Okwakamuva ukuchitheka kukawoyela eGulf of Mexico Sekungenye yezigameko zemvelo ezibucayi kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje esifundeni, ngokugeleza kukawoyela obekulokhu kuhamba ogwini lwaseVeracruz naseTabasco futhi kubangele izingcingo phakathi kwabadobi, ososayensi kanye nezinhlangano zemvelo ezikhathazekile ngalokhu. ukungcola kolwandleLokho okwaqala njengemibiko ehlukene yetiyela emanetheni nasezikebheni kuye kwaholela ezibalweni ezingqubuzanayo, ukulandisa okungqubuzanayo, kanye nokukhathazeka okukhulayo ngomthelela walo wesikhathi eside.
Ngenkathi i- Uhulumeni waseMexico uyaqinisekisa ukuthi imizamo yokuvimbela kanye nokuhlanza iyaqhubeka.Amaqembu endawo kanye nezinhlangano ezizimele zigxeka iqiniso lokuthi umsuka wokuchitheka kukawoyela awukacaciswa, ukuthi ukuchitheka kungenzeka ukuthi kwaqala emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi kokuba kuvunyelwe ngokusemthethweni, nokuthi izindawo eziningi ezingcolile azikatholi ukunakekelwa okwanele. Lesi sigameko siphinde sigqamise ukuphepha kwemboni kawoyela eGulf kanye nobuthakathaka bezinto eziphilayo zayo, okuyinkinga ekwabelwana ngayo eYurophu, lapho lezi zinhlekelele ziqashwe khona eduze ngenxa yemiphumela yazo emizileni yokuthumela izimpahla, ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo okwabelwana ngazo, kanye nezinqubomgomo zamandla zomhlaba wonke.
Isikhathi sokuchitheka: kusukela emibikweni yokuqala kuya ekusetshenzisweni okusemthethweni
Izixwayiso zokuqala ezisemthethweni zavela ngomhlaka-1 MashiLokhu kwenzeka lapho abadobi kanye nemiphakathi yasogwini eningizimu yeVeracruz nasenyakatho yeTabasco beqala ukuthola itiyela emanetheni abo, ezikebheni, kanye nasogwini. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwalinganiselwa ukuthi indawo ethintekile yayihlanganisa cishe amakhilomitha angu-150 ogwini, kusukela endaweni yasePajapan (eVeracruz) kuya kumasipala waseParaíso (eTabasco), kanye nokuba khona kwama-hydrocarbon ezindaweni okungenani ezingu-16.
Ngosuku olulandelayo, mhla zi-2 kuNdasa, I-Pemex ikhiphe isitatimende ephika noma yikuphi ukuvuza. noma ukuchitheka okuvela ezikhungweni zayo. Le nkampani kahulumeni yaqhubeka nokuthi, ngemva kokuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe, yonke ingqalasizinda yayo esifundeni yayisebenza ngendlela evamile futhi ngaphandle kwezehlakalo ezibalulekile. Le nguqulo yayizobumba ingxenye enkulu yenkulumo esemthethweni emasontweni alandelayo.
NgoMashi 4, isimo saba sibi kakhulu lapho Ibala lafika e-Ostion Lagoon, ePajapanLe ndawo ibalulekile emiphakathini yabantu bomdabu efana ne-El Mangal ne-El Pescador. Izinhlangano ezingaphakathi kwe-Gulf of Mexico Reef Corridor Network zilinganisele ukuthi abantu abangaba ngu-14.000 abathembele ekudobeni nasezokuvakasha bangathinteka. Bebhekene nokusabela okuhamba kancane kwezikhungo, izakhamuzi ngokwazo zaqala ukususa itiyela emabhishi nasechibini.
Ngomhlaka-8 Mashi, ngemuva kwesonto lesimo esiphuthumayo, ukuchitheka kwase kusakazeke kwezinye izindawo. Amakhilomitha angama-230 ogwini futhi kwathinta izindawo ezingu-39. Ukuchitheka kukawoyela kwakuqhubekela enyakatho ngeVeracruz, kufinyelela ezindaweni ezifana neCatemaco, futhi izilwane ezifile zaqala ukubikwa: izimfudu, ama-manatee, izinhlanzi, izinyoni zasolwandle, kanye ama-sea otters Babonakala bembozwe ngamafutha ezindaweni ezahlukene ogwini lolwandle.
Imithwalo yemfanelo emoyeni: isikebhe sangasese, ukuchitheka kukawoyela kanye nokwehluleka kwengqalasizinda okungenzeka
NgoMashi 12, umbusi waseVeracruz, uRocío Nahle, washintsha ukugxila kwengxoxo ngokusola ukuchitheka kwezindaba umkhumbi wangasese oxhumene nenkampani kawoyela yangasese, ehlukanisa ngokusobala i-Pemex. Ngalolo suku olufanayo, i-Navy yaqalisa uhlelo lukazwelonke lwe-Contingency Plan for Hydrocarbon Spills, yize amaqembu kanye nabezemvelo bagxeka impendulo njengeyephuzile futhi ehlukene.
