Ukuhlola isiko lama-Wankarani e-Bolivia kusibuyisela emuva emsuka wempucuko ezindaweni eziphakeme zase-Andean. Nakuba ingekho phakathi kwamasiko aseNingizimu Melika adume kakhulu, ubudala bayo nokunotha kwayo kuyenza ibe isici esibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwesifunda kwezenhlalo, ezobuchwepheshe, nezenkolo. Ngohambo olubanzi nolunemininingwane, sizofunda mayelana neminikelo, izinqubo, kanye nezici ezikhethekile ezikuhlukanisayo, sihlanganise ulwazi olusekelwe ocwaningweni lwemivubukulo, imibhalo yesayensi, nama-akhawunti amasiko.
Ifa lesiko lama-Wankarani lihlala liyingxenye ebalulekile yobunikazi baseBolivia, elithonya inhlangano yezenhlalakahle, amasu ezolimo, nezinkolelo zabantu banamuhla. Lesi sihloko sicubungula yonke imininingwane eqoqwe emithonjeni engcono kakhulu, kusukela endaweni yayo, umnotho, kanye nezakhiwo zayo kuya ekubonakalisweni kwayo kobuciko, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nenkolo, ikhuluma ngisho nokutholwe kwemivubukulo okuthakazelisa kakhulu kanye nomthelela wokunyamalala kwayo.
Umongo wendawo kanye nomlando wesiko lama-Wankarani
Isiko lama-Wankarani lakhula phakathi kuka-2500 BC kanye no-200-400 AD, idlulele ezindaweni eziphakeme ezimaphakathi neBolivia, ikakhulukazi ezungeze i-Oruro, iLa Paz, nasenyakatho yeLake Poopó. Lesi sifunda, esinesimo sezulu esibandayo, esomile futhi esisendaweni engaphezu kwamamitha angu-3.800 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, sabeka inselele enkulu kubahlali baso, abakwazile ukusungula imiphakathi ezinzile, nezizimele.
Ukutholakala nocwaningo lwesayensi lwesiko lama-Wankarani kwaqala ngawo-1950., lapho umvubukuli waseBolivia uCarlos Ponce Sanginés ethola futhi echaza izinsalela zokuqala zamadolobhana, izitsha zobumba, izakhiwo, nezinto ezenziwe ngensimbi ezihlobene nale mpucuko. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, okungenani izindawo zemivubukulo eziyi-17 ezihlotshaniswa naleli siko ziye zabhalwa, nakuba ezinye izifundo ziphakamisa ukuba khona kwezinye eziningi okungenzeka zisangcwatshwa ngaphansi kothuli lwesikhathi.
Indawo kanye nesandiso sendawo
Insimu yaseWankarani yayihlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yethafa laseBolivia, kusukela eduze kweChibi iTiticaca kuya emathafeni ase-Oruro., izindawo zokuwela ezibonakala ngokuntuleka kwamanzi kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Naphezu kwalezi zinkathazo, amaWankarani akwazi ukwakha imizana ezindundumeni zokwenziwa naseduze nemithombo yamanzi, okwawavumela ukuba aqiniseke ukuthi aziphilela nezilwane zawo ezifuywayo.
Lezi mizi ngokuvamile ethulwa izindlu eziyindilinga ezakhiwe phezu kwezisekelo zamatshe nezindonga zodaka, zihlangene zizungeza izindunduma. Ngokwesibonelo, indawo yaseWankarani inendunduma ecishe ibe ngamamitha angu-75 ububanzi okwakhiwe kuyo inqwaba yezindlu zokuhlala. Ezinye izingosi, njenge-Kella-Kollu, zibonisa ubufakazi bezisekelo zamatshe ezizungezile amadolobhana, mhlawumbe ngezinjongo zokuvikela nokuhlukanisa imingcele yomphakathi.
Umnotho kanye nezindlela zokuphila: ezolimo nemfuyo njengezisekelo
Umnotho wesiko lamaWankarani wawuzungeza Ezolimo kanye nokudlisa amakamela ase-Andean, njengama- llama, ama-alpaca, futhi, ngokwezinga elincane, nama-vicuña. Lezi zilwane zaziyisihluthulelo, zihlinzeka ngenyama, uboya, nesikhumba, futhi zidlala indima ebalulekile nengokomfanekiso.
