U-Ávila usephenduke waba yi- elinye lamaphuzu abalulekile okuqonda umyalo ka-1492 wokuxosha amaJudaI-Municipal Archive ivule iminyango yayo ngendlela engavamile ukukhombisa umphakathi isinqumo sokuqala esisayinwe yiCatholic Monarchs esigcinwe eCastile naseLeón ngalolu hlelo lomlando.
Lesi sinyathelo, esikhuthazwe yiMkhandlu Wedolobha ngokubambisana ne- Inethiwekhi Yezindawo ZamaJuda, igcwalise izindawo zokugcina izingobo zomlando ngezivakashi, ihlanganisa izincazelo zomlando, ukuzindla ngenkumbulo yeSephardic kanye nobizo olucacile lokuletha endaweni ifa ledokhumentari, elihlala lifihliwe phakathi kwamafayela namabhokisi ezikhathini eziningi.
Idokhumenti eyodwa eyayala ukuxoshwa
Ingxenye evelele yosuku i- idokhumenti eyasayinwa ngoMashi 31, 1492Kulesi sinqumo, amakhosi amaKatolika ayala ukuxoshwa kwawo wonke amaJuda emibusweni nasezikhundleni zaseCastile naseLeón, kanye nemindeni yawo. Lo mbhalo wabeka izinsuku zokugcina zikaJulayi walowo nyaka njengosuku lokugcina lokuphuma endaweni, futhi wabeka nezibopho zeziphathimandla zendawo zokwenza lula ukuhamba kwalabo ababehamba.
Lesi sinqumo asiyona incwadi yesikhumba ehlotshisiwe nehlotshisiwe abantu abaningi abayicabangayo, kodwa yilokho umuntu ophethe indawo yokugcina umlando akuchaza njenge- "Iphepha lokusebenza"Incwadi ewusizo, eyayihloselwe ukufundwa ngokuzwakalayo ezigcawini nasezindaweni zomphakathi lapho ifika edolobheni ngalinye. Ngaleso sikhathi, imithetho yasebukhosini yayikopishwa futhi ithunyelwa emikhandlwini ehlukahlukene ukuze ishicilelwe futhi isetshenziswe.
Ukungajwayelekile kwesampula ye-Ávila kulele eqinisweni lokuthi yiyo ikhophi esayiniwe kuphela egcinwe eCastileKu-Simancas Archive (eValladolid) kukhona uhlaka oluqondiswe kuBurgos, kodwa ngaphandle kwezisayini zasebukhosini, kuyilapho isinqumo sezindawo zoMbuso wase-Aragon, esisayinwe nguFerdinand kuphela, sigcinwa ku-Archive of the Crown of Aragon, eBarcelona.
Ngokusho komgcini wezincwadi kamasipala, idokhumenti ye-Ávila iyi- i-folio ephindwe kabili ngombhalo obhalwe kuwo womabili amakhasi kanye neziginesha zamakhosi ezitholakala ekhasini lesithathu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amanothi ezithunywa angabonakala, njengedolobha lapho kwakuya khona kanye nenombolo yokubhalisa, enikeza umbono ocacile wokuthi izincwadi ezisemthethweni zazigoqwa futhi zasakazwa kanjani ngekhulu le-15.
Idokhumenti egcinwe kungobo yomlando ye-Ávila iyala ngokucacile ukuthi Abahluleli kanye namakhansela awo wonke amadolobha namadolobha kumele basize AmaJuda ayalwa ukuba aqhube ukudingiswa kwawo, ngaphansi kwesijeziso seSimemezelo saseBukhosini kanye nokuphucwa impahla uma lo myalo ungalandelwanga. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kuwubufakazi obuqondile bokuthi lo myalo wawunzima kangakanani kanye nokuqaliswa kwawo kokuphatha.
Usuku olugxile osukwini lwesiko lamaSephardic
Ukuboniswa kwesinqumo kuyingxenye yokugubha Usuku Lwesiko LaseSephardicI-Ávila isebenzise lolu suku ukugubha ifa layo lamaJuda kanye nefa layo lokugcina umlando. Lo mcimbi, ohlelwe yiMkhandlu Wedolobha, wawuhlanganisa izinkambo eziningana zamahhala eziqondiswayo kulo lonke usuku lwasekuseni, ziholwa ngabasebenzi bezobuchwepheshe abavela kwi-Municipal Archive kanye ne-Network of Jewish Quarters.
