I-beaver ingenye yalezo zilwane okuthi uma ufunda kabanzi ngayo, ikumangaze kakhulu. Leli gundane elihlala emanzini amancane, elibhekwa njenge- igundane lesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni Ngemva kwe-capybara, ayigqami nje kuphela ngokubukeka kwayo okungavamile, inomsila obanzi, oyisicaba kanye nama-incisor amakhulu, kodwa futhi nekhono layo elimangalisayo lokushintsha indawo yayo. Akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi zaziwa ngokuthi "Onjiniyela bezinto eziphilayo"Zimbalwa izilwane ezincelisayo, ngaphandle kwabantu, ezikwazi ukuguqula indawo ezihlala kuyo kangaka.
Kuyo yonke le ndatshana sizoyichaza ngokuningiliziwe injani i-beaver?ukuthi idlani, ihlala kuphi, izala kanjani, nokuthi iyini indima eyidlalayo kwezemvelo kanye nasemlandweni wesintu. Uzobona ukuthi, ngemuva kwesithombe esithandekayo sesilwane esidla izingodo futhi sakhe amadamu, kukhona into ebalulekile empilweni yemifula, izindawo ezimanzi kanye namahlathi, kodwa futhi nohlobo oluthile, lapho lufakwa lapho lungafanele khona, olungadala izinkinga ezinkulu.
Izici ezijwayelekile ze-beaver: igundane elingavamile
Ama-beaver angowohlobo lwawo UCastorAmagundane angamalungu omndeni wakwaCastoridae kanye nohlelo lweRodentia. Ayizilwane ezincelisayo ezinegazi elifudumele ezinoboya, izindlala zebele, kanye nokukhula kombungu okuvamile kwezilwane ezinomgogodla ze-placenta. Nakuba kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka- Izinhlobo ezingama-2200Kunezinhlobo ezintathu kuphela ezaziwayo ze-beaver: i-beaver yaseYurophu (I-Castor fiber), i-beaver yaseMelika (UCastor canadensis) kanye ne-beaver kaKellogg (I-Castor californicus), lesi sakamuva sanyamalala kusukela ePleistocene.
Ngokuphathelene nobukhulu, ama-beaver ngokusobala ahamba phambili ohlwini lwamagundane: umuntu omdala uvame ukuba nesisindo esilingana nesisindo Ama-16 kilosNakuba amasampula anesisindo esifinyelela ku-40 kg aqoshiwe. Umzimba ulinganisa, ngokwesilinganiso, cishe ubude obungu-75 cm, kanye nomsila ongaba ngu-25 cm ubude kanye nobubanzi obungu-15 cm. Ukuphakama okulinganiselwe kungama-30 cm, yize la manani angahluka kuye ngohlobo, ubudala, kanye nezimo zemvelo.
Enye yezimpawu zayo yi- umsila oyisiyingi noyisicabaImbozwe ngama-scales amancane, anombala onxande, amnyama. Lesi sakhiwo asimboziwe ngoboya njengawo wonke umzimba, kodwa sisebenza njengesiqondisi lapho sibhukuda, sisiza ukugcina ibhalansi lapho simi ngemilenze yangemuva, futhi sisebenza njengendawo yokusekela lapho senza eminye imisebenzi yokwakha.
Uboya be-beaver bubaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi bucishe bawaqeda ezindaweni eziningi. izingqimba ezimbili ezihlukene zezinweleIngqimba yangaphakathi, eqinile, ethambile, nempunga, inikeza ukuvikela ukushisa kanye nokuvikela amanzi, kuyilapho ingqimba yangaphandle, ende, eqinile, futhi ensundu noma enombala onsundu, ivikela ingqimba yangaphakathi. Lokhu kuvikela kwemvelo kuzivumela ukuthi zikwazi ukumelana kahle namanzi abandayo kanye nezimo zezulu ezinzima.
Amazinyo angenye isici esibalulekile. Ama-beaver anawo izinsika ezine eziqinile kakhulu nezibukhaliIngaphambili lala mazinyo linombala ophuzi ogqamile ngenxa yokuba khona kwe-ferrihydrite ku-enamel, okuqinisa izinyo. Lawa ma-incisor akhula njalo kuyo yonke impilo yesilwane, ngakho-ke i-beaver "iphoqelekile" ukuququda njalo. Uma ingakwenzi lokho, amazinyo angaphezulu azogcina ebhoboze umhlathi ongezansi, kube nemiphumela ebulalayo.
Imilenze nayo ikhethekile kakhulu. Izitho zangemuva zikhethekile washaya izandlaIzidladla zangaphambili zilungele ukubhukuda, kanti izidladla zangaphambili zifana nezandla ezincane ezineminwe emihlanu ekhule kahle embozwe uboya obumnyama. Ngenxa yale nhlanganisela, zingabhukuda kahle futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ziphathe izingodo, amagatsha, udaka, namatshe ngokunemba okukhulu.
Ezingeni lezinzwa, ukubona akuyona indawo yabo enamandla emhlabeni, kodwa banayo ulwelwesi oluchazayoZinehlobo lweso lesithathu elibonakalayo elizivumela ukuthi zibone ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ziphinde zibe nokuzwa okuhle, iphunga, kanye nokuthinta. Uma zicwila, zingavala ikhala lazo kanye nezimbobo zezindlebe ukuze zivimbele amanzi ukuthi angangeni, futhi uhlelo lwazo lokuphefumula luzivumela ukuthi zihlale zicwiliswe emanzini. kufika cishe imizuzu eyishumi nanhlanu ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuphuma uyoshaya umoya ngaphandle.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, ubuchopho be-beaver buyi-lissencephalic, okusho ukuthi bunobuso obubushelelezi, kodwa bunobuso obufanayo. i-cortex yobuchopho iqine kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izigundane. Lokhu kulungiselelwa kuye kwahlotshaniswa nekhono lazo eliphezulu lokufunda, ukuhlela, kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga, okufaka isandla edumeleni lazo njengezilwane ezihlakaniphe kakhulu.