Kepha izitshalo, ama-Wankarani afuywa ngempumelelo izinhlobo ezinjengamazambane, iquinoa kanye ne-cañawa, ukuzivumelanisa nezimfuneko zesimo sezulu nenhlabathi yethafa eliphakeme. Kukhona nobufakazi bokukhiqizwa kommbila nezinye izilimo eziyizigaxa, nakuba kancane ngenxa yezimo zemvelo ezinzima.
Uhwebo phakathi kwemiphakathi lwalulinganiselwe kodwa lubalulekile, lusungula ubudlelwano bokushintshana nabanye abantu basezintabeni kanye nalabo abavela ezigodini ezingomakhelwane. Ngakho-ke ama-Wankarani afinyelela emithonjeni yezimbiwa phansi, i-obsidian, nezinsimbi, okubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwawo kwezobuchwepheshe.
Amasu ezolimo nokuphathwa kwemvelo
Inselele yokushoda kwamanzi nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi kwaholela amaWankarani ukuba athuthukise amasu okulima okudala.. Okuphawuleka kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwamasimu namasimu aphakeme, aziwa endaweni ngokuthi i-waru waru, okwakuwavumela ukuba alawule amanzi, avikele izitshalo eqhweni ebusuku, futhi andise ukusetshenziswa kwezakhi zomhlabathi eziyindlala.
Ukuphathwa kwamanzi kwakungenye impumelelo ephawulekayoBasebenzisa izinhlelo zokubamba nokugcina amanzi emvula, kanye namanzi entwasahlobo, ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala ngezikhathi ezomile. Lezi zindlela ezintsha zokuphatha ezolimo nezemvelo zaqinisekisa ukwanelisa ukudla futhi kwasebenza njengesibonelo kumasiko akamuva afana ne-Tiwanaku, eyafeza la masu.
Izici zezakhiwo nezedolobha
Esinye sezici ezihluke kakhulu zesiko le-Wankarani yilo uhlelo lokuhlala ezindundumeni ezincane zokwenziwaNgokungafani namanye amasiko ase-Andean angaleso sikhathi, i-Wankarani ayizange ithuthukise izikhungo ezinkulu zemikhosi noma amadolobha amakhulu; amadolobhana abo ayengowomphakathi ngokwemvelo, anezindawo zokuhlala ezihlelwe ngendlela efanayo.
Izindlu ngokuvamile zaziyisiyingi noma ziyi-oval., eyakhiwe ngezisekelo zamatshe, izindonga zensimbi nophahla olwenziwa ngezinto zezitshalo. Kutholwe ubufakazi obuncane bezakhiwo zenkolo noma zokuqondisa, okuphakamisa umphakathi ongenakho ukungalingani okukhulu noma izigaba ezimakiwe ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, nakuba abanye abacwaningi bathole izimpawu zokungahluka komphakathi okungaba khona.
Ngezinye izikhathi amadolobhana ayezungezwe izindonga zodaka noma amatshe., eyafeza imisebenzi yokuvikela nokuhlukanisa indawo, eqinisa umuzwa womphakathi nokuba yingxenye.
Ukubonakaliswa kwamasiko nezinkulumo zobuciko
Ceramics: malula kanye nokusebenza
Izitsha zobumba ze-Wankarani zigqama ngokusebenza kwazo kanye nokungabi bikho kwemihlobiso eyinkimbinkimbi.Kwakuyizicucu ze-monochromatic, ngokuvamile ezibomvu noma ezimnyama, ezinezindawo ezibushelelezi ezipholishwe nge-spatula. Imikhumbi yayinezimo ezilula kanye nemihlobiso evinjelwe ngokusekelwe emigqeni eqoshiwe noma imidwebo yejometri.
Lesi sitayela sisabela ezidingweni ezisetshenziswayo zokuphila kwansuku zonke, sizihlukanisa nezinto zobumba eziyinkimbinkimbi zamanye amasiko esimanje futhi sibonisa umphakathi ogxile ekusebenzeni nasekusetshenzisweni okungokoqobo, kunokubukisa noma ukunethezeka.
Umfanekiso wetshe: amakhanda abethelwe kanye nokuboniswa kwe-zoomorphic
Ukubaza kwamatshe kwakungesinye sezici ezivelele kakhulu zesiko lamaWankarani.Phakathi kwezinto ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu ezitholwe ngemivubukulo kukhona okuthiwa amakhanda ezinzipho zamatshe, emele ikakhulukazi ama-camelid ase-Andean, kodwa nezinye izilwane ezinjengama-pumas, izibankwa nezinyamazane zase-Andean ezaziwa ngokuthi i-taruca, manje esezinyamalele.