IPhini likaMeya Wezokuvakasha Namasiko, uSonsoles Prieto, ukhombisile ukuthi inhloso ukuguqula usuku lube "Usuku lokukhumbula nokubuya"Lo mcimbi uhlelwe ngokwesihloko salo nyaka, esithi “Ukudingiswa Nenkululeko.” Isiphakamiso, ngakolunye uhlangothi, sihlose ukusabalalisa umlando wokuxoshwa kwabantu, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, sihlose ukukhombisa isiko lamaSephardi njengengxenye yobuzwe baseYurophu nabaseSpain.
UPrieto ugcizelele ukubaluleka okungavamile kwengobo yomlando ye-Ávila, "egcina imibhalo emikhulu kanye nengcebo, ifa leminyaka eminingi," futhi, ngenxa yomsebenzi oqhubekayo wabagcini bengobo yomlando, egcinwa ezimweni ezifanele. Ngamazwi akhe, isinqumo sokuxoshwa singu "Isiqephu esiyingqayizivele" okuvumela umuntu ukuthi asondele kwesinye seziqephu ezaziwa kakhulu futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu emlandweni waseSpain.
UMkhandlu Wedolobha ugcizelela ukubaluleka ukugqamisa inani lefayela elingaziwa kaningi ngisho nakubantu bendawo. Yingakho iminyango yavulwa ngendlela engavamile, okuvumela noma ubani ukuthi ahlole ngokucophelela umbhalo oneminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu ubudala futhi aqonde isimo sezenhlalo, sezepolitiki kanye nesezomnotho esiwuzungezile.
Lo mcimbi ubuhanjelwe yizikhulu zikamasipala, abasebenzi bezobuchwepheshe abavela kwi-Network of Jewish Quarters, kanye nezakhamuzi ezinesifiso somlando wendawo. Abaningi ababekhona baphume benolukuluku futhi bahamba benombono ocacile wokuthi ingobo yomlando iyinto engokoqobo. indawo ebalulekile yokuqonda inkumbulo yedolobha kanye nokuxhumana kwayo nezwe lamaSephardic.
Umongo: Impilo yamaJuda e-Ávila ngaphambi kuka-1492
Kanye nesinqumo, i-Municipal Archive ilungiselele ukukhethwa kwemibhalo okuhloswe ngayo chaza ngokwengqikithi ukuba khona komphakathi wamaJuda e-Ávila ngaphambi nangemva kokuxoshwa. Umqondo uwukuthi isivakashi asigcini nje ngokugxila esikhathini sokudingiswa, kodwa futhi singakha kabusha ukuthi impilo yansuku zonke yayinjani, ukuhleleka kwangaphakathi kwezindawo zamaJuda, kanye nobudlelwano nabanye abantu.
Phakathi kwezingcezu ezibonisiwe kukhona ukuhlinzekwa kuka-1481 kweNdlovukazi u-ElizabethLo mbhalo uyala abahluleli kanye namajaji ase-Ávila ukuba bahloniphe amalungelo namalungelo imiphakathi yamaJuda namaMoor eyayinawo kusukela kudala. Lo mbhalo ubonisa ukuthi, naphezu kokungezwani, kwakukhona uhlaka lwezomthetho olwaluzama ukuvikela amalungelo athile abantu abancane.
Omunye umbhalo ofanele yisimiso sika-1483 soMkhandlu, esanqotshwa amaJuda omuzi ngokwawo, esiphathelene ne- ukufuduka kwezindawo zokuthunga, ama-arrogue kanye nama-palambre eceleni koMfula i-Adaja ngezizathu zokuhlanzeka. Umthombo ubonisa indlela abaphathi abangenelele ngayo endaweni yemisebenzi ethile yezomnotho, befuna ukuvumelanisa ukukhiqizwa kobuciko nempilo yasemadolobheni.
Okunye okukhonjiswayo ukusatshalaliswa kwalowo nyaka lapho kwabelwa khona ama-aljama amaJuda namaMoor ase-Ávila. izisebenzi, izilwane ezithwalayo, amageja nezimbazo ngokubamba kwabo iqhaza emkhankasweni waseGranada ka-1483. Lo mbhalo ukhombisa ukuthi umphakathi wamaJuda awuzange nje unikele ngentela, kodwa futhi nangezinsizakusebenza kanye nabasebenzi emabhizinisini ezempi oMbuso.
Kamuva, ngo-1492, isimemezelo esasayinwa yi-Catholic Kings siyala ngokucacile ukuthi Ungalimazi abantu noma impahla yamaJuda Kwadingeka bashiye imibuso yaseCastile nase-Aragon, ngaphansi kwesijeziso senhlawulo yama-maravedí ayi-10.000. Izinyathelo ezinjalo zabonisa ukukhathazeka kobukhosi ngokuvimbela ukuphanga kanye nokuxhashazwa ngesikhathi senqubo ebuhlungu yezinkulungwane zemindeni.
