Ukufa kombhali wemidlalo waseBrithani kanye nombhali wesikrini UTom uyama kuya ku iminyaka 88 Kuphawula ukuphela komunye wemisebenzi ejabulisa kakhulu ethiyetha yolimi lwesiNgisi yesimanje. Umbhali wama-cult classics afana “URosencrantz noGuildenstern bafile” kanye nemidlalo yesikrini enethonya njenge "UShakespeare Othandweni" Ushonele emzini wakhe osesifundeni sase- Dorseteningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNgilandi, ezungezwe umndeni wakhe, njengoba kuqinisekiswe yi-ejensi yakhe kanye nemithombo yezindaba eminingi yaseBrithani njenge BBC y The Guardian.
Ukudlula kwakhe emhlabeni kumelela ukulahlekelwa elinye lamagama amakhulu enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseYurophu engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20 kanye nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, umbhali "i-gymnastics yomlomo"Imidlalo ye-wit kanye nemibuzo yefilosofi ishiye uphawu oluhlala njalo ezigabeni ze London y Broadway njengasesikrinini esikhulu. Ivame ukuvezwa eSpain futhi lonke elaseYurophu, uStopard kwaba kwabaningi iqiniso umcebo kazwelonke wase-United Kingdom, naphezu kokuba engazalelwanga lapho.
Umpetha wolimi onikeze igama lakhe kuthemu elithi "Stoppardian"
Ukufinyelela kwethonya lakhe kwaba njalo Oxford English Dictionary wahlanganisa isiphawulo "Stopparian" ukuchaza imisebenzi ephawulwe yi- inhlanganisela yobuhlakani obuyindida kanye nemicabango yefilosofiYona kanye incazelo ibhekisa kuleyo ngxube eqhumayo yengxoxo ebukhali, amahlaya amahle, nemibuzo ekhona ekhombisa imibhalo yakhe.
Lo mehluko, ongafinyelelwa ababhali abambalwa kakhulu, ufingqa indawo kaStoppard encwadini Isiko lama-Anglo-Saxonumbhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi okwazi ukuphendula izinkulumo mpikiswano inkululeko yokuzikhethela, ikusasa, isayensi, noma ezombangazwe emidlalweni eheha abantu abaningi. E-Spain, umsebenzi wakhe omningi ufundiwe futhi wenziwa kumasekethe ezikhungo nezinye, lapho leso sitembu esithi "Stoppardian" sihlotshaniswa nemikhiqizo efunwa kakhulu, kodwa esivuza kakhulu umphakathi.
Izinkampani kanye Amathiyetha aseYurophu Baphendukele emibhalweni yakhe amashumi eminyaka ngenxa yalokho inhlanganisela yokuzijabulisa nokujula kobuhlakani. Isebenza njenge "Arcadia" o “Ugu lwase-Utopia” Imidlalo yakhe ihlelwe ezindaweni ezihamba phambili eLondon, Dublin, Berlin naseBarcelona, ehlanganisa isikhundla sakhe njengomunye wababhali bemidlalo abanethonya kakhulu ezwenikazi.
Emibuthanweni yezemfundo, isichasiso esithi "Stoppardian" sesivele sisebenza njengesinqamuleli sokuqoka uhlobo oluthile lwetiyetha: imidlalo ye-metatheatry, izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi, namahlaya ahlakaniphile enkonzweni yemibono ejulile. Okuthile, okunama-nuances, kuphinde kwangena ezinhlelweni eziningi azibhala, ngisho nalapho i-cinema ihloselwe izethameli eziningi.
Ukusuka ku-Tomáš Sträussler kuya ku-Sir Tom Stoppard: impilo ephawulwe ngokudingiswa
UTom Stoppard wazalwa ngo-1937 Zlín, endaweni eyayiyiCzechoslovakia ngaleso sikhathi, njengoTomáš SträusslerUzalelwe emndenini wamaJuda ongazenzisi, impilo yakhe yalolongwa kusukela ekuqaleni umlando waseYurophu ngeminyaka yawo-1930s kanye nama-40s: abazali bakhe babalekela ukuthuthukiswa kwamaNazi, uhambo olwabayisa okokuqala. Singapore bese kuthi ku India.
