Izwe lobuciko laseYurophu livalelisa UGeorg Baselitz, omunye wabadali abanethonya kakhulu besikhathi sangemva kwempi, owashona eneminyaka engu-88. Lo mdwebi waseJalimane, umdwebi wemidwebo, umqophi nomqophi wezithombe, odumile ngezithombe zakhe eziguquliwe kanye nezindawo zakhe, ushona eshiya ngemuva umkhiqizo omkhulu othathe iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi ayisithupha futhi oye waphawula umlando womdwebo wanamuhla.
Izindaba zokuthi Ukushona kukaGeorg Baselitz kuqinisekiswe yigalari kaThaddaeus RopacIgalari eseSalzburg, kanye nezinye iziteshi zezindaba kanye namagalari asebenzisana nawo eduze, njengeRopac eYurophu, bamemezele ukushona kwakhe. Ngokwesitatimende esikhishwe egameni lomndeni, lo mculi “ushone ngokuthula,” yize kungekho mininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana nembangela yokufa eye yadalulwa emphakathini okwamanje.
Umdali ubanjwe phakathi kwamaJalimane amabili kanye neYurophu ephawulwe yimpi
Uzalwe njengo UHans-Georg Bruno Kern ngo-1938 eDeutschbaselitz, eSaxonyLo mdwebi wakhulela ngokoqobo phakathi kwamanxiwa. Eseyingane, waphila ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwamabhomu okwacekela phansi idolobhana lakubo, futhi kamuva, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwalo ngaphansi kokubusa kweSoviet. Yena ngokwakhe wakhumbula ukuthi wazalelwa “endaweni ebhujisiwe, endaweni ebhujisiwe, edolobhaneni elibhujisiwe.” Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu kwempi kanye nesikhathi sangemva kwempi kwangena emsebenzini wakhe wonke.
Uyise wayengu- uthisha wesikole kanye nelungu leQembu lamaNaziLokhu kwaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu ngemva kokuwa kwe-Third Reich: wehliswa esikhundleni futhi wavinjelwa ukufundisa, ngakho unina kaBaselitz wagcina ethathe indawo yakhe esikoleni sasemakhaya. Lo mlando womndeni, ogcwele umuzwa wecala lomlando kanye nezinguquko zombuso, wathonya umbono ongathandeki owawubhekwa ngumculi umlando waseJalimane.
Ukuqeqeshwa kokuqala ku- I-East Berlin Academy of Fine ArtsUBaselitz waxoshwa ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela ngenxa “yokungavuthwa kwezenhlalo nezepolitiki.” Wayengahambisani nombono wezenhlalo ofunwa yi-GDR, futhi ukuvukela kwakhe kwamlahlekisela kakhulu. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950, wawela e- West Berlinlapho aqhubeka khona nokuqeqeshwa kwakhe, wahlangana ne-abstract expressionism kanye nemibono kaKandinsky noma uMalevich, futhi wakha izivumelwano eziyisisekelo njengobungane bakhe no-Eugen Schönebeck.
Ngaleso sikhathi bobabili babhala I-Manifestos Yobhubhane (1961-1962)Le mibhalo evuthayo yayidinga isitayela sokudweba esinolaka, esingokwenyama, nesiphambene nesitayela sakudala. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kobushiqela obusemthethweni kanye nenselele yemibono kwabeka iBaselitz enkabeni yempikiswano yobuciko eJalimane ehlukene kanye neYurophu ezama ukwakha kabusha ubunjalo bayo obubonakalayo ngemva kokwesabeka kobuNazi.
Ihlazo elamholela odumo kanye nochungechunge lwe-Heroes
Ukwanda kodumo kwenzeka ngo-1963, lapho Umbukiso wakhe wokuqala eyedwa eNtshonalanga Berlin wabangela ihlazo elikhuluImisebenzi emibili, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-The Great Night Under the Drain (Die große Nacht im Eimer) kanye ne-The Naked Man (Der nackte Mann), yathathwa yiziphathimandla ngoba “ihlambalaza”, umbukiso wavalwa futhi lo mculi kwadingeka abhekane nenqubo yezomthetho eyathatha iminyaka emibili.