Izinhlobo ze-beaver kanye nomehluko phakathi kwazo
Ngaphakathi kohlobo UCastor Izinhlobo ezimbili eziphilayo zihlukaniswa ngokucacile: i-beaver yaseYurophu (I-Castor fiber) kanye ne-beaver yaseMelika (UCastor canadensisNaphezu kokufana kwazo okumangalisayo, ukuhlaziywa kwezakhi zofuzo kubonise ukuthi ziyizinhlobo ezihlukile, ezinomehluko wokwakheka kanye nokuziphatha, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, zine- inani elihlukile lama-chromosome (2n = 48 in C. fiber kanye no-2n = 40 in C. canadensisLokhu kungafani kwama-chromosome kubenza bangahambisani uma kukhulunywa ngokuzalana.
El I-beaver yaseYurophu Ihlala kakhulu ezindaweni ezibandayo zase-Eurasia, ikakhulukazi emazweni afana neRussia, iPoland, i-Ukraine, iBelarus, iKazakhstan, kanye nezifundazwe zaseScandinavia, yize ububanzi bayo bufinyelela eFrance ngisho naseMongolia. Incane kancane kunesihlobo sayo saseMelika futhi, amakhulu eminyaka, yayizingelwa kakhulu ngenxa yoboya bayo kanye ne-castereum, okwenze inani labantu bayo laba phansi emlandweni. Emazweni afana neSpain ne-United Kingdom, yafinyelela... ukushabalala endaweniNgenxa yezinhlelo zokuvikela nokubuyisela ezixhaswe yi-European Union kanye nezivumelwano ezifana ne-CITES, kulinganiselwa ukuthi namuhla inani labantu baseYurophu licishe libe ngu-600.000.
El I-beaver yaseMelikaI-squirrel, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iyigundane elikhulu kunawo wonke eNyakatho Nenkabazwe futhi inezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-25 ezaziwayo. Endle, ihlala ingxenye enkulu yeNyakatho Melika, kusukela e-Alaska kuya enyakatho yeMexico, yize ingekho ezihlane zaseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States, eFlorida, nasezindaweni zase-Arctic ezikude kakhulu. Iphinde yaziswa ngamabomu ezindaweni ezifana neScandinavian Peninsula, futhi, okuphikiswana kakhulu, eTierra del Fuego (Argentina naseChile). Namuhla, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kukhona phakathi 10 no 15 million ama-beaver aseMelika, angaphansi kakhulu kwezibalo zangaphambi kokuchuma okukhulu kwezentengiselwano zoboya, kodwa awabhekwa njengohlobo olusengozini.
Ilungu lesithathu lohlobo, I-beaver kaKellogg (I-Castor californicus, ebizwa nangokuthi Isisekeli se-CastorYaphila phakathi kwezikhathi zeMiocene nePleistocene entshonalanga yeNyakatho Melika. Yayifana ne-beaver yaseMelika, nayo yayihlala emanzini futhi inkulu ngobukhulu, futhi izinsalela zasendulo zaziwa ezifundazweni eziningana e-United States nasenyakatho yeMexico.
Kukhona umehluko omncane kodwa oqhubekayo phakathi kwe-beaver yaseYurophu neyaseMelika: ubukhulu bekhanda buncane kancane ku- C. fiber, the umgodi wekhala wekhanda Inesimo esingunxantathu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nesimo sesikwele somMelika, umsila uvame ukuba mncane kancane kwabaseYurophu futhi ubanzi kancane kwabaseMelika, futhi usayizi ojwayelekile wezingane uyahluka (izinjana ezimbili kuya kwezingu-3 ku C. fiber uma kuqhathaniswa no-3-4 ku C. canadensisNgaphezu kwalokho, ukwakhiwa kwedamu e-American beaver ngokuvamile kubhekwa njenge- okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi okuyinkimbinkimbifuthi lolu hlobo luncintisana kakhulu uma kuziwa ekuvikeleni indawo kanye nokusebenzisa izinsiza.
Ukuziphatha kanye nesakhiwo senhlalo sama-beaver
Ama-beaver avelele kakhulu emanzini emisebenzini yabo yansuku zonkeZigwema ukuhamba ezweni ngaphandle uma kudingeka ngempela, njengoba zihamba ngokukhululeka emanzini futhi zinethuba elingcono lokubalekela izilwane ezizingelayo. Zibhukuda ngokuyinhloko ngokuzihudula ngezinyawo zazo zangemuva ezinezintambo, kuyilapho zigcina amakhanda azo ngaphezu kwamanzi ukuze ziphefumule futhi ziqaphe indawo ezizungezile.
Ezingeni lomphakathi, bayakha amaqembu emindeni azinzileLa maqembu, aziwa ngokuthi amakoloni, ngokuvamile akhiwa umbhangqwana omdala oyedwa kanye nezingane zawo ezinonyaka owodwa noma emibili ubudala. Ezindaweni ezinokudla okuningi kanye nokuphazamiseka okuncane kwabantu, la maqembu angafinyelela ezinhlotsheni eziyishumi nambili. Imindeni emincane ingaphatha ngomgodi owodwa, kodwa emikhulu ivame ukudinga izindawo zokukhosela ezengeziwe kanye nezakhiwo.