ESingapore, uyise, ongudokotela nevolontiya emzamweni wempi waseBrithani, washona phakathi nempi, njengoba umlobi ngokwakhe ayezolandisa kamuva. Kamuva, eNdiya, unina washada nesikhulu sezempi saseBrithani. Kenneth StoppardFuthi umfana uTomáš waba uTom Stoppard, futhi wamukela ubuzwe obusha namasiko. Lokhu kuguqulwa kobuntu, yena ngokwakhe akuchaza njengohlobo lokuphindukuzalwa, kungaba ngomunye wezimpande zokuthatheka kwakhe ekubhaleni ubuwena, ubunikazi kanye nokusiphula.
Ngo-1946 umkhaya wahlala unomphela endaweni United Kingdomlapho u-Stopard osemncane afunda khona esikoleni sokuhlala ePocklington, YorkshireEminyakeni ethile kamuva, ngezihlobo zaseCzech, wakuthola lokho Bobane bogogo nomkhulu bakhe abangamaJuda babebulewe emakamu okuhlushwa amaNaziWayevame ukuphawula ukuthi wayezizwa “enenhlanhla enkulu” ngokuthi kwakungadingeki aphile ngalokho mathupha, umuzwa wenhlanhla enkulu owawugcwele umbono wakhe womhlaba.
Nakuba ayehlale egcizelela ukuthi akakaze abe nezinkinga zokuzihlanganisa nomphakathi waseBrithani, uvumile ukuthi, ngandlela thize, Wayengaziboni engaphakathi kwezwe elimzungezile.Lokhu kuqwashiswa "kokungahambelani" kancane, kokutholwa isiko okungelona elabo, kungena kubalingiswa abaningi abangahambisani nhlobo noma abahlale bebizwa ngamanye amagama.
Ukusuka ebuntathelini kuya esiteji: iziqalo zombhali weshashalazi okhangayo
UStopard akafundanga enyuvesi. iminyaka 17, wanquma ukuyeka isikole futhi abe intatheli, okokuqala ku I-Western Daily Press kusuka eBristol. Nokho, kusukela esemncane, isifiso sakhe sangempela sasiseshashalazini: waqala ukubhala imidlalo yeshashalazi radio vele usebenza njenge umhlaziyi weshashalaziokwamvumela ukuba azi indawo yaseBrithani yangaleso sikhathi eduze.
Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala wasesiteji, “Faka Umuntu Okhululekile” (“Umuntu okhululekile”), yafika ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-60, icishe ifane neminye imibhalo yokuqala njenge “Ukuhamba Emanzini” (“Ukuhamba emanzini”), ekuqaleni yayibhalelwe umsakazo. Le misebenzi yokuqala yakhanga ukunaka kwabo iphimbo elihlakaniphile nokwakhiwa kwetiyetha okunembeKodwa kwakungo-1966 lapho umsebenzi wakhe wathatha isivinini esimangalisayo.
Ngalowo nyaka wethula kwi-Edinburgh Festival “I-Rosencranz ne-Guildenstern Bafile”, ucezu olubeka izinhlamvu zesibili ezimbili ngaphambili "Hamlet" Imidlalo kaShakespeare futhi ibaguqule babe abalingiswa abavaleleke esakhiweni incazelo yayo engayitholi. Umsebenzi, odlala ngokungenangqondo, i-metafiction, kanye nenkulumo-mpikiswano yefilosofi mayelana inkululeko yokuzikhethela kanye nesiphethoYaba impumelelo esheshayo.
Ngo-1967, umsebenzi wenziwa ngokushesha I-National Theatre yaseLondonlapho uStoppard aba ngomunye wababhali bemidlalo abancane kakhulu ukubona umsebenzi wakhe owenziwa kuleso siteji. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, wehlela ku-Broadway futhi waqala ukuqongelela Tony Awardsehlanganisa isithombe sakhe njengengane eyi-prodigy yaseshashalazini yaseBrithani. "I-Rosencrantz kanye ne-Guildenstern Are Dead" ekugcineni izobhekwa njengenye yemisebenzi emikhulu yekhulu lama-20 kanye nesibonelo esisemthethweni sesitayela sakhe.