Kulawo makhanvasi, imizimba elukhuni, ubulili obucacile, kanye nesimo esinonyaAbagxeki abaningi bakubheka njengokucasula okungadingekile. Nokho, abanye bahumusha lezi zithombe njengesithombe esingenasici sempilo yaseJalimane yangemva kwempi: eyonakele, enecala, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo engakwazi ukuzazi esibukweni. Lesi siqephu saqinisa isithombe sikaBaselitz njengomculi ophazamisayo, kodwa futhi sambeka ebalazweni lomhlaba wonke.
Ngemva nje kwalokho, ngesikhathi sokufunda e- IFlorence maphakathi nawo-1960Wafunda kakhulu nge-Mannerism kanye ne-Italian Renaissance. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kwavela uchungechunge oludumile. I-Heldenbilder o “Amaqhawe”okwakuzobhekwa njengophawu lomdwebo waseYurophu ngemva kwempi. Abalingiswa bayo abaphambili—izithombe ezinkulu, ezincane, ezilimele—babonakala njengabasindile abanqotshiwe kunokuba babe ngabanqobi abakhazimulayo, isifaniso esiqondile seJalimane ezama ukuzakha kabusha ngemva kwenhlekelele.
Ngamazwi omculi ngokwakhe, Imidwebo yakhe “yayiyizimpi” ezilwiwa kukhanvasiKwakuyindawo lapho inkumbulo, umuzwa wecala, kanye nesifiso sokuhlukana nanoma iyiphi indaba yobuqhawe yendabuko kwakuhlangana khona. Lokhu kungezwani phakathi komuntu, umlando, kanye nezinto ezidwetshiwe kwakuzoba yinto eqhubekayo kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe.
Ushintsho olukhulu: ukudweba umhlaba ubheke phansi
Ushintsho olukhulu emsebenzini wakhe lwafika ngo-1969, lapho uBaselitz enza isinqumo esasizomenza abe ngumdlali ovelele. omunye wabaculi abaziwayo kakhulu emhlabeni: ukuguqula i-motif yezithombe. Egqugquzelwe indawo kaLouis Ferdinand von Rayski, wapenda iDer Wald auf dem Kopf (Ihlathi libheke phansi), umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala ophendukezelwe ngokuphelele.
Kusuka lapho, Zonke izakhi zohlu lwakhe—izithombe, izihlahla, izindlu, izindawo ezinhle—zabonakala zibheke phansiKwakungeyona nje indaba yokuguqula umdwebo oqediwe ubheke phansi, kodwa kwakuwukucabanga nokwenza umdwebo kusukela ekuqaleni kuleso simo esiphendukezelwe. Ngalesi senzo, uBaselitz wayefuna ukuphazamisa ukufundwa kwendaba yesithombe nokuphoqa umbukeli ukuba agxile embala, ekubunjweni, kanye nopende ngokwawo.
Yena ngokwakhe wachaza lokho "Into ependwe ibheke phansi ifanelekela ukupenda ngoba ayifaneleki njengento."Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwaba "indlela yakhe yesithathu" phakathi kokucashunwa kanye nomfanekiso: akazange alahle ukuba khona kwesibalo, kodwa wasivala njengendaba elula, wasiguqula saba inkinga engokomfanekiso.
Lelo zwe elibheke phansi, kanye izithombe ezisontekile, ukushaywa ngebhulashi okunolaka, kanye namandla acishe abe nonya, wabeka iBaselitz emgqeni ongaphambili we I-neo-expressionism yesiJalimaneNakuba enqabe amalebula, ngawo-1970 nango-1980 wazimisa njengomunye wamagama abalulekile kwezobuciko baseYurophu ngemva kwempi, kanye noGerhard Richter no-Anselm Kiefer, ayenabo ukukhathazeka ngenkumbulo yomlando, kodwa hhayi ulimi olusemthethweni.
Umqophi, umqophi nothisha: umdwebi ophelele enkundleni yaseYurophu
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1970, uBaselitz wandisa umkhuba wakhe ukuze afake phakathi isithombe esikhulu sokhuniWaqopha izingodo ngembazo, izikele, noma ngisho nesaha le-chainsaw, eshiya izindawo ziqinile, zigcwele amamaki nezingcezu, njengokungathi izithombe zazivela ebhulokini lasendulo. Ngo-1980, wadweba isithombe I-Federal Republic of Germany eVenice Biennale ngesithombe sakhe sokuqala esibalulekile, esinesihloko esithi Model for a Sculpture.