UMengameli uClaudia Sheinbaum ukhulume okokuqala ngqa ngoMashi 13, ethi I-Pemex kanye noMnyango Wezemvelo base bevele besebenzisana noHulumeni waseVeracruzfuthi kuthembisa ukucaca okukhulu. Noma kunjalo, izinhlangano ezifana neGreenpeace Mexico kanye neReef Corridor Network ngokwayo zithi ukuchitheka kungenzeka ukuthi kwaqala ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari, ngokusekelwe ezithombeni zesathelayithi ezibonisa ukuchitheka kukawoyela ngaphambilini ogwini lwaseCampeche Sound.
Ngesikhathi sengqungquthela yeqembu elihlanganisa imikhakha eyadalwa ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga, kwavezwa ukuthi ukuvuza kukawoyela negesi okubili (ukukhishwa kwemvelo kukawoyela negesi) Umkhumbi wangasese ukhonjwe njengomthombo oyinhloko we-hydrocarbon. Enye yalezi zindawo ezivuzayo ihambisana nezindawo lapho kutholakale khona ukuchitheka okuqhubekayo kusukela ngo-2023. Kodwa-ke, uNobhala Wezempi Yasemanzini ngokwakhe uvumile ukuthi ababhukudi basahlola amapulatifomu e-Pemex ukuze banqume ukuvuza engqalasizinda.
USheinbaum, owayekhiphe icala likaPemex ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zokuqala, kamuva wavula ithuba lokuthi Ukuchitheka kungase kuhlobane nokwehluleka kwezindawo zikawoyela.Ukungacaci kahle kokuthi kumane nje kuwukugeleza kwemvelo noma inkinga emapayipini nasemithombo ekhona kugcina impikiswano iphila, naphakathi kochwepheshe bezokuphepha kolwandle baseYurophu, abahlaziya leli cala njengesibonelo sengozi ehlobene nengqalasizinda yokuguga olwandle oluphakeme.
Idatha esemthethweni uma kuqhathaniswa nezikhalazo ezivela kuma-NGO kanye nemiphakathi yasendaweni
NgoMashi 19, iPemex yabika ukuthi Imizamo yokuhlanza ogwini lwaseVeracruz naseTabasco yaqedwa ngo-85%.Kodwa-ke, i-Reef Corridor Network kanye nezinye izinhlangano ziphendule ngokuthi le misebenzi yayigxile kakhulu emabhishi ezivakashi, inganaki izindawo zokudoba kanye nezindawo ezizwela imvelo.
Ngaleso sikhathi, amaqembu ezemvelo ayesevele ebika indawo ethintekile engaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-500Ukuchitheka kukawoyela kwafika eTamiahua, eTuxpan, naseCazones enyakatho yeVeracruz. Ezinsukwini kamuva, ngoMashi 23, iReef Corridor Network yalinganisela ubude bogu oluthintekile cishe ngamakhilomitha angu-630, ezindaweni ezingu-51 ezahlukene (ezingu-42 eVeracruz kanye nezingu-9 eTabasco). Uhulumeni, ngokwawo, wayesebenza ngezilinganiso eziphansi, cishe amakhilomitha angu-165 ogu oluthintekile ngqo.
Lokhu kungalingani kwedatha kwabonakala nakwabezindaba. Ngenkathi iziphathimandla zaseMexico zibize isithombe sesathelayithi esikhishwe yi-NGO ngokuthi “singamanga ngokusobala,” izinhlangano zivikele indlela yazo futhi zaxwayisa ngokuthi Sibona kuphela ingxenye yenkinga efinyelela phezulu nasemabhishiIzendlalelo ze-hydrocarbon zingaba nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene kakhulu, futhi ingxenye enkulu kawoyela ongahluziwe ingacwila noma incibilike ngaphandle kokushiya umkhondo obonakalayo ovela emkhathini.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ihhovisi likamongameli lamemezela ukudalwa kwe- iqembu lezifundo ezahlukene elinoProfepa, Asea, Pemex, Semarnat, Energy kanye neNavy ukuphenya kokubili imvelaphi yokuchitheka kanye nomthelela wako kwezemvelo nakwezenhlalo. Ihhovisi Lommeli Jikelele liphinde lathola isicelo esisemthethweni sokuvula uphenyo lobugebengu mayelana nobugebengu obungase bube khona kwezemvelo, ikakhulukazi ngokumelene nenkampani noma izinkampani ezibangela ukuchitheka.