Umsebenzi weshashalazi omkhulu futhi ojulile waseYurophu
Iminyaka engaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu, uStopard wasayina imidlalo engaphezu kwamashumi amathathukanye nemibhalo yomsakazo nethelevishini. Phakathi kweziqu zakhe azicaphuna kakhulu yilezi “Abagxumayo”, "Izinto Zokuhamba", “Into Yangempela”, "Arcadia", "I-rock n roll", “Ugu lwase-Utopia” ("Ugu lwase-Utopia: Uhambo, Ukuphahlazeka Umkhumbi, Ukuhlenga") kanye nesiqephu sakhe esikhulu sokugcina, "Leopoldstadt", eyaqala ukukhonjiswa ngo-2020 eWest End eLondon.
En “Abagxumayo” (“Ama-Jumpers”Isibonelo, ukufika kosomkhathi baseBrithani eNyangeni kusebenza njengengemuva lokubhuqa kwefilosofi okuyinkimbinkimbi njengoba kuhlekisa, lapho behlangana khona. izingcaphuno zezemfundo, izimpikiswano zokuziphatha, kanye nama-liter acrobaticsAbagxeki nezibukeli babehlukaniswa phakathi kwalabo ababewubheka njengobuciko bakhe obukhulu nalabo ababewubheka njengokwenziwa ngokweqile, kodwa umbhalo wazibonakalisa njengowuphawu lwemidlalo yaseshashalazini yobuhlakani yangaleso sikhathi.
"Arcadia", ekhishwe ngo-1993, ihlanganisa izinkathi zesikhathi ezimbili kanye namaqembu amabili abalingiswa ukuhlola izingqikithi ngokwehlukahlukana i-chaos theoryubudlelwano phakathi edlule neyamanje, lo ukungaqiniseki kwesayensi ngisho nezikole ezahlukene ze ukwakheka kwezwe nokulimaIndaba yengane ehlakaniphile ehlatshwe umxhwele izibalo kanye nomfundisi wayo, umngane ka-Lord Byron, ihlanganiswa nesakhiwo sesimanje lapho abacwaningi bezama ukwakha kabusha, ngokulingana nokuqala, okwenzeka kuyo leyo ndlu emakhulwini amabili eminyaka ngaphambili.
cunt "I-rock n roll"UStopard wabheka emuva EMpumalanga Yurophu Izimpande zakhe zesiCzech zazihlanganisa umculo we-rock, ukuphikiswa kobuhlakani eCzechoslovakia yamaKhomanisi, kanye nezinkondlo njengendlela yokumelana. “Ugu lwase-Utopia”, i-trilogy yokuvelela, ezimisele ukulingisa i-Great Izingxoxo zefilosofi zaseRussia zangaphambi kwenguquko yekhulu le-19, okwamzuzela enye i-Tony Award kanye nemikhiqizo eminingi emhlabeni okhuluma isiNgisi nasemazweni aseYurophu, kuhlanganise neSpain.
Ukuvalelisa kwakhe esiteji kufike "Leopoldstadt"umsebenzi ogqugquzelwe umlando womndeni wakhe, abagxeki abaningi abawuchaza njengohlobo oluthile “Uhlu lukaSchindler” lwethiyethaImiswe eVienna ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ilandisa indaba yokukhula nokuwa komndeni wamaJuda ophumelelayo ophawulwa ukungakholelwa kwamaJuda kwaseYurophu futhi, ekugcineni, ngamakamu okuqothula. Umdlalo wanconywa ngawo isisindo somzwelo kanye nombono wakhe oseduze ngenkumbulo yokuQothulwa Kwesizwe, ikakhulukazi kumbhali ogogo nomkhulu wakhe abane babulawa amaNazi.
