Ukuphathwa kwe-microbiota kanye nemithi yokugomela i-Salmonella ezinyonini

I-Salmonellosis ezinkukhu isibe ngesinye sezifo okuthi uma usebenza ekulimeni izinkukhu, wazi ukuthi ubhekene nazo. Awukwazi ukulahlekelwa ngisho nosuku olulodwaAkugcini nje ngokuphazamisa inhlalakahle kanye nokukhiqiza kwemihlambi, kodwa futhi kuyimbangela yempikiswano ngokuphepha kokudla, ukusetshenziswa kahle kwama-antibiotic kanye nezidingo zomthetho eziqinile.

Kulesi simo, i-binomial eyakhiwe yi- ukuphathwa kwe-intestinal microbiota kanye nezinhlelo zokugomela i-Salmonella Namuhla, ingenye yamathuluzi aqinile kakhulu okunciphisa ubungozi emapulazini nakuwo wonke uchungechunge lokudla. Isihluthulelo asikho esilinganisweni esisodwa esiyisimangaliso, kodwa ekuhlanganiseni imigomo, ukuphepha kwezinto eziphilayo, ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane, amanzi, ukudla, kanye namasu e-microbiological (ama-probiotic, ukukhishwa kokuncintisana, ama-prebiotic) ohlelweni oluhambisanayo noluqhubekayo.

Kuyini i-salmonellosis yezinyoni futhi kungani kuyinkathazo kangaka?

I-Salmonellosis ezinyonini ibangelwa izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-serotypes I-Salmonella entericaigciwane Ama-bacteria angenayo i-gram angabangela i-enteritis ebukhali noma engamahlalakhona kanye ne-septicemia Ezinkukhu, ama-turkey, kanye nezinkukhu ezizalela amaqanda. Kuye ngohlobo lwezinyoni kanye nobudala bazo, izimpawu zomtholampilo zingasukela ekuthelelekeni okungaphansi kwesifo kuya ekufeni okukhulu.

Ngale komthelela oqondile epulazini (ukukhuluphala okuncane, ukuguqulwa kokudla okubi kakhulu, ukwanda kokufa, ukubambezeleka ekuqaleni kokubeka amaqanda), inkinga yangempela ukuthi Ama-serotype amaningi e-Salmonella awanazo zonke izilwaneOkusho ukuthi, zingadluliselwa kubantu ngokudla inyama yenkukhu, izidumbu ezingcolisiwe, noma amaqanda nemikhiqizo yamaqanda.

Ngakho-ke, i-salmonellosis yezinyoni ibhekwa njengesifo esithathelwanayo. isifo esinomphumela oqinile wezempilo yomphakathiIzinhlelo zokulawula zikazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe (njengalezo ezisungulwe yiziphathimandla zezilwane nezinhlangano ezifana ne-OMSA/WOAH) zibeka imigomo yokunciphisa ukusabalala kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezizalisayo, izinkukhu ezizalelayo nezinkukhu ze-broiler, futhi zidinga ukuqapha okuqinile, ukusampula kanye nezinhlelo zokubika.

Isimo siyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa ukuvela nokusabalala kwezinhlobo ze-Salmonella ezingamelana namagciwaneLesi simo, esibangelwa ukusetshenziswa okunamandla nokungafanele kweminyaka eminingi kwemithi yokulwa namagciwane ezilwaneni nasemithini yabantu, siqinisa isidingo sokuthembela ekuvimbeleni, ekugomeni, nasekuphathweni kwe-microbiota, sigcinele ama-antibiotic izimo ezithile nangaphansi kwezindinganiso zezilwane eziqinile.

Ukufakwa kwamathumbu yiSalmonella: iphuzu elibalulekile lokuphepha kokudla

Umgudu wokugaya ukudla uwumthombo oyinhloko we-Salmonella ezinyonini, futhi ukwakheka kwayo kumelela ingozi eqondile ekuphepheni kokudla kwabathengiEmathunjini, amabhaktheriya angakhishwa endle, angcolise umbhede, indawo ezungezile, amaqanda (ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle) kanye nezidumbu ngesikhathi sokuhlatshwa.

Imithombo yokungcola ihlukahlukene kakhulu: izinambuzane, amanzi, ukudla, imibhede, izindawo zokufukamela, abafuyi, abasebenzi kanye nezilwane zasendleUma i-Salmonella ingena epulazini futhi ithola izimo ezinhle (ukungahlanzeki kahle, imibhede emanzi, ukucindezeleka, ukuba khona kwezinye izifo zamathumbu), kuba nzima kakhulu ukuyiqeda.