Leso siqephu, umuntu ohlezi phansi nengalo yakhe iphakanyisiwe, sabangela impikiswano ngoba abaningi bahumusha lesi senzo njengesenzo ukuphindaphindwa kwesiqubulo samaNaziUBaselitz wenqaba leyo ncazelo, kodwa impikiswano yembula izinga umsebenzi wakhe owangena ngalo ezindaweni ezibucayi kakhulu zenkumbulo yaseJalimane. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kokucasula, ukungacaci, kanye nenkumbulo engakhululekile kwaba esinye sezici zakhe ezimchazayo.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, lo mculi wayekhona Uprofesa eKarlsruhe State Academy of Fine Arts kanye naseBerlin University of the Artslapho aqeqesha khona izizukulwane zabaculi abakhulela ngemidwebo yakhe ebheke phansi njengento engenakugwenywa. Ithonya lakhe lasakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu: abaculi abasebasha bathola kuye ubufakazi bokuthi ukudweba okungokomfanekiso, kunokuba kuphele, kusengaba yindlela enamandla kakhulu futhi yesimanje.
Umsebenzi wakhe wezithombe—imidwebo, izingcezu zokhuni, izingcezu ze-linocuts, imidwebo, ama-watercolors—kanye nendima yakhe njengo- umklami wesethi kanye nomdlali wezimpukane Baqedela isithombe somdwebi ophelele. Waze wafika ezingeni lokuklama izinto zoMkhosi waseSalzburg, eqinisa ukuxhumana kwakhe ne-Austria kanye nenkundla yamasiko yaseCentral Europe.
Iminyuziyamu emikhulu yaseYurophu yanikela ngemibono yakudala emsebenzini wakhe: Isikhungo sasePompidou eParis sahlela umbukiso omkhulu ngo-2021-2022, kwandulelwa ukukhethwa kwakhe ngo-2019 njengelungu le-French Academy of Fine Arts. ESpain, i I-Bilbao Fine Arts Museum Yayibambe umbukiso obalulekile ohlelwe nguNorman Rosenthal, owagcizelela indlela uBaselitz akwazi ngayo ukuma “emahlombe eziqhwaga zobuciko” ngaphandle kokuyeka ukungalaleli kwakhe.
Imiklomelo, izimpikiswano, kanye nempilo yomuntu siqu
Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe, uBaselitz wahlonishwa ngo imiklomelo yodumo oluphezulu kakhulu lwamazwe ngamazwenjengePraemium Imperiale, iGoslarer Kaiserring, kanye neFrench Legion of Honor. Wathola nemihlobiso e-Austria futhi waqokwa ezikhungweni zemfundo yobuciko emazweni amaningana aseYurophu, okwaqinisa isikhundla sakhe njengomunye wabantu abaphambili ekudwebeni kwanamuhla.
Nokho, Ubuhlobo bakhe nombono womphakathi abuzange bube lula nezeIzitatimende zakhe ngobuciko, ezombusazwe, kanye nobulili zavusa izimpikiswano eziningi. Phakathi kwezinto ezikhumbuleka kakhulu kwaba yingxoxo yango-2013 lapho athi khona abesifazane “abadwebi kahle,” ukuphawula okwavuselela impikiswano mayelana nokucwaswa ngokobulili ezweni lobuciko. Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi wayeyichaza kahle isitatimende sakhe noma enikeza okuhlukile, le nkulumo yanamathela kuye futhi yaqinisa isithombe sakhe njengomuntu ovusa inkanuko.
Umlando wakhe uhlanganisa neziqephu zokukhashelwa nokudumazeka okuhlobene kakhulu nomlando wamuva waseJalimane. Ngemva kokuhlanganiswa kabusha, Uthole embikweni we-Stasi ukuthi abangane bakhe ababili basebuntwaneni babeyizimpimpi wamaphoyisa ayimfihlo. Uthe lokho kushaywa kwaqinisa ukungabaza kwakhe kanye nokuthambekela kwakhe kokungazethembi izinguqulo ezisemthethweni, kokubili ezombusazwe nezobuciko.