Ukusuka eWest End kuya eHollywood: ukugxumela kwifilimu
Nakuba ithiyetha kwakuyikhaya lakhe lemvelo, icinema yagcina iguqule iStopard yaba igama elidumile lezigidi zababukeli eYurophu nasemhlabeni wonke. Ukungenela kwakhe ifilimu kwaqhamuka nokubhala ngokubambisana kwakhe "Brazil" (1985), i-baroque dystopia ka UTerry Gilliam, manje ebhekwa njengehlelo elivamile. Ngaleso sikrini, esibhalwe ngokubambisana noGilliam noCharles McKeown, wathola esakhe ukuqokwa kokuqala kwe-Oscar.
Ukuphumelela kwakhe eHollywood kwafika ngo-1998 nge "UShakespeare Othandweni"Iqondiswe nguJohn Madden. Izihlabani zefilimu Gwyneth Paltrow kanye noJoseph Fiennes, waba yimpumelelo emhlabeni wonke kanye nendondo yemiklomelo: yawina ama-Oscar ayisikhombisa, okuhlanganisa neyodwa Kuhle Screenplay Original kaStopard noMarc Norman. Kuyaxaka ukuthi ababukeli abaningi bamazi kuqala kusukela kulesi sikhathi samahlaya othando kunokuba bamazi emsebenzini wakhe weshashalazi owedlule.
Ngokungeziwe kuma-screenplays akhe okuqala, uStoppard wayedumile i-adaptha yenoveli-kuya-ifilimuPhakathi kwezinye izihloko, uqondise inguqulo yefilimu ethi “Umbuso Welanga” ngu-JG Ballard, eqondiswa nguSteven Spielberg; "Indlu YaseRussia", esekelwe emsebenzini kaJohn le Carré; "Billy Bathgate" ukuqala ngo-EL Doctorow; futhi kakade ekhulwini lama-21, "Impicabadala", "Anna Karenina" y "I-Tulip Fever"zonke zinengxenye eqinile yemibhalo neyomlando.
Abalandeli bamafilimu ezinhloli namadrama e-Cold War bavame ukugqamisa umsebenzi wakhe ku "Indlu YaseRussia" njengokunye kokujwayela okuhle kakhulu komsebenzi ka-Le Carré, lapho kungekho shothi noma umugqa wenkhulumomphendvulwano obonakala ungafaneleki. Lokhu kuzinikela ku ukunemba kokulandisaLokhu, okuzuzwe njengefa ngokwengxenye kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe kwasetiyetha, kwamenza waba umdidiyeli wesikrini owayefunwa kakhulu wamaphrojekthi ayinkimbinkimbi.
UStoppard uphinde waguqula umsebenzi wakhe waba yifilimu. "I-Rosencrantz ne-Guildenstern Bafile"aziqondise yena. Ifilimu ithole i I-Golden Lion ku-Venice Film Festival ngo-1990, ubufakazi bokuthi indawo yonke yakhe ingahunyushwa ngempumelelo olimini lwesinema ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukuxaka noma ukujula kwayo.
"Udokotela Weskripthi" kuma-blockbusters amakhulu
Ngaphandle kwamakhredithi asemthethweni, uStopard wayengomunye wama-greats "Script doctors" kusuka eHollywood: lolo hlobo lomdidiyeli wesikrini ongumakadebona ongena kuphrojekthi buthule pholisha izingxoxo, hlela kabusha izigcawu, futhi wenze ngcono izinhlamvu ngaphandle kokuvela kumakhredithi.
Isandla sakhe sibhalwe kuma-blockbusters awaziwayo njenge "I-Indiana Jones kanye Nempi Yenkolo Yokugcina", lapho avuselela khona ingxenye enhle yemigqa yomlingiswa wase-Indiana noyise; "I-Star Wars: Isiqephu III - Ukuziphindiselela kweSith", ukusiza ukulungisa inkhulumomphendvulwano engxenyeni emnyama kakhulu yesaga; noma “Isikhala Sobuthongo” y “K-19: Umfelokazi”Kwezinye izimo, ukubamba kwabo iqhaza kuqinisekiswe abaqondisi ngokwabo, nakuba kungaveli kumakhredithi okugcina.