Umsebenzi ekoloni uhlukaniswe kahle: abesilisa nabesifazane bayasebenzisana ekwakhiweni nasekulungisweni kwemigodi kanye nemigodi, kanye nasekuvikeleni indawo. Ngenkathi abantu abadala benakekela imisebenzi enzima kakhulu, intsha ifunda ngokubuka nokulingisa ukuziphatha kwabazali bayo kanye nodadewabo nodadewabo abadala.
Lezi zilwane zinendawo enkulu kakhulu. Zichitha amandla amakhulu ekwakheni izakhiwo nasekulungiseni indawo yazo, ngakho-ke ukufika komuntu ongamazi endaweni yazo kuvame ukubangela ukusabela. ukungqubuzana okukhulu kakhulu...futhi ezimweni eziningi, ngisho nokufa. Uhlelo oluyinhloko lokuhlonza abahlaseli umuzwa wabo wokuhogela: noma yiliphi iphunga elingajwayelekile liba yinto eza kuqala, futhi ikoloni ligxila emizamweni yalo yokuthola umthombo walo.
Ukuze baphawule indawo yabo, ama-beaver asebenzisa izimpawu zephunga Zenziwe ngengxube yodaka kanye ne-castereum, uketshezi olukhiqizwa ezindlaleni eduze kwesisekelo somsila, lezi zindunduma zephunga zibekwe emingceleni yendawo. Lapho inani lezimpawu likhula, kulapho ikoloni libonakala "linamandla" khona kwamanye ama-beaver. Ukuphawula kuyaqina ngesikhathi sokuzala (ngoJanuwari-Febhuwari ezinhlotsheni eziningi) nalapho amaphuphu eqala ukuhlakazeka, ngokuvamile ngasekupheleni kwehlobo.
Indawo yokuhlala yemvelo kanye nokusabalala kwe-beaver
Indawo evamile yokuhlala ye-beaver itholakala e- izindawo eziseduze kwemifula yemifula, imifudlana, amachibi namachibiikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezibandayo noma ezipholile. Bafuna imisele yamanzi enobubanzi obanele—ngokuvamile engaphezu kwemitha elilodwa—kanye nokutholakala kwezihlahla nezitshalo zasezindaweni eziseduze nezihlahla ukuze zondliwe futhi zakhiwe.
I-beaver yaseYurophu yayihlala cishe kulo lonke elase-Eurasia, kusukela eziQhingini zaseBrithani kuya eRussia, kufaka phakathi ingxenye enkulu yeNhlonhlo yase-Iberia esenyakatho (etholakala emifuleni efana neDuero ne-Ebro). Ukuzingela uboya bayo kanye ne-castereum kwaholela ekunyamalaleni kwayo emazweni amaningi, kanti bambalwa kuphela abasinda. i-nuclei encane ehlukanisiwe ezindaweni ezinamaxhaphozi zaseJalimane, eBelarus, eNorway, eRussia naseMongolia. Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, izinhlelo zokuvuselela nokuthutha ziye zaqaliswa eFrance, eBelgium, eSweden, eFinland, eJalimane, eScotland nakwezinye izindawo, ngempumelelo enkulu.
ESpain, leli cala liphikisana kakhulu. Ngemva kokubhekwa njengosekushabalale kusukela ngekhulu le-19, kwaqala ukutholakala iminonjana yama-beaver (izihlahla eziqunyiwe, izinyathelo, amaconsi, imigodi) eNavarre naseLa Rioja kusukela ngo-2005 kuqhubeke. Kwatholakala ukuthi iqembu lezemvelo lalinalo kukhishwa ngasese Ngo-2003, ama-beaver aseYurophu avela eBavaria atholakala emifuleni eminingana. Lesi sigameko sabangela impikiswano eshisayo phakathi kwalabo abavikela ukubuyiselwa kwawo ngenxa yezinzuzo zawo zemvelo kanye nalabo abaxwayisa ngemiphumela engaba khona ezinhlotsheni ezisengozini njenge-mink yaseYurophu. Ekugcineni, iKhomishini yaseYurophu yanquma ukuthi lolu hlobo lwalungaphandle kobubanzi balo bemvelo kulowo mongo othize, okwavula indlela yokuqothulwa kwalo kulezo zigodi zemifula.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kusukela ngo-1950 umsebenzi onzima uye wenziwa ku- Ukubuyiselwa kwama-beaver ase-Eurasia emigodini eyahlukene yemifula eFrance (evela kubantu abahlala eRhône engezansi), kanye nakwezinye izindawo eziphakathi nenyakatho yeYurophu. Njengamanje, ngaphandle kwePortugal ne-Italy, cishe wonke amazwe aseYurophu anezinhlelo zokulondolozwa nokubuyiselwa kwe-beaver, ebhekwa njengento ebalulekile yokubuyiselwa kwemifula.
ENyakatho Melika, i-American beaver isakazeke kabanzi. ECanada, ithatha cishe yonke indawo ngaphandle kwezindawo eziseduze ne-Arctic Ocean. E-United States, ikhona cishe kuzo zonke izifundazwe, ngaphandle kwezindawo eziwugwadule zaseNingizimu-ntshonalanga kanye ne-peninsula yaseFlorida, lapho izimo zingafaneleki khona. EMexico, ukuba khona kwayo kulinganiselwe kakhulu futhi igxile kakhulu e- izingxenye zeRio Grande noMfula iColorado, ezifundazweni ezifana neChihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas kanye neSonora.