Amakhanda e-Camelid aqoshwe ngetshe lesanti elibomvu Ngokusobala zazisetshenziswa ezimweni zemikhosi noma zemicikilisho futhi zashumekwa emhlabathini nge-spike. Isitayela sezithombe sahlukahluka kusuka kumvelo kuya kwejiyomethri kuya kumafomu abstract, okuveza ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuthakazelisayo kobuciko.
I-Metallurgy: ukuphumelela kwethusi kanye ne-obsidian
I-Wankarani metallurgy yayiyingqophamlando ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe besifunda.Ukuncibilikiswa nokucutshungulwa kwethusi kuye kwabhalwa phansi, okuhlanganisa ukwenziwa kwezimbazo, amashizolo, imicibisholo nemikhonto, kusetshenziswa amasu athuthukile njengokuphonswa kwengcina elahlekile. AmaWankarani athola i-obsidian enkwalini efana neQuerimita, eyisebenzisela ukwenza amathuluzi okusika nezikhali.
Lezi zinto zensimbi nezamatshe azizange zibe nezinhloso ze-utilitarian kuphela kodwa futhi nezingokomfanekiso, ukuhlanganisa amasiko kanye nemicabango ehlangene yomphakathi.
Izindwangu: izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye namasu angaziwa
Naphezu kokuba esinye sezici ezingafundiwe kakhulu, izindwangu nazo beziyingxenye yempilo yamaWankarani.Uboya be-llamas nama-alpaca babusetshenziselwa ukwenza izindwangu nezingubo. Nakuba kuye kwasinda amasampula ambalwa, izinsalela ezitholakele zibonisa ukuthi zazinekhono eliyisisekelo lokuphotha kanye namasu okuluka avumelana nezimo zezulu zethafa eliphakeme.
Ukukhubazeka kwe-cranial: ubunikazi kanye nezimpawu
AmaWankarani asendulo ayewenza ukukhubazeka kwe-cranial ngamabomu ebuntwaneni, usebenzisa insimbi noma izindandatho ukuze ulungise isimo sogebhezi. Izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zilotshiwe: ukuguqulwa kwe-tubular (ugebhezi luhlehliselwe emuva) kanye ne-annular deformation (lubheke phezulu). Lezi zinqubo cishe bezinezisusa ezisuselwe kubunikazi, izigaba, noma zenkolo, okuqinisa umehluko phakathi kwamaqembu noma isimo phakathi komphakathi.
Inkolo: izinkolelo ze-animistic kanye nokukhulekelwa kwemvelo
Ubukhulu benkolo yesiko lama-Wankarani kuseyimpikiswano, kusukela Awekho amathempeli amakhulu noma izikhungo zemikhosi ezitholiweNokho, izithombe eziqoshiwe ezitholakele, ikakhulukazi amakhanda amakamela aqoshwe etsheni, kanye neminonjana yamasiko, asikisela ukuba khona inkolo ye-animist, exhunywe nezici zemvelo nokuzalaI-llama, ngenxa yendima yayo ebalulekile emnothweni kanye nempilo yansuku zonke, yayiqhutshwa ngokujulile futhi imelwe ubuciko bemikhosi.
Ezinye izinkolelo-mbono zikhomba ukuthi kungenzeka kube khona inkolo yamadlozi, eyenziwa ngokuqoshwa kwemifanekiso yabantu neyezilwane. Ukushoda kwezakhiwo zezenkolo ezinkulu kungase kubonise uhlelo lwezinkolelo oluhlukaniswe kakhulu noma olugxile ezindaweni zasekhaya nezasemphakathini.
Inhlangano yomphakathi kanye namandla omphakathi
Impilo yenhlalo yama-Wankarani yayigxile emiphakathini yezolimo eyanele, enendawo yasemakhaya nomndeni.Abukho ubufakazi bezigaba ezinkulu zezombangazwe noma zezenkolo, nakuba ukufana kwezindlu nezinye izinqubo zemingcwabo ziphakamisa ukwehlukana okuqalayo kwezenhlalo, okungenzeka phakathi kwabaholi, ochwepheshe, kanye nabanye abantu.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwamadolobhana bavezwa ngokushintshisana kwemikhiqizo, imishado, kanye nemisebenzi yemikhosi. Le nethiwekhi yokuxhumana yenza kube lula ukudluliswa kolwazi nokuphila endaweni eyinselelo enjalo.
