwazo ngqo kunganikeza idatha entsha mayelana nokusebenzisana phakathi kwe-regolith, umoya welanga, kanye nendawo ezungezile.
Uhlelo lomsebenzi luhlanganisa nomzuzu omangalisayo obonakalayo: ukufiphala kwelanga okuphelele okubonwe kusukela ekujikelezeni kwenyangaKulesi simo, iNyanga izoqondana phakathi kweLanga ne-spacecraft, ivimbe ngokuphelele idiski yelanga futhi ishiye i-corona kuphela, umkhathi omncane wangaphandle wenkanyezi, ibonakala. Lesi simo sizosetshenziselwa ukutadisha izimo zokukhanya ezibucayi kanye nezinzwa zokulinganisa, kodwa futhi nokuhlinzeka ngezithombe ezihloselwe ukuba uphawu lwalesi sigaba esisha sokuhlola.
Impilo isendleleni: ukulala njengezinduku nokulungisa izindlu zangasese
Ngale kwezindlela ezibucayi namarekhodi, impilo yansuku zonke e-Orion igcwele imininingwane emincane, ebonakala eMhlabeni, esikhumbuza lokho. Ngemuva kwamasudi kanye nezinhlamvu zokuqala kunabantu abane abazama ukwenza okuthile endaweni engamamitha amahlanu ububanzi.Ukuphumula, inhlanzeko, kanye nesimiso kuba yizilingo ngokwazo uma kungekho amandla adonsela phansi.
I-NASA iklame isimiso esithile sokuba abasebenzi baqoqe amahora amaningi okulala okuphumula ngangokunokwenzeka, kanye nesikhathi sokuvuka esihleliwe kuze kube semini ngokwesikhathi sase-Spain. UChristina Koch uthe ulala “elele” ebheke phansi. entanta phakathi kwe-capsule, ukuma akufanisa nelulwane elilengiswe emhubheni wokufaka isikebhe.
UVictor Glover uthole indawo yakhe encane endaweni yendizamkhathi efana, ngokusho kwe-NASA, nendawo yamaveni amabili amancane; uJeremy Hansen welula kwesinye sezihlalo, kanti uWiseman uphumule ngaphansi kwezikrini eziyinhloko, elungele ukusabela ngokushesha kunoma yisiphi isigameko. Naphezu kwesikhala esincane, Ithimba lithi ukulala endaweni engaphansi komhlaba kujulile futhi kuyavuselela.nakuba lapho bevuka bengakhumbuli ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi bakuphi endaweni yonke.
Phakathi kwezinselele okuxoxwa ngazo kakhulu yindlu yangasese esebhodini. Lo mshini okhethekile, onenani elilinganiselwa ezigidini zamaRandi, uye waba nezinkinga eziningana ohlelweni lwawo lokuqoqwa komchamo, cishe ngenxa yokuvaleka kweqhwa emigqeni yokungenisa umoya. Ngezinye izikhathi osomkhathi kuye kwadingeka basebenzise izixazululo eziyisisekelo, okufana namanabukeni amakhulu abantu abadala, kuze kube yilapho uhlelo lubuyiselwa esimweni sokusebenza esamukelekayo.
Umqondisi wezindiza ze-Artemis II uvumile ukuthi ukuphathwa kwemfucuza ku-microgravity kuseyisici esiyinselele kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe empilweni esikhaleni. Noma kunjalo, abasebenzi babhekane nalezi zingqinamba kalula, beshintshana phakathi kokuxazulula izinkinga ezivamile njengendlu yangasese evalekile kanye nokwenza ukubonwa kwesayensi kanye nezingxoxo nabezindaba kanye nemindeni yabo, abakubona kubalulekile ekugcineni isimilo phakathi nohambo.
Indima yeYurophu kanye nokubuyela ekhaya
Njengoba i-Orion ihamba esikhaleni esijulile, Umsebenzi uqashwa ngesikhathi sangempela eziteshini zokulandelela ezitholakala emhlabeni wonke.IYurophu, ikakhulukazi iSpain, inikela ngezinsiza ezibalulekile kule nethiwekhi. Ama-antenna asemkhathini ajulile atholakala eRobledo de Chavela (eMadrid) ayingxenye yesistimu exhumanisa ne-spacecraft uma iqhele ngamakhilomitha angamakhulu ezinkulungwane ukusuka eMhlabeni, ithola idatha ye-telemetry futhi ithumela imiyalelo.
Lezi zingqalasizinda, eziphethwe ngokubambisana ne-European Space Agency (ESA), Zibalulekile ekugcineni ukuxhumana nomkhathi ngaphandle kwezikhawu ezimfushane lapho iNyanga ingenelela.Ukusuka eYurophu, kuzolandelwa ingxenye yokugcina yohambo, lapho i-Orion ishiya indawo yethonya lenyanga futhi isebenzisa amandla adonsela phansi esathelayithi njenge-"slingshot" ukuqala ukubuya kwayo.
Uhambo lokubuya, oluzothatha cishe izinsuku ezine, ngeke lube yinto nje evamile. I-capsule kuzodingeka yenze izindlela eziningana zokulungisa umzila futhi ilungiselele ukungena kabusha emkhathini woMhlaba, isigaba lapho indiza izobhekana khona namazinga okushisa angaphezu kwama-degree Celsius angu-2.500 esivikelweni sayo sokushisa. Abalawuli bezindiza bazoqapha ngokucophelela yonke ipharamitha, beqaphela ukuthi ukuziphatha kuka-Orion kulesi sikhathi kuzonquma ukuzethemba emisebenzini yabantu yesikhathi esizayo, enezifiso ezinkulu.
Uma konke kuhamba njengoba kuhleliwe, indizamkhathi izowela olwandle ngemva kokuqeda umjikelezo ozobe usuthathe abantu bayo abane baqhele eMhlabeni kunanoma yimuphi omunye umuntu emlandweni. Kusukela lapho, kuzoqala isigaba esisha: ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwedatha yesayensi, ukuhlolwa kwesistimu ngayinye esesikepeni, futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuhlela izigaba ezilandelayo zohlelo lwe-Artemisokuhlanganisa ukufika enyangeni okunabantu kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda ezungezayo kanye nasebusweni benyanga.
Lokho okubonwayo manje kusukela ekhabhini le-Orion — kusukela ekuboneni uMhlaba uphakama ngaphezu komkhathizwe wenyanga kuya kokuhlangenwe nakho kokuwela, ngokuthula okuphelele komsakazo, uhlangothi iplanethi yethu engakaze ilubone — kuzophawula inkumbulo ehlangene amashumi eminyaka. I-Artemis II ibumba ibhuloho eliphakathi kwezithombe ezidumile zohlelo lwe-Apollo kanye nenkathi entsha lapho iNyanga izoyeka ukuba yindawo nje yokuya khona kanye futhi izoba yindawo yokusebenza, yocwaningo, kanye nokuba khona kwabantu okuqhubekayo..