Ukudla kwe-beaver: ukudla okudliwayo okudliwayo okusetshenziswe kahle kakhulu
Uma ubuzibuza ukuthi yini ngempela edliwa ama-beaver, impendulo icacile: ukudla kuqukethe utshani kuphelaLokhu kusho ukuthi zidla kuphela izinto zezitshalo. Naphezu kwemisipha yazo emangalisayo, azizona izilwane ezidla inyama futhi azidli izinhlanzi, njengoba kukholelwa ngezinye izikhathi.
Imenyu evamile ye-beaver ihlanganisa amagxolo, amagatsha athambile namaqabunga ezihlahla Bagawula imithi, kanye nezimpande neziqu zezitshalo zasemanzini. Bavame ukusebenzisa izinhlobo zezitshalo zasemanzini ezihluma kalula ngemva kokunqunywa. Endabeni yama-beaver aseYurophu, izihlahla ze-willow, i-birch, kanye ne-hazel zithandwa kakhulu, kuyilapho ama-beaver aseMelika ethanda izihlahla ze-willow, i-birch, i-poplar, izihlahla ze-cherry, ama-maple, kanye nama-alders, phakathi kwezinye.
Nakuba zinemithi eziyithandayo, ukudla kwangempela kwe-beaver kunqunywa kakhulu yi- ukutholakala kokudla kwesiziniNgamanye amazwi, azizidli ngokukhetha uma izinhlobo zazo ezizithandayo zimbalwa. Ogwini lwemifula namachibi, zisebenzisa cishe noma yiziphi izitshalo ezifanele, okuhlanganisa nezitshalo nezihlahlana ezikhula ezitshalweni, inqobo nje uma zinikeza i-fiber nezakhamzimba ezizidingayo.
Ingxenye ebalulekile yesu labo lokudla ihilela ukuhlela ubusika. Njengoba intwasahlobo nehlobo ziqhubeka, ama-beaver aqala qoqa izingodo ezigciniwe eduze kwendlu yabo yokuhlala. Basika amagatsha nezingodo ezincane, bazihudule noma bazithwale emanzini, bese bezicwilisa phansi kwechibi, eduze komunye weminyango eya endlini yokuhlala yama-beaver. Le "ndawo yokugcina izinto" engaphansi kwamanzi izobasiza ukuba badlule enkathini ebandayo lapho amanzi ebanda futhi ukufinyelela ezinsizeni ezintsha kulinganiselwe.
Uma bebeka inqwaba yabo, bavame ukubeka amagatsha aqinile phezulu kanye namagatsha amancane phansi ukuvimbela ukuthi amanzi angathwali izinto ezincane. Amanye amagatsha ahlala entanta kancane ngaphansi kwamanzi; lokhu, ngaphezu kokunikeza ukudla okutholakala kalula, Kuvimbela ukwakheka kweqhwa ngendlela ehlangene. kuleyo ndawo, kushiya indawo yokungena ngaphandle uma kudingeka.
Ukuzala kanye nomjikelezo wokuphila kwama-beaver
Ngokuvamile, ama-beaver, umfazi oyedwaBakha imibhangqwana eqinile ehlala ndawonye iminyaka eminingi. Uma ilungu elilodwa lombhangqwana lishona, osindile ngokuvamile ufuna umngane omusha ukuze aqhubeke nokukhulisa amathole esikhathini esizayo, njengoba ukunakekela amathole kudinga umzamo ohlangene wabazali bobabili.
Isikhathi sokuzala siyahlukahluka kancane kuye ngokuthi i-latitude ikuphi, kodwa izinhlobo eziningi ziqala ukuzala lapho iqhwa lasebusika lincibilikaLokhu kwenzeka cishe ngasekupheleni kobusika noma ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Lesi senzo singenzeka ngaphansi kwamanzi noma ogwini lwechibi noma umfula lapho umndeni uhlala khona. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha cishe izinsuku eziyikhulu, kanti insikazi ivame ukuzala amaphuphu amabili kuya kwamane ngomntwana ngamunye, yize kuye kwabhalwa amacala amakhulu amaphuphu afinyelela kwayi-9.
Abancane bazalwa benalo amehlo avulekile nomzimba ugcwele izinweleLokhu akuvamile ezinkondlweni eziningi, ezivame ukuba sezindaweni ezikude (zinqunu futhi ziyizimpumputhe). Emasontweni ambalwa okuqala, zihlala ngaphakathi emgodini, zinceliswa ngonina futhi zihamba nezingane zakubo ezivela ezilwaneni zangaphambilini, ezivame ukuba nonyaka owodwa ubudala. Izilwane ezineminyaka emibili ubudala, uma zihlala ekoloni, ziyasiza ngenkuthalo ekunakekeleni, ekuvikeleni, futhi kamuva, ziphakele izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa.
Ubaba udlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni indawo phakathi nalesi sikhathi. Nakuba eyesifazane igxile kakhulu enzalweni, eyesilisa kuqinisa ukuqapha izinhlobo zephungaUlungisa imisele futhi uvimbela abantu abangaba khona ukuba bangene. Ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa okuqala, umama uqala ukwengeza ubisi ngamaqabunga athambile kanye neminye imifino ethambile, kancane kancane ethula amaphuphu ekudleni kwalolu hlobo.
