Impilo yesimanje iza nochungechunge lwe Ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ebezilokhu zishiya uphawu oluthule kodwa oluhlala njalo endaweni ezungezile. Nakuba izinto ezithile zase ziwuxwayisile umphakathi wesayensi ngezingozi zawo, okwenzeka e-Oklahoma kwamangaza ngisho nochwepheshe abangomakad’ ebona. Ithimba labacwaningi, ngenkathi lihlaziya ukwakheka komoya endaweni yezolimo, wafikelwa ubuthi obungalindelekile obungakaze butholakale eNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe.
Lokhu okutholakele, kungabi yindabakwane, kugqamisa ubunkimbinkimbi bezinto ezingcolisayo ezingabonakali ezisongela impilo yethu neyendawo esizungezile. Ngomlando ohlobanisa izinqumo zamakhemikhali, ezolimo, neziqondiso, ukutholwa kopharafini be-chlorinated emaphakathi (MCCPs) e-Oklahoma kumane kuyiphuzu leqhwa elidinga ukunakwa, izifundo, nezinqumo ezinesibindi.
Ukuthi ukutholwa kwenzeke kanjani: kusuka esimisweni kuya kokumangala
Akuzona zonke izinsuku lapho isayensi eyisisekelo ikhiqiza khona izihloko ezibeka wonke umphakathi uqaphile. Abacwaningi eNyuvesi yaseColorado eBoulder bebeqhuba umkhankaso wokuhlaziya umkhathi wezolimo e-Oklahoma. inhloso yokuqala bekuwukufunda ama-aerosol, lezo zinhlayiya ezincane ezilengiswe emoyeni ezingathonya isimo sezulu kanye nezinga lomoya.
Kodwa isimanga safika lapho amaqembu ethola amaphethini amakhemikhali angaziwa. UDaniel Katz, umfundi we-PhD nombhali oholayo wocwaningo, washaqeka lapho ebona izinhlanganisela ezingahambisani nanoma yimaphi amarekhodi angaphambilini. Izivivinyo, ezenziwe nge-a innovative nitrate chemical ionization mass spectrometer, Abavumelanga ukutholwa kuphela kodwa nokuchazwa kwe-MCCPs, ukungcola okunomthelela omkhulu onamandla.
Lokhu okutholakele, okushicilelwe kujenali 'ACS Environmental Au', kuphawula okokuqala ukuthi lolu hlobo lwento lubhalwe phansi emoyeni we-Western Hemisphere, okuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nobukhulu nezinga leqiniso lokungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali asemoyeni.
Ayini ama-medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCP)?
Ama-MCCP ayiqembu lezinhlanganisela zokwenziwa, ezidalwe abantu futhi zisetshenziswa ezimbonini eziningi. Baziwa ngamandla abo nokuqina, okwenza babe yigugu, kodwa futhi babe nenkinga.
- Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwezimboni: Asetshenziswa njengezithasiselo oketshezini olusebenza ngensimbi, ekukhiqizeni i-PVC, izindwangu, nezindwangu, ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo ezivimbela amalangabi kanye ne-plasticizing.
- Ukuphikelela kwemvelo: Ukwakheka kwazo kwamakhemikhali kuzivumela ukuthi ziqhubeke isikhathi eside, okwenza kube nzima ngazo ukucekela phansi indawo ezungezile. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, baye baqanjwa ngokuthi "amakhemikhali angunaphakade."
- Ukusatshalaliswa komhlaba wonke: Kuze kube manje, ukuba khona kwe-MCCP emkhathini bekubonwe e-Asia nase-Antarctica, kodwa akukaze kubonwe eNyakatho Melika.
Ubuhlobo obuseduze be-MCCPs nezinye izinhlanganisela ezilawulwayo, ezifana nopharafini we-short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) kanye ne-PFAS, kuvule izinsimbi ze-alamu. Naphezu kokulawulwa okwandayo kwalawa makhemikhali anobuthi, imboni ijwayele ukufaka esikhundleni samakhemikhali avinjelwe ngezinhlobonhlobo ezifanayo, okudala into ephazamisayo "yekhemistri eshintshayo" engaqinisekisi ukuphepha okukhulu kwemvelo noma kwezempilo yomphakathi.
Umthombo wokungcola: Angena kanjani ama-MCCP emoyeni?
Enye yezinto ezikhathaza kakhulu ucwaningo imayelana nokuthi lobu buthi bugcina kanjani emkhathini. Ama-MCCP avame ukuvela emanzini angcolile ezimbonini ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo equkethe le nhlanganisela ezimbonini nasezikhungweni zokucubungula izinsimbi, i-PVC, noma izindwangu.
Inkinga iba yimbi lapho la manzi angcolile ehlanzwa futhi udaka oluvelayo, olwaziwa ngokuthi ama-biosolids, lusetshenziswa njengomanyolo wezolimo. Kuwumkhuba osabalele ezindaweni ezinkulu ezilinywayo ofuna ukugaywa kabusha imisoco, kodwa okusabalalisa ngokungenhloso izinto ezingazweli nezingaba yingozi phezu komhlabathi.