Ngokwezinga lomuntu siqu, wayeseshade amashumi eminyaka UJohanna Elke Kretzschmar, owaziwa ngelika-Elkeowayeyimodeli yakhe ehlala njalo futhi cishe ekhethekile. Imisebenzi yakhe eminingi kamuva, kusukela kuma-portraits kuya ochungechungeni Remix o Iqhawe LegolideZijikeleza emzimbeni wakhe, zihunyushwe kabusha kaninginingi, futhi ziguqulwe zibe yi-axis eseduze phakathi kwendawo yonke ebonakalayo ephithizelayo.
Emshadweni wabo bazalwa amadodana amabili, uDaniel no-AntonEminyakeni yamuva nje, lo mculi usehlala e- I-Salzburg, idolobha lapho athola khona ubuzwe base-Austria ngaphandle kokulahla ukuxhumana kwakhe okujulile neJalimane kanye nempikiswano ngenkumbulo yomlando yaseYurophu.
Iminyaka yakamuva: ukudalwa kusuka ebuthakathakeni obungokomzimba
Kude nokuthatha umhlalaphansi, iBaselitz Waqhubeka esebenza kanzima kwaze kwaba sekupheleniEminyakeni yamuva nje, wapenda amakhanvasi amakhulu esuka esihlalweni sakhe sabakhubazekile, ehambahamba esitudiyo ngosizo lomuntu ohambayo noma inqola encane lapho ayephatha khona amabhulashi nezimbiza zokupenda. Waze wafika ezingeni lokuhlanganisa imigqa yamasondo esihlalo sakhe sabakhubazekile ebusweni bemidwebo, njengokungathi ukulinganiselwa kwakhe ngokomzimba kwaguqulwa kwaba isenzo sezithombe.
Yena ngokwakhe wavuma ukuthi, eminyakeni yakhe, into "enengqondo" ngabe zikhawulele kumafomethi amancane noma uthathe umhlalaphansiKodwa wagcizelela ukuthi into efanele kuye yayiphambene nalokho: ukuqhubeka nokubhekana nemidwebo emikhulu engamamitha amahlanu, ekhasa phezu kwayo ukuze engeze iphiko lokhozi noma isandla segolide. Lokho kuphikelela "kobuwula", ngandlela thile, kwakuyisiphetho sempilo yonke yokumelana nomhlangano.
Umsebenzi wakhe wakamuva, ophawulwe ngu izihloko ezinjengokuguga, ukugula, nokufaLolu chungechunge aluzange luyeke ithoni yalo engakhululekile kanye nokungezwani nombukeli. Remix Bafunda kabusha izithombe zabo zobusha, kuyilapho amaphrojekthi afana Iqhawe LegolideImibukiso, eyethulwa eFondazione Giorgio Cini eVenice, yaphakamisa ingxoxo phakathi kwamaqhawe akhe egolide, izithombe zika-Elke kanye nezithombe zakhe, manje esezigcwele ukuqaphela ukuphela.
Kuze kube seduze kakhulu nokufa kwakhe, Imidwebo yakhe yaqhubeka nokufika eminyuziyamu ephezulu eYurophuNgaphezu kwePompidou noma iBilbao, izikhungo ezifana neKunsthistorisches Museum eVienna noma iRoyal Academy eLondon ziqinise eminyakeni yamuva ukufundwa kweBaselitz njengencwadi yakudala yesimanje, ekwazi ukuhlanganyela engxoxweni ngokulinganayo namasiko aseYurophu, futhi ngasikhathi sinye, ibuze ngaphakathi.
Kuzo zonke izigaba, kusukela ezithonjeni zokuqala ezingavuthiwe kanye nezihlazo zokuhlambalaza kuya emidwebweni eguquliwe, izithombe zokhuni, kanye namaphrojekthi akamuva ajikeleza inkumbulo nomzimba ogugayo, UGeorg Baselitz waguqula ukupenda kwaba yindawo yempiNgokumelene nemibono, ngokumelene nokuhlobisa okulula, nangokumelene nesilingo sokuthambisa umlando. Ngokufa kwakhe, elinye lamazwi anzima kakhulu futhi anethonya kakhulu kwezobuciko baseYurophu ngemva kwempi liyanyamalala, kodwa kusasele umsebenzi omkhulu ozoqhubeka nokuphonsela inselelo ababukeli nabaculi isikhathi eside esizayo.