Ngonyaka wazo wokuqala wokuphila, izinhlanzi ezincane zithembele kakhulu kubazali bazo ukuze zithole ukudla nokufunda amakhono ayisisekelo: ukubhukuda ngokuzethemba, ukuqaphela izingozi, ukuhamba ohlelweni lwemisele namachibi, kanye nokujwayelana nenqubo yokusika nokuthutha amagatsha. ukuvuthwa ngokocansi Lesi sigaba sivame ukufinyelelwa cishe eminyakeni emibili. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, intsha eningi iyashiya ikoloni lemindeni yayo iyokwakha eyayo, ngokuvamile ibanga eliphakathi nendawo lapho yazalelwa khona.
Kodwa-ke, izici ezifana nokuntuleka kokudla, izikhathi zesomiso, noma ukuminyana kwabantu abaningi kungalibazisa ukuhlakazeka, njengoba kuphazamisa impumelelo yokusungula indawo entsha. Ngokuphathelene nokuphila isikhathi eside, endle zivame ukuhlala phakathi kweminyaka eyi-10 neyi-12, ngezinye izikhathi kuze kube yi-15, ngenkathi zithunjiwe. ukuthunjwa —ngokwesibonelo, ema-zoo noma ezindaweni zokuzalela— zingafinyelela iminyaka engu-20 ubudala kalula.
Izilwane ezidla ezinye kanye nezindlela zokuzivikela
Nakuba ama-beaver echitha isikhathi esiningi emanzini nasezindlini zawo zokuhlala, awayona indawo engenazo izinsongo. Endle, lawo ayinhloko izilwane ezidla ezinye zezinyosi Lezi zihlanganisa impisi, ibhere elinsundu, ibhere elimnyama, i-puma, i-wolverine, kanye nezilwane ezithile ezinkulu ezidla inyama njenge-lynx. Amathole namathole amancane yiwona asengozini kakhulu futhi ngezinye izikhathi angadliwa yizinyoni ezidla inyama noma ezinye izilwane ezincane ezidla inyama.
Umzila wabo wokuqala wokuzivikela uwukubona ingozi kusenesikhathi ngenxa yokuzwa kwabo kanye nomuzwa wokuhogela, kanye ukuxhumana ngaphakathi kwekoloniEsinye sezindlela zabo zokuziphatha ezivelele kakhulu "ukushaya ngomsila": lapho i-beaver ishaqeka ngenkathi isemanzini, izinika amandla okuphonsa phansi ngamandla ngomsila wayo, okwenza umsindo omkhulu noma ukushaya izandla phezu kwamanzi. Lo msindo uzwakala kahle kokubili ngaphezulu nangaphansi kwamanzi futhi ungazwakala ngisho namamitha ayi-100 ukusuka lapho.
Ngemva kwalesi signali ye-alamu, ama-beaver aseduze ayacwila ngokushesha futhi ahlale ecashile isikhashana ngaphambi kokuba aphinde avele. Lesi sixwayiso asisetshenziswa nje kuphela lapho kukhona izilwane ezidla ezinye kodwa futhi nasekuphenduleni imisindo noma iphunga elingajwayelekile. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ama-beaver asemancane avame ukusabela kangcono ezimpawini zabantu abadala, njengoba ama-beaver amancane esafunda ukuthi kufanele ashaye nini i-alamu, futhi ukushaya kwawo kwemisila kuhlukile kancane ngenxa yobukhulu bomsila wawo omncane.
Ubunjiniyela be-Beaver: amadamu, izindawo zokuhlala kanye nemisele
Uma kukhona into eyodwa echaza i-beaver, yikhono layo loku guqula indawo ngokwakhiwa kwamadamu, imigodi, kanye nemisele. Sekungamakhulu ezinkulungwane zeminyaka, ukuziphatha kwabo kuhlotshaniswa nokudalwa nokugcinwa kwezindawo ezimanzi, okuzuzisa izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane. Emehlweni omuntu, ukubona ugu lomfula olugcwele imithi egawuliwe kungase kubonakale kuyinhlekelele, kodwa ngokwezinga lemvelo, ngokuvamile kuphambene kakhulu.
Ama-dike aphakanyiswa ukuze ukunciphisa ukugeleza kwemifula nemifudlana futhi kwakha amachibi amanzi azolile. Ngale ndlela, ama-beaver avikeleka kangcono ezitheni ezingebona ababhukudi abahle, kwenza kube lula ukufinyelela ukudla okugcinwe ebusika, futhi anokujula okudingekayo ukuze angene futhi aphume ezindaweni zawo zokuhlala ngaphansi komgqa weqhwa ezindaweni ezibandayo.
Ukwakhiwa kwenziwa ngokuyinhloko ngezingodo, amagatsha, udaka, namatshe, abawathutha ngamazinyo abo kanye nezinzipho zabo zangaphambili. Ngokuvamile basebenza ebusuku, futhi banikeza ukugcinwa okuqhubekayo Bagcina ama-dike ngokuwaphakamisa, baqinise izindawo ezibuthakathaka, futhi balungise umonakalo ngemva kwezikhukhula noma iziphepho. Kwezinye izimo, bakha ama-dike esibili phezulu komfula ukuze banciphise amandla omthombo wamanzi ngaphambi kokuba ufike ku-dike eyinhloko.
Ukuma nobukhulu balezi zakhiwo kuyahlukahluka kuye ngesivinini sokugeleza kanye nendawo. Lapho amanzi egeleza khona ngamandla amancane, idamu livame ukuba liqonde kancane; ngokuphambene nalokho, emifudlaneni enamandla ivame ukusebenzisa i- ukugoba okuphinyisiwengohlangothi olugobile olubheke ugesi ukuze kusabalaliswe kangcono umfutho wamanzi. Nakuba ama-leve amaningi engadluli amamitha ayi-1,5 ukuphakama futhi angaba amamitha ama-3 ubukhulu phansi, kunezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu: enye yezindawo ezidumile kakhulu, eMontana, yafinyelela cishe amamitha angu-652 ubude, amamitha ama-4 ukuphakama kanye namamitha ayi-7 ububanzi phansi.
