Ngokwemvelo, ukusinda kuwubuciko obuyinkimbinkimbi obudlula amandla noma isivinini. Izilwane eziningi ziye zasungula izindlela ezimangalisayo zokugwema izilwane ezizidlayo ngokukhohlisa. Phakathi kwalawa masu, i-thanatosis igqama, eyaziwa kangcono njengesenzo "sokudlala ufile," kodwa maningi amanye athakazelisa ngokufanayo. Lesi senzakalo sibonisa indlela imvelo yokusinda eye yakha ukuziphatha okungalindelekile nokukhaliphile okusamangalisa isayensi namuhla.
Kulolu hambo sizongena emhlabeni wokucasha, ukulingisa kanye amanye amaqhinga okuzivikela njengokuzenzisa ukufa, echaza ukuthi izilwane ezihlukahlukene zisebenzisa kanjani la makhono ukuze zikhohlise kokubili abalingani kanye nezitha. Kusukela ezinambuzaneni ezinamaqabunga afana nohlaza kuya kuma-orchid alingisa ezinye izimbali, sizothola ithiyetha eyiqiniso yokuphila lapho inkohliso ingumlingiswa oyinhloko.
I-Thanatosis: idrama yokudlala efile
I-Thanatosis, noma i-tonic immobility, ingenye yezindlela zokuzivikela ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu embusweni wezilwane. Kuhilela ukuzenza sengathi ufile ukuze ubangele ukunganaki kwesilwane esizingelayo. Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zize zihambisane nalokhu kusebenza ngokuyimfihlo noma ukuma komzimba okuqinisa inkohliso.
Elinye lamacala aziwa kakhulu yiVirginia opossum. Lesi silwane singena esimweni sokukhubazeka ngokuzenzakalelayo lapho sizizwa sisongelwa. Phakathi nalesi simo, ikhipha iphunga elifana nesidumbu, okuyenza ibe isisulu esingathandeki ezitheni zayo. Lokhu kungakwazi ukuhamba kungathatha imizuzu noma amahora, kuye ngesimo.
Emhlabeni wezilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinyoka ze-hognose ziyizinkanyezi zangempela. Ngaphambi kokuthi "bafe," baqala ukuhlasela okuhlekisayo, ukuhayiza futhi belula izintamo zabo ukuze bahlabe umxhwele. Uma konke kwehluleka, baphenduphenduka emhlane, bavule imilomo, futhi bangase bakhiphe igazi. Lesi sibonakaliso esimangalisayo ngokuvamile sanele ukuthena amandla abahlaseli abaningi.
Izibungu ze-Atlion nazo zidlala ngokufa, kodwa ngezindlela ezingalindelekile. Lezi zilwane zihlala zinganyakazi ngemva kokuthintwa, zikhohlisa izilwane ezidla ezinye. Ucwaningo olwenziwe yiNyuvesi yaseBristol luthole ukuthi, nakuba isikhathi esiqondile "sokuvuka" kwabo singabikezeli, iphethini evamile iyaphindaphindeka kuso sonke isibalo sabantu, iphakamisa indlela eyinkimbinkimbi yokuguquguquka.
Siphinde sithole amaqhinga afanayo eseleni elinesiswini esivuthayo. Isisu sayo esicwebezelayo sixwayisa ngobuthi bayo. Uma lokho kungenele, iyajika futhi ibonise isisu sayo esinganyakazi njengendlela yokugcina yokuzivikela. Leli su lihlanganisa ukuvimbela amakhemikhali ne-thanatosis.
Ukufihla: Izingcweti Zokuzifihla Kwezilwane
I-Camouflage isu elivumela izilwane eziningi ukuthi zihlangane nendawo ezizungezile ukuze zigweme kokubili izilwane ezidla ezinye kanye nezilwane ezizingelayo. Ezinye izibonelo ziyinkimbinkimbi kangangokuthi zikhohlisa ngisho neso lomuntu eliqeqeshwe kakhulu.
Izinambuzane ezinamaqabunga nezinti zingama-illusionists eqiniso. Balingisa amaqabunga omisiwe noma amagatsha, ngemininingwane efana nemithambo, amabala esikhunta, noma ukuthungwa kwendawo. Icala lesinambuzane i-Uropia meticulodina lihlaba umxhwele ngempela: ukubonakala kwaso okunezinhlangothi ezintathu kweqabunga eligoqiwe kumane kuyinkohliso ezimpikweni eziyisicaba ngokuphelele.
I-Camouflage ingaba namandla, njengoba kunjalo nge-squid. Ngenxa yama-chromatophore ayo, ingashintsha umbala nokuma ngokushesha ukuze ihlangane nanoma ikuphi ulwandle. Ngokumangalisayo, nakuba ingakwazi ukuhlukanisa imibala, inama-receptors alula esikhumbeni sayo, okuyivumela ukuba ibone imibala futhi ivumelane nendawo eyizungezile ngaphandle kokusebenzisa umbono wendabuko.