Uma zihlanganiswa, le mibhalo isisiza ukuthi sihlole ukuhlala ndawonye okuyinkimbinkimbi kwekhulu le-15, lapho izikhathi zokuvikelwa kwezomthetho, izingxabano zomphakathi, izintshisekelo zezomnotho, kanye nezinqumo zezepolitiki zazihlangene khona, ekugcineni kwaholela ekuxoshweni. Inhloko yengobo yomlando igcizelela ukuthi inhloso yombukiso iwukuthi bheka ngale kwesinqumo futhi inikeza isithombe esibanzi nesicacile sesikhathi esidlule samaJuda edolobheni.
Ingobo yomlando enengcebo esukela emuva ekhulwini le-13
Umbukiso ohlobene nesinqumo sokuxoshwa kwabantu uphinde wasebenza ekugqamiseni amagugu agciniwe agcinwe yi-Municipal Archive of ÁvilaAmaqoqo ayo asukela ku-1256 futhi agcinwa ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa ezilawulwa ngokuqinile kanye nomswakama ukuqinisekisa ukulondolozwa kwawo isikhathi eside.
Phakathi kwezingcezu ezindala kakhulu kukhona Ilungelo lika-Alfonso XIdokhumenti yekhulu le-13 ebhekwa njengendala kunazo zonke ezinqolobaneni. Lolu hlobo lwephepha, kanye namarekhodi kamasipala, imithetho yasebukhosini, ukubalwa kwabantu, kanye nezinye izincwadi zokubhalisa, kusenza sikwazi ukulandelela ukuvela kwezikhungo, ezenhlalo, kanye nezomnotho kwedolobha phakathi namakhulu eminyaka.
Umgcini wezincwadi kamasipala, uSonsoles Guillén, uphikelela ngokuthi ingobo yomlando kamasipala i-Ávila “iyingobo yomlando kamasipala enhle kakhulu” kodwa, noma kunjalo, ihlala “ingaziwa futhi ifihliwe.” Imisebenzi efana nalezi zinkambo eziqondiswayo ihlose ukushintsha lokho ngqo. ukwazisa lelo fa nokukhombisa ukuthi izingobo zomlando azigcini nje ngokuba yizindawo zokugcina amaphepha amadala, kodwa ziwumthombo ophilayo wokuqonda okwamanje.
Ukulondolozwa kwemibhalo kudinga izinyathelo eziqondile kakhulu: kubhekwa njalo izinga lokushisa nomswakama Emakamelweni, ukukhanya kulawulwa futhi kusetshenziswa izinhlelo zokugcina ukuvimbela ukucindezeleka ezintweni. Uma kwenzeka umyalelo wokuxoshwa, idokhumenti igcinwa ngokuvundlile ukuze isisindo sephepha ngokwalo singabangeli ukuguquka.
UGuillén ufingqa lesi simo ngesisho esicacile: isinqumo siwukuthi "kugcinwe kuvaliwe futhi kuvaliwe"Le nkulumo ayigcini nje ngokufanekisa; ukufinyelela kulezi zinhlobo zezingcezu kunqunyelwe kakhulu futhi ukuphuma kombukiso womphakathi kuhlelwe ngokucophelela, kuhlolwa kokubili izintshisekelo zazo zomphakathi kanye nezingozi zokulondolozwa kwemvelo.
UMkhandlu Wedolobha ugcizelela ukuthi ukuvula ingobo yomlando emphakathini akusho ukunganaki ukugcinwa kwayo, kodwa kunalokho ukuyiqinisa, ngokukhulisa ulwazi mayelana ukubaluleka kokuvikela lobu bufakazi obuyingqayiziveleUkuqashelwa kuka-Ávila njengendlela yokulinganisa ekulondolozweni kwefa le-Sephardic kuhilela nokwenza lo msebenzi wokulawula nokulungisa ubonakale buthule.
Okuhlangenwe nakho e-Ávila Municipal Archive ngombukiso wesinqumo sokuqala sokuxoshwa kwamaJuda kukhombisa izinga Idokhumenti eyodwa ingafingqa amakhulu eminyaka omlando, inkumbulo, kanye nempikiswanoUkuhlanganiswa kwezinkambo eziqondisiwe, umongo wedokhumentari kanye nokuzindla ngoSuku Lwamasiko LwaseSephardic kuye kwavumela izakhamuzi nezivakashi ukubona impilo yamaJuda ngaphambi kokudingiswa, usizi lwango-1492 kanye nokubaluleka kwezingobo zomlando njengabaqaphi besikhathi esidlule esiqhubeka nokuphonsela inselelo isimo samanje saseYurophu naseSpain.