Ngokuphathelene nomgodi—obizwa nangokuthi indlu encane noma indlu yokuhlala ye-beaver—, iyisakhiwo esiyindilinga noma esinophahla esakhiwe ngamagatsha, umhlabathi, ukhula, notshani, esitholakala ngaphakathi kwechibi ngokwalo. Iminyango ihlala ingaphansi kobuso bamanzi, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukungena ezidlani zasemhlabeni. Ingaphakathi livame ukuba negumbi eliyinhloko, elingafika kumitha elilodwa ukuphakama, elinephansi ezingeni lamanzi futhi limbozwe umbhede owomile wezitshalo.
Kuvamile ukuba nezitezi ezimbili ekamelweni ukuvikela amazinga amanzi akhuphukayo, futhi ophahleni zishiya indawo encane kancane esebenza njenge indawo yokungenisa umoyaEkupheleni kwekwindla, ama-beaver amboza ingaphandle lendlu yokuhlala ngodaka olusha, oluqandisa emakhazeni asebusika futhi luqine njengedwala, luphendule isakhiwo sibe yinqaba yangempela.
Ngaphezu kwamadamu nezindawo zokuhlala, ama-beaver ayamba futhi anakekele iziteshi zamanzi Lezi ziteshi zixhumanisa ichibi nezindawo ezicebile ngezihlahla noma izitshalo. Ngenxa yalezi ziteshi, zingathutha izingodo ngokubhukuda, zigweme ukuhamba amabanga amade ezweni, lapho zihamba kancane futhi zisengozini enkulu. Lezi ziteshi ngokuvamile ziba cishe imitha elilodwa ububanzi kanye nemitha elilodwa ukujula, futhi zingafinyelela kumamitha ayikhulu noma ngaphezulu.
Umthelela wemvelo wama-beaver: izinzuzo nezinkinga
Ngokombono wezemvelo, i-beaver ibhekwa njenge- izinhlobo ze-keystone kanye nonjiniyela wezinto eziphilayoAmadamu ayo agcina amanzi, inhlabathi, nezinto eziphilayo, okudala izindawo ezimanzi ezikhulisa ukuhlukahluka kwezindawo zokuhlala, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo. Izakhamzimba ziqoqana emachibini akhiwe amadamu ayo, ondla ukukhula kwe-algae nezitshalo zasemanzini, okusekela ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezilwane ezingenamgogodla nezinhlanzi.
Izifundo ezenziwe ezindaweni ezifana neBavaria noma esifundeni sase-Eifel zibonise ukuthi izindawo ezingaphansi kwethonya lama-beaver ziyabhalisa izinhlobo eziningi zama-dragonflies, ama-amphibians, kanye nezinhlanzingokuvamile kuphinda kabili inani lezinhlobo zezinhlanzi futhi kwandiswe inani labantu ngamashumi amaningana uma kuqhathaniswa nezindawo zomfula ezingenazo ama-beaver. Izinyoni eziningi ezingavamile zithola izindawo ezintsha zokudla kanye nokwakha izidleke kulezi zindawo ezimanzi, futhi izilwane ezincelisayo ezifana ne-otter zisebenzisa kokubili izingodo ezisikiwe kanye nokudla okwandisiwe okutholakalayo.
Kuye kwaphawulwa nokuthi izindawo ezivulekile ezidalwe ukugawula imithi ziyavuleka izindawo zokuzingela zamalulwane adla izinambuzanelapho bethola khona izindawo ezintsha ezicebile ngezinambuzane. Esimweni sokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nesidingo sokuvuselela imifula kanye namaxhaphozi, indima ye-beaver njengomngani wemvelo iya ngokuya ibhekwa njengebalulekile, njengoba isiza ekunciphiseni izikhukhula, ukugcina amanzi ngezikhathi zesomiso, kanye nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yamanzi.
Ama-dishe ayo asebenza njengezihlungi zemvelo: amanzi afika egcwele inhlabathi, ama-nitrate, ama-phosphate, ama-herbicides kanye nezinye izinto ezingcolisa ezolimo ayancishiswa, kanti ingxenye enkulu yalezi zinhlanganisela ivaleleke emanzini. udaka oluphilayo olucebile nge-cellulose okuqongelela ngemuva kwedamu. Amabhaktheriya asendle asebenzisa i-cellulose njengomthombo wamandla futhi, kule nqubo, abambe i-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, angayiguqula ngokuyishintsha ibe yigesi ye-nitrogen, ekhishwa emoyeni. Ngale ndlela, ukugcwala kwezakhamzimba okuzokondla izimbali ze-algal ngokuya phansi kuyancishiswa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izindawo ezimanzi ezidalwe ama-beaver, lapho ekugcineni evalwa yi-sediment kanye nezinto eziphilayo, zibangela amadlelo avundile (amathafa ezikhukhula noma amaxhaphozi) ahlala utshani nezinye izitshalo zamadlelo. Lezi zindawo ziba yizindawo eziwusizo kakhulu zezilwane ezinkulu ezidla uhlaza njenge-moose futhi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izihlahla zasezindaweni eziseduze ziyazinza kabusha, okuvumela umjikelezo we-beaver ukuthi uphinde.