Ucwaningo luveza ukuthi uma udaka lwendle Uma isetshenziswa emasimini, izinhlanganisela ezinobuthi ezithile zingashintshashintsha futhi zikhishwe ngendlela yama-aerosol, ngaleyo ndlela zibe ingozi engabonakali kodwa yangempela kulabo abahlala eduze nalezi zindawo. Katz kanye Bonke abacwaningi basola ukuthi lena indlela engenzeka kakhulu i-MCCPs zitholakala endaweni yasemaphandleni yase-Oklahoma.
Ukuqhubeka nokwenza izinto zibe nzima, ukulawulwa kwama-SCCP ('abazala babo abancane') kuholele ekushintshweni kancane kancane kwe-MCCP ezimbonini, okuqhubekisela phambili umjikelezo wokungcola.
Ukusuka ekungcoleni kwendawo kuya enkingeni yomhlaba wonke
Okwenzeka e-Oklahoma futhi kuyinkomba yokuthi izenzo zasendaweni zingaba nemiphumela efinyelela kude kangakanani. Kokubili ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kwama-biosolids kwezolimo kanye nokuthuthwa kwezimboni kunesandla ekusatshalalisweni kwezinto okuthi, ngenxa yokusimama kwazo, zikwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade futhi zihlale emoyeni nasenhlabathini amashumi eminyaka.
Ukuba khona kwe-MCCP emkhathini wase-US kubange I-Oklahoma Senate iqhubekela phambili futhi idlulise ukuvinjelwa kwama-biosolids njengomanyolo.Kodwa-ke, ezingeni likahulumeni, i-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) iyalawula kodwa ayikazivimbeli ngokuqondile lezi zinto.
Umphakathi wesayensi yamazwe ngamazwe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, usebenza ngaphansi kwesambulela seSivumelwano sase-Stockholm (isivumelwano somhlaba wonke esasayinwa ngo-2001), esihlukanisa lezi zinto njengezingcolisi zemvelo eziphikelelayo ezingaqedwa. Ukufakwa kwama-MCCP kulolu hlu kumelela ukushintshela ekuvikelweni okukhulu, nakuba kuningi okusazonqunywa mayelana nomthelela wawo wangempela nezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo esimweni sezimboni.
Izingozi kanye nemiphumela empilweni kanye nemvelo
Ucwaningo olwenziwe kuze kube manje nge-MCCP lukwenze kwacaca ukuthi lezi zinhlanganisela aziyona ingozi. Ucwaningo, kokubili elabhorethri nasemkhakheni, luxhumanisa ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kubuthi obuhlukahlukene:
- Ubuthi besibindi nezinso: Isibindi nezinso kusengozini enkulu yokunqwabelana kwalezi zinhlanganisela, ezingaphazamisa umsebenzi wazo.
- Izinkinga ze-endocrine: Kunobufakazi bokuthi i-MCCPs ingaphazamisa ibhalansi yehomoni, ithinte indlala yegilo nezinye izindlala.
- Ukulimala Kwezinzwa: Nakuba ucwaningo lusezigabeni zalo zokuqala, enye idatha iphakamisa imiphumela engase ibe khona ohlelweni lwezinzwa.
Ezingeni lemvelo, ukuphikelela kwemvelo yama-MCCP kusho ukuthi angakwazi ukuqongelela ezintweni eziphilayo, ahambe amabanga amade emoyeni nasemanzini, futhi aguqule wonke ama-ecosystem ngezindlela esingakaziqondi ngokugcwele. Ukufana kwabo kwesakhiwo nokuziphatha ne-PFAS-igama elibi eliteketiswa ngokuthi "amakhemikhali angunaphakade" - kuphakamisa ukwesaba ukuthi sibhekene nenye inkinga yemvelo ethuthuka kancane kodwa engenakuvinjelwa.
Indida yokulawula kanye nomphumela wokushintsha
Ukutholwa kwama-MCCP e-Oklahoma kuyibonisa kahle enye yezinkinga ezivame kakhulu ekulawuleni amakhemikhali: lokho okubizwa ngokuthi umphumela wokushintsha. Uma into ikhonjwa njengeyingozi futhi ikhawulelwe iziphathimandla, imboni ivamise ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ngokuphendukela kwenye inhlanganisela enesakhiwo esifanayo kodwa esingalawulwa.
U-Ellie Browne, uprofesa wamakhemikhali kanye nombhali-ndawonye wocwaningo, ukufingqa ngale ndlela: "Kuhlale kunemiphumela engahlosiwe yokulawula. Ukukhawulela into ethile akusiqedi isidingo semikhiqizo ebisetshenziswe kuyo, ngakho-ke bavele bafake enye into esikhundleni sayo."
Lo mjikelezo wokushintshwa okungapheli ubhebhezela lokho ososayensi abaningi abakubiza ngokuthi “umjaho wekati namagundane olawulayo.” Ubunkimbinkimbi obukhulayo bezinsimbi zokulinganisa—njenge-nitrate ionization mass spectrometer—buvumela ukutholwa kokungcola okucashile okukhulayo, kodwa ijubane okwakhiwa ngalo izinhlanganisela ezintsha futhi zihlakazwe lihlala lisesabekayo.