Sekukaningi kushiwo ukuthi, ngesikhathi kuqoshwa "Uhlu lukaSchindler"USteven Spielberg waze wambiza ngokuphelelwa yithemba ukuze axoxe ngezindinyana ezithile zeskripthi, kangangokuthi, ngokusho kwe-anecdote, wamkhipha eshaweni ukuze axazulule ukungabaza komzuzu wokugcina. Yize lingavunywanga ngokusemthethweni iqhaza lakhe kule filimu kodwa yinto eyaziwayo kulo mkhakha ukuthi usize cwenga izingxoxo ezibalulekile ezithile.
Uphinde wagqama kumabonakude ngokushintshwa kwe “Ukuphela KweParade” (“Ukuphela kwe-parade”) ye-HBO kanye ne-BBC, esekelwe kumanoveli kaFord Madox Ford futhi edlala, phakathi kwabanye, Benedict Cumberbatch kanye noRebecca Hall. Inkonzo yanconywa ngayo i-pulse yemibhalo kanye nobumnandi abhekana nabo ngokuphela kwezwe lika-Edwardian kanye nosizi lweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.
Wonke lo msebenzi ongemuva kwezigcawu waqinisa isithunzi sakhe eHollywood njengohlobo "lodokotela wegumbi lezimo eziphuthumayo" wemibhalo enezinkinga, ekwazi ukunikeza isakhiwo, isigqi kanye namahlaya acashile ngisho nakumaphrojekthi anesabelomali esikhulu ahloselwe izethameli eziningi, kuhlanganise nababukeli baseYurophu.
Imibono, ipolitiki kanye nokuqashelwa emhlabeni jikelele
UStopard wazichaza ngokuthi "i-Conservative ngezinhlamvu ezincane c"Cishe wayengumuntu okhululekile wakudala kunesishoshovu esivamile sophiko lwesokudla. Ngokungafani nabanye ababhali bemidlalo baseBrithani besizukulwane sakhe, evame ukuhlotshaniswa nesobunxele, wayesekela ngaleso sikhathi i "Inguquko ye-Conservative" kaMargaret Thatchernakuba ngaphandle kokwenza imibukiso emikhulu emphakathini ngezikhundla zakhe zezombusazwe.
Ukukhathazeka kwakhe okuyinhloko, nokho, kwakugxile ku- amalungelo abantu, inkululeko yezombangazwe kanye nokuhlolwaLokhu kuthatheka kuyabonakala emisebenzini yakhe eminingi yakuqala, ehlanganisa izintatheli, abaphikisayo, ongqondongqondo, nabalingiswa abavaleleke ezinhlelweni zombuso. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe njengengane engumbaleki evela e-Europe ehlaselwe kwenze lokhu kuzwela kubheke ... inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kanye nokwenqatshwa kobushiqela.
Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe wathola imiklomelo eminingi: amaTony Awards amahlanu ngemisebenzi efana "I-Rosencrantz ne-Guildenstern Bafile", "Izinto Zokuhamba", “Into Yangempela” y “Ugu lwase-Utopia”; the Isiliva Bear e-Berlin Film Festival; okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla Ingonyama yegolide eVenice; kanye ne Isithombe se-Hollywood Academy Award kwethi “Shakespeare in Love”. E-United Kingdom kwaba Ihlonishwa yiNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth IILokhu kwenza kube semthethweni ukuqashelwa komphakathi ebekujabulele ekusebenzeni iminyaka.
Ngokwami wayechazwa njengomuntu nenhle, igodliwe kanye nomuzwa wokuhlekisaNgempilo yothando eneziyaluyalu ehlanganisa imishado emithathu nobudlelwano obuningi obabikwa kakhulu, naphezu kwempumelelo yakhe, ozakwabo abaningi baphikelela ngokuthi kwakunzima ukumenzela umona ngoba ithalente lakhe lalihambisana nokuphana okwakhulisa kuphela udumo lwakhe olukhulu.