Ezinye izilwane, njengedube, zisebenzisa izifihla-buso eziphazamisayo. Imigqa yazo enyakazayo idala imiphumela ebonakalayo edida umbono wendlela kanye nesivinini. Lesi senzakalo, esaziwa ngokuthi umphumela we-stroboscopic, senza kube nzima ngezilwane ezizingelayo ukubala umzila wesilwane, uzinikeze imizuzwana ebalulekile yokubaleka.
I-Countershading ingenye ithuluzi lokufihla elisetshenziswa kabanzi. Izilwane ezifana nama-orcas, amaphengwini, nama-weasel anezisu ezinombala okhanyayo nemihlane emnyama. Lo mbala uwenza angabonakali, noma abukwe phezulu noma ngaphansi, ngenxa yokuhlangana kokukhanya kwemvelo nesithunzi.
I-Mimicry: Amanga Ebhayoloji Okusinda
Ngokulingisa, izilwane noma izinto eziphilayo zisebenzisa ukubukeka, ukuziphatha, noma izimpawu zamakhemikhali zolunye uhlobo ukuze zithole inzuzo ethile. Ngokuyinhloko kunezinhlobo ezimbili: i-Batesian ne-Müllerian.
Ukulingisa kwe-Batesian kwenzeka lapho uhlobo olungenangozi lilingisa oluyingozi. Isibonelo esihle ama-hoverflies, izimpukane ezilingisa umbala omnyama nophuzi wezinyosi neminyovu. Yize zingalume kodwa ziyakwazi ukugwema ukuhlaselwa ngenxa yalokhu kuzifihla.
Indaba emangalisa nakakhulu itholakala ezinyonini ezithile zase-Amazonian. Amatshwele e-grey mourner anezimpaphe eziwolintshi namathiphu amhlophe awenza afane nezibungu ezinobuthi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho zibona ingozi, azikuncengi ukudla njengamanye amatshwele, kunalokho zinyakazisa amakhanda azo ngapha nangapha, zilingisa ukunyakaza kwalezi zibungu. Yonke into ibonakala ikhombisa ukuthi ukusinda kwabo kuncike ekukhohliseni abahlaseli abangaba ngokubonakalayo nangokuziphatha.
Ngokulingisa i-Müllerian, izinhlobo ezimbili eziyingozi ziyefana futhi zombili ziyazuza ngokufunda ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Lokhu kunjalo ngezimvemvane ze-viceroy ne-monarch. Isikhathi eside, i-viceroy kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ilingisa nje engenangozi, kodwa kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi futhi ayijabulisi olwangeni, ngaleyo ndlela iqinisa ikhodi yokubona.
Inkohliso emhlabeni wezitshalo nesikhunta
I-Mimicry ayigcini nje kuphela ezilwaneni. Izitshalo eziningi nesikhunta nazo ziyakusebenzisa. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-orchid avame ukulingisa izimbali zezinye izinhlobo ezinikeza imivuzo ukuze ahehe abathwali bempova ngaphandle kokubanika okuthile.
Esinye sezicupho eziyinkimbinkimbi yi-Fusarium xyrophilum. Lesi sitshalo sihlasela izitshalo zohlobo lwe-Xyris e-Guyana futhi sikhiqize izimbali ezingamanga ezilingisa into yangempela. Isebenzisa izingulube ze-fluorescent ezibonakala ezinambuzaneni futhi iphunga "inkohliso" ngama-pheromones afana ne-α-farnesene noma i-nerolidol, aziwa ngokuheha izinyosi nama-bumblebees. Umgomo: ukukhohlisa abathuthi bempova ukuba basakaze izinhlamvu zayo.
Ngaphezu kokulingisa okubonakalayo, ezinye izinto eziphilayo zikhohlisa ngemisindo noma izimpawu zamakhemikhali. Kunamabhu akhiqiza imisindo yezilwane ezizidlayo, azithuse, noma izitshalo ezikhiqiza izinto ezishintsha indlela izinambuzane eziziphatha ngayo.
Ukuzifihla njengethuluzi lokuzivikela nokuhlasela kuyindawo yonke. Zombili izimbali ezilingisa ezinye izimbali ukuze ziyenge izinambuzane nesikhunta ezikhiqiza izakhiwo zezimbali ezingamanga zibamba iqhaza kunethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yokusebenzisana lapho ukukhohlisa kuyisihluthulelo sempumelelo yazo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwenze ukukhohlisa kwaba ithuluzi elibalulekile ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi nge-thanatosis, ukucasha, noma ukulingisa, izinto eziphilayo ezivela kuyo yonke imibuso zenze izindlela zokudida, ukuthusa, noma ukuyenga abaphikisana nazo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-opossum, i-orchid ebulawa indlala, noma ikhowe lokukhohlisa, bonke badlala umdlalo ofanayo: sisinde ngobuciko bokukhohlisa.