Izinyathelo zokuvimbela kanye nezinyathelo okufanele zilandelwe
Uma kubhekwa ubukhulu benselelo evezwa ama-MCCP kanye nokunye okunukubeza okuphikelelayo, ukuvimbela kufanele kusingathwe emikhakheni eminingana:
- Imikhawulo ekusetshenzisweni kwama-biosolids angcolile kwezolimo: Okwenzeka e-Oklahoma kungaba isibonelo kwezinye izifunda, kugqugquzele ukubuyekezwa kwezinqubo zezolimo kanye nokukhuthaza ezinye izindlela eziphephile.
- Umthethonqubo osebenzayo wamazwe ngamazwe nokazwelonke: Ukufakwa kwama-MCCP ezivumelwaneni ezinemikhawulo nemithetho kufanele kuhambisane nokuqapha kwesayensi okuzimele kanye nezikhathi zoshintsho zomkhakha wezimboni.
- Ukukhuthazwa kocwaningo lwemikhakha eminingi: Kubalulekile ukuqhubeka nokuqapha umoya, amanzi, nomhlabathi ukuze uqonde ukuguquguquka kwesikhashana nendawo kwalezi zinhlanganisela, kanye nezindlela zazo zobuthi.
- Ukuqwashisa umphakathi kanye nokukhuthaza imifelandawonye yezemvelo: Imizamo efana naleyo eyasungulwa e-Oklahoma (The Coalition for Sludge-Free Land) igcizelela amandla omphakathi okuphusha uguquko futhi afune ukuvikelwa kwemvelo okukhulu.
Iqhaza lesayensi nezinselelo zesikhathi esizayo
Uma ukutholakala kwama-MCCP e-Oklahoma kuye kwacaca noma yini, kungukuthi ukuqapha kwemvelo akumele neze kuxegiswe. Ngenxa yezindlela ezintsha, njengokulinganisa okuqhubekayo komoya wasemaphandleni kusetshenziswa i-spectrometry ethuthukisiwe, ukubukeka nokunyamalala kwezinto ezingcolisayo manje sekubhalwa phansi maduze nje.
Nokho, ukungabaza okufanelekile kusasele: Lezi zinhlanganisela zizoba namuphi umthelela esikhathini eside? Ukugxila kwazo kwehluka kanjani ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka? Imiphi imiphumela enayo empilweni yabantu nasezindaweni ezizungezile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi?
Kuphela ngesayensi eqinile, exhaswa futhi esekelwe izikhungo zomphakathi, lapho uzokwazi ukuphendula le mibuzo futhi uklame izinqubomgomo zokuvimbela ngempela. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamanyuvesi, izinhlaka zikahulumeni, izishayamthetho, nezimboni kuzoba ukhiye ekulindelweni kwezinkinga kunokusabela sekwephuzile.
Ukuhlaziywa kwezinhlanga ezahlukene, okukwazi ukuhlanganisa isayensi yamakhemikhali, i-toxicology, ezomnotho, kanye nesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu, kubonisa ukuphela kwendlela yokubhekana nezinselele zalolu hlobo.
Amanzi, umjikelezo wokungcola kanye nomthelela emvelweni
Nakuba ucwaningo lwalugxile emoyeni, inkinga ewumsuka ihlobene ngokuqondile nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi kanye nokuphathwa kwemfucuza emjikelezweni wezolimo nezimboni. Amanzi angcolile, ukulungiswa kodaka, kanye nokusetshenziswa okulandelayo kudala uchungechunge lwezenzakalo lapho umkhuba obonakala uzinzile ungaholela ekungcoleni okunzima ukukulawula.
Lesi simo asithinti nje kuphela indawo yezolimo nemfuyo, kodwa singaba nemiphumela yomhlaba wonke uma izinyathelo zingathathwa kusenesikhathi nangendlela edidiyelwe. Ukuhamba kwamanzi esikalini seplanethi, isibonelo, kukhonjiswe ukuthi kuyakwazi ukuguqula ngisho nokutsheka koMhlaba, njengoba ucwaningo lwakamuva lokumpompa amanzi angaphansi kwembula. Ngakho-ke, ukuphathwa kahle kwemfucuza kanye namanzi kuyisihluthulelo sokuvimbela imiphumela yobuthi ekubeni ibe nzima kakhulu.
Yazi indlela yezinto zamakhemikhali kanye Indawo yokugcina imfucuza ibalulekile ukuvimbela ezinye izinkinga, njengokukhuphuka kwamazinga olwandle noma izinguquko ezingalindelekile emijikelezweni ye-hydrological.
Ukuvikelwa kwe Imvelo kanye nempilo yabantu ngezikhathi "zekhemikhali yaphakade" Kudinga izenzo ezididiyelwe kanye nokulawulwa okusebenzayo, kanye nokuzibophezela kwezenhlalo nezemfundo.