Kodwa-ke, wonke lo msebenzi unezinkinga zawo. ukukhukhula komhlaba wezolimo, ingqalasizinda, imigwaqo noma imizila yesitimelaLokhu kubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwezomnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezinye izimo, ukugawulwa kwezihlahla ezivuthiwe kungabhubhisa izindawo zokuhlala ezibalulekile zezinhlobo ezisengozini, njengoba kuye kwenzeka kwamanye amahlathi e-willow kanye ne-poplar ayeyisiphephelo se-mink yaseYurophu.
Uma umsebenzi we-beaver ungahambisani nokusetshenziswa komhlaba ngabantu, izixazululo zobuchwepheshe ezifana namadivayisi okulawula izinga lamanzi zingasetshenziswa. lungisa ukuphakama kwechibi ngaphandle kokudinga ukususa ngokuphelele udonga, noma ukuvikela izihlahla ezithile ngokugoqa iziqu zazo nge-wire mesh ukuze zingagaywa. Umbono womphakathi uvame ukugxila emonakalweni obonakalayo wesikhashana, kuyilapho izinzuzo zemvelo zisakazeka kakhulu futhi zibonakala esikhathini esiphakathi nesikhathi eside.
Ama-beaver ahlaselayo e-Tierra del Fuego: ikesi lencwadi yokufunda
Esinye sezibonelo ezaziwa kakhulu ze-beaver esaguqulwa saba Izinhlobo ezihlaselayo Yileyo eseTierra del Fuego, eyabelwana yi-Argentina neChile. Ngo-1946, uMnyango Wezempi Wasemanzini wase-Argentina ikhiphe cishe amabhangqa angu-25 e-American beaver enyakatho-mpumalanga yeLake Fagnano kanye naseMfuleni iClaro, ngomqondo wokudala inani labantu elilawulwayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe imboni yoboya esifundeni lapho kwakungekho khona izinhlobo ezifanayo ezingasetshenziswa.
Lokho okwakuhloswe ukuba kulawulwe kwaphela ngokushesha: njengoba kungekho zilwane eziyingozi zemvelo futhi endaweni enamahlathi, lezi zilwane zanda kakhulu. Ama-beaver alandela imifula, ahlala ingxenye enkulu yesiqhingi, kwathi ngo-1964, Bawela umngcele baya eChileNgokuhamba kwesikhathi bafika eSiqhingini saseNavarino, bawela iBeagle Channel, futhi amasampula atholakala ngisho nasenyakatho, eBrunswick Peninsula, okusho ukufinyelela ezwekazini laseNingizimu Melika.
Izilinganiso zabantu ziyahlukahluka, kodwa imithombo eminingi ikhombisa izibalo eziphakathi kwama-beaver angu-70.000 no-100.000 eziqhingini zaseTierra del Fuego, kanti ezinye izilinganiso zisikisela ukuthi inani lingafinyelela ku-200.000. Esiqhingini saseNavarino, isibonelo, kubalwe cishe ama-beaver angu-20.000. Imiphumela ehlathini lendabuko, ikakhulukazi e- lenga (uhlobo lwe-southern beech), lube lubi kakhulu, njengoba ngokungafani nemithi eminingi yaseNyakatho Melika, le mithi ayiphinde ihlume ezitshalweni ngemva kokunqunywa.
Ngenxa yalesi simo, iziphathimandla eChile nase-Argentina sezicabangele i-beaver njenge izinambuzane eziyingoziLokhu kugunyaze ukuzingela okujulile kanye nokuxhashazwa kwezikhumba nenyama ngokuhweba ngomzamo wokuvimba ukusabalala kwazo. Phakathi kuka-2004 no-2007, isibonelo, kwazingelwa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-11.000 eTierra del Fuego. Naphezu kwezivumelwano zamazwe amabili kanye nezinhlelo ezinkulu ezazicabanga ngisho nokuqothulwa okungenzeka ngo-2015, intuthuko iye yahamba kancane kakhulu, ngenxa yokushoda kwezinsizakusebenza, ukubambisana, futhi muva nje, umthelela wobhubhane lwe-COVID-19.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane ezisebenzisa amathuba, njenge-culpeo fox kanye ne-puma, ziye zavela futhi zafunda ukusebenzisa le nsiza entsha, kodwa umphumela wazo wokulawula ulinganiselwe. Icala lama-beaver eTierra del Fuego seliyisibonelo esiphawulekayo semiphumela emibi kakhulu ukwethula uhlobo olungaphandle kohlobo lwalo lwemvelo ngaphandle kokufunda ngokwanele uhlelo lokwamukela.
Ama-beaver nabantu: ukuzingela, isiko kanye nokusetshenziswa
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu nama-beaver budala futhi buqinile. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, uboya be-beaver Uboya be-beaver babungomunye wemikhiqizo eyayifunwa kakhulu kwezohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ikakhulukazi eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika. Ubuningi bayo, ukungangenwa kwamanzi, kanye nezakhiwo zayo zokuvikela kwenza kwaba yinto eluhlaza efanelekile yezigqoko nezingubo zangaphandle ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Ukuhweba ngoboya be-beaver kwadlala indima ebalulekile ekuhloleni nasekubunjweni kwezindawo ezinkulu zaseNyakatho Melika, kwaze kwaba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwezepolitiki kanye nomnotho eCanada nakwamanye amazwe ase-US.