Ukuqanjwa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe kanye neminikelo
Isiko lama-Wankarani lishiye ifa lobuchwepheshe elamukelwa futhi lapheleliswa abantu bakamuva.. Okuphawuleka kakhulu yilezi:
- Ukuphathwa kwezolimo ngokusebenzisa amasimu namasimu aphakanyisiwe, okwavumela ukukhiqizwa kwenhlabathi empofu nokuvikela izitshalo ezintweni ezimbi zemvelo.
- Ukuqoqwa kwamanzi kanye nezinhlelo zokuwagcina, okwakubalulekile ekuphileni ezindaweni ezomile zasezintabeni.
- I-copper metallurgy kanye nokusebenza kwe-obsidian, okwabangela ukuba kube namathuluzi nezikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi.
- Izakhiwo zasekhaya eziyindilinga, elenze ukusetshenziswa kwesikhala nezinto zasendaweni.
Le ntuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ayizange iqinisekise kuphela ukusinda, kodwa futhi ivune ukunwetshwa kwesiko lama-Wankarani kanye nomthelela walo emiphakathini efana ne-Tiwanaku kanye nama-Inca imbala.
Ubudlelwano kanye nomthelela kwamanye amasiko ase-Andean
Isiko lama-Wankarani libhekwa njengenye yezinkulumo zokuqala zenkathi yokwakheka yase-Andean, eyandulela impucuko eyaziwa kangcono njengeTiwanaku neChiripa. Ukuphakama kwayo kuphakathi kwekhulu le-13 BC kanye nekhulu lesi-2 AD, ngaphambi kokunqotshwa kancane kancane ekwandeni kwe-Tiwanaku, eyamunca futhi yahumusha kabusha imikhuba yayo eminingi nobuchwepheshe.
Nakuba kwakungekho ukubusa kombuso, i- Ithonya lama-Wankarani laqhubeka kwezobuciko, ezolimo kanye nenhlangano yezenhlalo. abantu basezinkangala, bekhombisa ukubaluleka kwamagalelo abo entuthukweni elandelayo.
Okutholakele kanye namamnyuziyamu abalulekile
I-Anthropological Museum yase-Oruro inezinye zezingcezu ezifanekisela kakhulu zesiko lama-Wankarani., okuhlanganisa izingebhezi ezikhubazekile, izithombe eziqoshiwe zamatshe, nezitsha zobumba ezitholwe ezindaweni ezifana neJiquilla, Uspa K'ollo, neSevaruyo. Ngenxa yalokhu okutholwe, kungenzeka ukwakha kabusha ukuthi izakhamuzi zasendulo zasezindaweni eziphakeme zaziphila, zazisebenza, zizizwa kanjani futhi zikholelwa kanjani.
Izifundo zemivubukulo zibhala ukuthi kukhona iziza ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili ezixhumene ngqo ne-Wankarani, kanye Imbondela yeCeramic ebonisa ukuphilisana nokushintshana phakathi kwamasiko e-Wankarani ne-Tiwanaku emakhulwini okuqala enkathi yethu.
Ukunyamalala kanye nefa lamanje
Isiko lama-Wankarani ekugcineni lanyamalala cishe ngekhulu lesi-2 noma lesi-3 AD, okuhambisana nokuhlanganiswa kokubusa kweTiwanaku esifundeni. Le nqubo ayizange ivele ngokuzumayo kodwa kancane kancane, yafakazelwa kokubili ekuphakameni okuphezulu kwezinto ezivubukula nasekuthatheni amasiko, ubuchwepheshe, nezitayela zobuciko izakhamuzi ezintsha zasezintabeni.
Nokho, ifa lakhe alilahlekanga. Amasu amaningi ezolimo, imiqondo yezakhiwo, nolwazi lokuphathwa kwezinsiza lusekhona emiphakathini yendabuko yesifunda sase-Andean. Ithonya lama-Wankarani libonakala emisebenzini yezandla yendawo, isiko lomlomo, kanye nenhlonipho ejulile ngemvelo ebonisa abantu basezindaweni eziphakeme. isiBolivia.