Umthelela emphakathini: ukudoba kukhubazekile, ezokuvakasha ziyawohloka, kanye nemiphakathi esengozini
Ngemuva kwamamephu okudweba kanye nemibiko yobuchwepheshe kukhona izinkulungwane zemindeni eziphila ngokudoba ngobuciko, ukufuya izilwane zasemanzini kanye nokuvakasha ogwiniEmiphakathini eminingi yabantu bomdabu, inzalo yama-Afrika, kanye neyokudoba ogwini lwaseVeracruz naseTabasco, ukuchitheka kwegazi kusho ukuvalwa komthombo wabo oyinhloko wemali engenayo phakathi nesizini ephezulu yokudla kwasolwandle.
I-Reef Corridor Network ilinganisela ukuthi, emasontweni ambalwa okuqala kuphela, abanye Abantu abayi-14.000 bathinteke ngqo emnothweni waboIkakhulukazi komasipala abanjengoPajapan, Mecayapan, Tatahuicapan, kanye nendawo ezungeze iParaíso. Ezindaweni eziningana zalezi zindawo, izakhamuzi ngokwazo zihlele amaqembu okususa itiyela, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwemishini yokuzivikela eyanele noma ukuqeqeshwa, okubeka impilo yazo engozini.
Empeleni, abadobi abaningi kuye kwadingeka bashiye izikebhe zabo ogwini, kusukela Amanethi aphuma egcwele ama-hydrocarbon Futhi imakethe iyaqaphela izinhlanzi ezibanjwa ezindaweni eziseduze nokuchitheka. Ezokuvakasha emabhishi aseGulf nazo ziye zakhanselwa futhi zancipha ekubhukeni, isimo esijwayelekile kubantu baseYurophu ngemuva kwezigameko ezifana nokuchitheka kukawoyela ePrestige eGalicia, lapho inkumbulo yomthelela wezomnotho isaphila kakhulu kulo mkhakha.
I-Pemex imemezele i- uhlelo lokusekela olulinganiselwa cishe kuma-peso ayizigidi ezingu-35 Emiphakathini ethintekile, lokhu kuhlanganisa usizo oluqondile kubadobi, ukuqinisa izinsizakalo zezempilo, kanye nokunikezwa kukaphethiloli ukuze kwenziwe imizamo yokuhlanza. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zibheka lo mzamo njengomuhle, kodwa awenele uma ungahambisani nesinxephezelo sesikhathi eside, izinhlelo zokwehlukahluka kwezomnotho, kanye nokuqapha okuqhubekayo kwezokwelapha kulabo ababhekene nokuchitheka kukawoyela.
Izilwane zasolwandle kanye nezindawo zemvelo: isilonda esizothatha amashumi eminyaka ukuphola
Ngale kobuso, Lokhu kuchitheka kwamanzi kuhlasela kakhulu iSouthwest Gulf of Mexico Reef Corridor., enye yezindawo ezinezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle ezinkulu kakhulu esifundeni, futhi iqokomisa imiphumela yokungcoliswa kwamanziLo mhubhe usebenza "njengendawo yokugcina izilwane" yangempela yezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi, izilwane ezinamagobolondo nezinye izinto eziphilayo, futhi ukuwohloka kwawo kunemiphumela yochungechunge kuyo yonke indawo.
Amafutha afinyelela ogwini ayagqoka izinyoni zasolwandle, izimfudu, amahlengethwa kanye nama-manateeUma kwenzeka izinyoni, uwoyela ongahluziwe uphula ukuvimbela amanzi ezimpapheni zazo, okubangela ukulahlekelwa ukuntanta kanye nobunzima bokulawula izinga lokushisa lomzimba; lapho zizama ukuzihlanza, eziningi zidla izinto ezinobuthi ezilimaza izitho zangaphakathi. Ezilwaneni ezincelisayo zasolwandle, ukuphefumula umusi kanye nokuxhumana namehlo kanye nolwelwesi lwamafinyila kungaholela ezifweni, ubumpumputhe kanye nokudideka.
Nokho, umonakalo oqhubekayo kakhulu uyenzeka ku- amadwala e-coral, ama-mangrove kanye namaxhaphoziUma uwoyela ongahluziwe uhlala kuma-coral polyp noma ungena ezimpandeni ze-mangrove, uminyanisa impilo kusukela phansi kuya phezulu, okunciphisa ikhono lalezi zindawo zemvelo lokusebenza njengezindawo zokuphephela nezindawo zokuzalela. Lokhu konakala, okuvele kwabonwa ngemva kwezinhlekelele ezifana nokuchitheka kukawoyela e-Deepwater Horizon, kungahlala amashumi eminyaka.