Ngaphandle kwesikhumba, i-castoreum Uwoyela we-castor, okuwuketshezi olunamafutha oluvela ezinhlayiyeni ze-castor eziseduze kwezitho zokuzala, wawubaluleke kakhulu kwezokwelapha zendabuko. Wawusetshenziswa njengesidakamizwa sokudambisa ubuhlungu, sokulwa nokuvuvukala, sokulwa nokuvuvukala, kanye nesokulwa nokuvuvukala, futhi waze wahlotshaniswa nezakhiwo zokukhipha isisu kanye nemiphumela emihle yokulwa ne-dysmenorrhea. Ingxenye yomsebenzi wawo wezokwelapha ixhunywe ne-salicin evela emithini ye-willow lapho izinyoni zidla khona, eguqulwa emzimbeni ibe yi-salicylic acid, enomphumela ofana nowe-aspirin.
Emasikweni aseYurophu asendulo, i-beaver yayiyisihloko sazo zonke izinhlobo zezindaba kanye nezimpawu. Ezindaweni zokudla njenge-Aberdeen Bestiary, yayichazwa njengesilwane i-tae amasende ayo ayenezakhiwo zokwelaphaFuthi inganekwane yathandwa kakhulu yokuthi, lapho izingelwa abazingeli abanesithakazelo ngqo kulezo zitho zomzimba, i-beaver yayiziluma ukuze isindise impilo yayo. Kwaze kwathiwa, uma beyilandela okwesibili, yayizomane ibabonise ukuntuleka kwayo kwamasende bese abazingeli beyidedela.
I-Castoreum isetshenziswe nasekukhiqizeni amakha—njengento yokuqinisa amakha—futhi yasetshenziswa ngisho nasekukhiqizeni ezinye izinsini zokuhlafuna. Njengamanje, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kunqunyelwe kakhulu ngenxa yezizathu zenhlalakahle yezilwane kanye nokulondolozwa kwezinhlobo. Ngokuthakazelisayo, endle, ama-beaver asebenzisa i-castereum kokubili Maka indawo njengokungathi zigcoba uboya bazo emanzini nasezintuthweni zangaphandle.
Indima engokomfanekiso ye-beaver ivelele kakhulu eCanada, lapho iqashelwa khona ngokuthi isilwane kazwelonkeIvela ohlamvwini lwemali lwamasenti angu-5, esitembu sokuqala seposi esakhishwa emakoloni aseCanada ngo-1849, ezimpawini zezikhali zezifundazwe ezifana neManitoba, i-Alberta, neSaskatchewan, futhi ibilokhu iyisifanekiso semicimbi ebaluleke njengeMidlalo Yama-Olimpiki yaseMontreal ka-1976. E-United States, isifundazwe sase-Oregon saziwa ngokuthi "iBeaver State," futhi lesi silwane sivela kokubili efulegi laso kanye nasohlwini olusemthethweni lwezimpawu zesifundazwe.
Ngaphandle kwe-heraldry kanye nezimpawu zezikhali, isithombe sayo sokukhuthala kanye nendima yayo njengo "njiniyela" kuholele ekubeni i-beaver ibe i-mascot yamanyuvesi amaningana nezikhungo zobuchwepheshenjenge-MIT, iCaltech, i-University of Toronto, noma i-Oregon State University. Ekugcineni, amaqembu ezemidlalo abizwa ngokuthi “ama-Oregon State Beaver,” kanti abafundi ngokwabo baziwa ngokuthi “ama-Beaver.”
Emasikweni athandwayo anamuhla, ama-beaver avela ezincwadini ezifana ne-"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe" ka-C.S. Lewis, ochungechungeni lwezithombe ezinyakazayo ezifana ne-"The Angry Beavers" kanye ne-"Happy Tree Friends," ngisho nasemhlabeni wemidlalo yevidiyo kanye ne-anime enezidalwa eziphefumulelwe, njenge-Bibarel ku-franchise ye-Pokémon. Ku-Scouting, i-beaver inika neqembu lama-Scout igama layo. isigaba sokuqala senhlangano yama-scout emazweni amaningi, ahlanganisa abafana namantombazane abaneminyaka ephakathi kuka-6 no-8 ubudala.
Enye imininingwane ephawulekayo yisinqumo esingokomlando seSonto LamaKatolika eQuebec, ngekhulu le-17, sokuhlukanisa i-beaver "njengenhlanzi" ngenhloso yemithetho yokudla yeLenten. Ngokusekelwe ezimisweni ezihlanganisa ukwakheka komzimba nendlela yokuphila, kanye nokuthembela ekuchazeni umsebenzi kaThomas Aquinas, kwaphethwa ngokuthi inyama ye-beaver ingadliwa ngoLwesihlanu ngesikhathi seLente, into ezwakala ingavamile namuhla.
Ngemva kokubukeza lonke lolu lwazi, i-beaver iziveza njengesilwane esiyinkimbinkimbi ngokumangalisayo: a igundane elidla uhlaza elikwaziyo ukushintsha imifula namahlathiUkudla okusekelwe emagxolweni, amaqabunga nezitshalo zasemanzini kusekela indlela yokuphila ehlobene eduze namanzi; isilwane esincelisayo esinomphakathi, esinomfazi oyedwa futhi esiphila isikhathi eside, esinenhlangano yomndeni ebambisene; uhlobo oluyisisekelo oludala izindawo ezimanzi, oluvimbela izikhukhula futhi luthuthukise ikhwalithi yamanzi, kodwa olungaphandle kwendawo yalo yemvelo lungaba yinkathazo ebhubhisayo; futhi, njengokungathi lokho akwanele, umlingiswa othule wezindlela zokuhweba, izinganekwane, izinqumo zenkolo ezingavamile kanye nezimpawu zesizwe kuwo wonke umlando.