Abangane bakhe bahamba phakathi kwezincwadi, imidlalo yeshashalazi nomculo othandwayo. Umculi we I-Rolling Stones, uMick JaggerUngomunye walabo abamhloniphayo ngemuva kokuzwa ngokufa kwakhe. Kusukela emhlabeni wezikhungo, i Inkosi uCharles IIIUmthandi weshashalazi nomngane wakhe siqu, ukhiphe isitatimende ekhala ngokulahlekelwa "ngomunye wababhali bethu abakhulu," egcizelela ikhono lakhe lokubhala. ukuphonsela inselelo, ukunyakaza, kanye nokukhuthaza ezithamelini ngosiba lwakhe.
Isitayela esingaqondakali esiphawula izizukulwane
Isitembu se-Stopardian siyabonakala ku- ubunono bezingxoxo zabo, ukunambitheka kwe Imidlalo yamagama kanye nekhono lokuxuba izifundo ezibonakala zingahlobene: ifilosofi yezemfundo ne-gymnastics, i-romanticism kanye ne-thermodynamics, isayensi yesiphithiphithi nengadi, ipolitiki yamadwala namaCzech, noma ubuJuda kanye nenkumbulo yomlando, ukusho izibonelo ezimbalwa.
Izingcezu ezifana “Abagxumayo” o "I-rock n roll" leyo ngxube iyabonakala i-erudition kanye nokungacabangiIzithameli zingase zizithole zixoxa nge-Kant, i-quantum mechanics, noma imibhikisho yabafundi kuyilapho abalingisi begxuma ngokoqobo esiteji noma bephikisana ngendlela yerekhodi le-vinyl. Le nhlanganisela yesitayela esiyinkimbinkimbi nesifinyelelekayo ivumele ukuthi ixhumane nezilaleli ezifunde kakhulu kanye nalabo abafuna nje indaba enhle exoxwa kahle.
Ezingeni lomuntu siqu, uStoppard akakaze alulahle ngokuphelele ubizo lwakhe lokuqala njengentatheli. Ezingxoxweni, wavuma ukuthi, njengensizwa, wayephupha ngokubhala izincwadi ezivela ezikhumulweni zezindiza zase-Afrika ngaphansi kokudubula kwemishini, kodwa wayengenaso isibindi sokubuza abantu imibuzo eqondile. “Ngangihlale ngicabanga ukuthi lowo okuxoxwa naye uzongishaya ngetiye ekhanda noma ashayele amaphoyisa ucingo,” ehleka, echaza ukuthi kungani ezizwa ekhululeke kakhudlwana. ukusungula izinhlamvu kunokubuza abantu bangempela.
Imisebenzi yakhe yathinta kakhulu izethameli zase-Europe, okuhlanganisa nezibukeli zase-Spanish, ngokukhiqiza izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini kanye nemikhosi yamazwe ngamazwe. Abaqondisi bayathanda Àlex Rigola Babephethe iziqu ezifana "I-rock n roll" kanye neminye imibhalo ukuze Ithiyetha yamahhala kakade izigaba ezahlukene zezwe, okusiza ukuhlanganisa udumo lwalo endaweni abakhuluma iSpanishi.
Ekuvuthweni kwakhe, ngezicucu ezifana "Leopoldstadt", ukubhala kwakhe kwangena i-melancholy kanye nokuzindla komlando ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa inhlansi yakhe yomlomo. Abagxeki abaningi baveze ukuthi, kude nokuphindaphinda, wayethole indlela yokuvala umbuthano phakathi kwe-biography yakhe, inkumbulo yokuQothulwa Kwesizwe, kanye nemibuzo emikhulu mayelana nokuthi ungubani nokuthi ungowakuphi okwakuhlale kuzwakala emsebenzini wakhe.
Ngokufa kukaTom Stoppard, isibalo esihlangene, kumuntu oyedwa, the umbhali wemibono, umbhali wesikrini wehlelo, kanye nezingcweti eziyimfihlo zama-blockbusters amakhuluIfa lakhe lihlukaniswe phakathi kwemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseYurophu ezoqhubeka nokudlala imidlalo yakhe, amafilimu izigidi zababukeli eziwazi cishe ngekhanda, kanye naleso siphawulo esithi, "Stoppardian," esesivele sifingqa indlela yokuqonda ubuciko: ukucabanga ujule ngaphandle kokuyeka ubumnandi bomdlalo weshashalazi kanye nendaba emnandi.