Ochwepheshe bokubona kude bachaza ukuthi amanye amafutha afakwa kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "iqhwa lasolwandle": imfucumfucu ephilayo ewela phansi futhi ithwale ukungcolaNgale ndlela, i-hydrocarbon ifinyelela phansi kolwandle futhi ithinta imiphakathi yezinto eziphilayo ezijulile zolwandle, okunzima kakhulu ukuzifunda nokuzibuyisela. Imiphumela ayilinganiswa ngezinyanga noma iminyaka, kodwa ngezikali zesikhathi eside kakhulu.
Impikiswano ngokusobala, ukuqapha kanye nokuchitheka kwegazi okungapheli
Izinhlangano ezifana neGreenpeace Mexico kanye ne-Oceana zisola iSigungu Esiphezulu ngokubhekana ne- "Inkinga yokucaca" ekuphathweni kwemboni kawoyelaBayakhumbula ukuthi, phakathi kuka-2008 no-2024, i-Pemex ixhunyaniswe nezigameko ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane zokungcola kwama-hydrocarbon nokuthi ukuchitheka okuningana kwamuva nje e-Bay of Campeche kwasingathwa ngokubambezeleka kanye nolwazi oluncane lomphakathi.
Amacala angaphambilini, njenge U-Ek Balam uchitheka ngo-2023 Izigameko ezihlobene namapulatifomu afana ne-Akal-B kanye ne-Nohoch-A zembule ukungafani okukhulu phakathi kwezindawo ezithintekile ezilinganiswe ngamanyuvesi kanye nezinhlangano zasemkhathini kanye nezibalo ezisemthethweni. Kwezinye izimo, inkampani kahulumeni yazivuma lezi zigameko ezinyangeni kamuva, kanti kwezinye, yehlisa inani elalichithwe, okwadala ukungathembani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwemiphakathi yendawo kanye nochwepheshe.
Ngenxa yenkinga yamanje, iziphathimandla zimemezele ukudalwa kwe- "indawo yokugcina imvelo ehlala njalo" eGulf of MexicoNgokusekelwe ezinhlelweni zokuqapha ezikude, izithombe zesathelayithi, kanye namanethiwekhi ezinzwa, le divayisi yayizovumela ngokombono ukuthi kutholakale kusenesikhathi ukuchitheka okusha, kuthuthukiswe ukulandelela ukuchitheka kukawoyela, futhi kusebenze izindlela zokusabela ngokushesha—into ebhekwa njengebalulekile eYurophu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinemikhumbi emikhulu yamathangi.
Nokho, ososayensi baseMexico abebelokhu beqapha ukuchitheka kwamanzi iminyaka eminingi besebenzisa izinsiza zabo baphikelela ukuthi Kukhona isikweletu esingokomlando esikweletwa iGulf of MexicoBafuna ukuthi uhlelo lokuqapha lube lomphakathi ngokugcwele, oluqinile, futhi olunedatha evulekile, ukuze umphakathi wesayensi kanye nomphakathi bakwazi ukuqinisekisa ulwazi futhi bafake ingcindezi yokuvimbela ukwenziwa okujwayelekile kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukuchitheka okungapheli" - ukuvuza okuncane, okuphindaphindayo, okuthi, uma sekuhlanganisiwe, kumelele umthwalo omkhulu kakhulu wemvelo.
Nakuba ingxoxo igxile kubuchwepheshe kanye namasathelayithi, inkinga eyisisekelo isalokhu iyimbangela yenkinga: amamayela emithombo engasebenzi kanye namamayela amapayipi amadala okubangela usongo oluqhubekayo. Kwabaningi ochwepheshe, ukuphathwa kokudilizwa nokugcinwa kwale ngqalasizinda kufanele kuthole ukunakwa kanye nezinsizakusebenza eziningi njengokukhishwa kwayo, into ephikiswana ngayo nasezinkundleni zaseYurophu lapho kuhlaziywa khona izingozi zamapulatifomu okuguga eNorth Sea nakwezinye izizinda.
Inkinga yokuchitheka kukawoyela eGulf of Mexico, okwamanje, idale isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi: Amakhulu amakhilomitha ogwini athintekile, imiphakathi eminingi enezomnotho zayo ezilenga ngentambo, izimiso zemvelo ezibuthakathaka zibhekene nokucindezeleka okusha, kanye nenethiwekhi yezimboni ekhombisa izimpawu zokukhathalaUkuthunyelwa kwamaqembu okuhlanza kanye nokuqoqwa kwamathani angaphezu kwekhulu emfucuza kawoyela kuyizinyathelo ezidingekayo, kodwa inselele yangempela itholakala ekucaciseni umsuka wokuchitheka, ukuqinisekisa ukulungiswa okufanele, kanye nokusebenzisa uhlelo lokuqapha nokuvimbela ukuvimbela izigameko ezinjengalezi ukuthi zingaphinde zenzeke olwandle oluvele lunezibazi eziningi kakhulu.