Ngakho-ke, isu lamanje ligxile ezisekelweni ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa: ukuvimbela ukungena nokusabalala kwamagciwane endaweni yokukhiqiza (ukuphepha kwezinto eziphilayo, ukuhlanza, ukubulala amagciwane, ukulawulwa kwe-vector) kanye ukwandisa ukumelana kwezinyoni ekukhuleni kwamathumbu (imijovo yokugoma, i-microbiota evikelayo, ukuphathwa kokucindezeleka kanye nempilo yamathumbu).

Imithombo engaba khona ye-Salmonella ochungechungeni lwezinkukhu

Ukuze ulawule ngempumelelo i-Salmonella, kubalulekile ukwazi umthombo wayo. imithombo engaba khona yokungcola kanye nokusabalala epulazini lezinkukhu zifaka:

• Izinambuzane (izinambuzane, izintwala zenkukhuizimbungulu zombhede, izimpukane).
• Amagundane.
• Izinyoni zasendle nezinye izilwane zasendle.
• Abantu (izisebenzi, izivakashi, abathuthi).
• Amanzi okuphuza.
• Ukudla nezinto zokusetshenziswa.
• Umbhede (omusha noma osetshenziswe kabusha).
• Izindawo zokuchamisela izinkukhu kanye nezindawo zokuzalela.

Phakathi kwabo bonke, kubhekwa ukuthi Abantu bangenye yezixhumanisi ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezokuphepha kwezinto eziphilayoUkuhamba kwezivakashi, ukusetshenziswa okungalungile kwezindawo zokugeza izinyawo kanye neshawa, izingubo nezicathulo ezingashintshiwe, noma ukuhamba phakathi kwezakhiwo ngaphandle kokuhlonipha amafasitela ahlanzekile kungangenisa noma kushukumise i-Salmonella buthule.

Ngakho-ke, kunconywa ukunciphisa ukuvakasha ngangokunokwenzeka. Sebenzisa izinqubo zokufinyelela eziqinile (izishawa, izingubo ezikhethekile, izicathulo ezihlanziwe ngamagciwane) bese usungula izifunda zomsebenzi ezigwema ukushintshela kusuka ezinhlotsheni ezincane kuya ezinhlotsheni ezindala noma kusuka ezindlini ezihlanzekile kuya ezindlini ezingcolile ngosuku olufanayo.

Amachwane angenawo ama-salmonella kanye nendima yokwakhiwa kwezidleke

Zonke izinhlelo ezingathi sína zokulwa ne-Salmonella ziqala phezulu kakhulu ephiramidi yokukhiqiza: imigqa emsulwa, ogogo nomkhulu, ogogo kanye nabafuyi bezentengiselwanoUma imihlambi ingagcinwa ingenaso i-Salmonella, ingcindezi yokutheleleka izoba phansi ezigabeni zakamuva.

Amasu aphezulu ephiramidi aqine kakhulu: ukuphepha okukhulu kwezinto eziphilayo, ukulawulwa kokuhlaziya okuqhubekayo kanye nokugoma okuhlelwe kahleInhloso eyinhloko ukuthi amaphuphu anosuku olulodwa afike emapulazini okuhweba angenazo i-Salmonella, ngoba iphuphu elisanda kuzalwa lingatheleleka ngemithamo ephansi kakhulu yokutheleleka, ngisho noma linesifo esisodwa.

Indawo yokuchamisela amaqanda ingenye yemithombo evame kakhulu yokusabalala kwawo. Uma imigomo yehluleka, amaqanda angcolisiwe noma angabulawanga magciwane ngendlela engafanele angaba izimoto ezinkulu ze-Salmonella eziya emapulaziniYingakho kubalulekile:

• Fudumeza amaqanda ahlanzekile kuphela avela ezinhlotsheni ezilawulwayo.
• Faka isibulali-magciwane esifanele ngaphambi kokungena ku-incubator.
• Gcina izinhlelo zokuhlanza nokubulala amagciwane ngokucophelela emathileyi, ezinqoleni, ezindaweni zokuchamisela kanye nasemakamelweni.
• Lawula ukugeleza kwabasebenzi nezinto zokwakha ukuze ugweme ukungcoliswa okuhlukahlukene.

Ukuphathwa kwezinambuzane: izimbungulu, izimpukane, namagundane

Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane akuyona inkinga yesibili: izinambuzane eziningi namagundane asebenza njenge I-vectors ephumelela kakhulu ye-Salmonella ngaphakathi naphakathi kwamapulaziUkungazinaki kuvula ithuba lokuphinda utheleleke naphezu kokuba nemithi yokugoma emihle kanye nemikhuba emihle yokuhlanza.

Imbungulu Yombhede (I-Alphitobius diaperinus)

Lesi sinambuzane, esivame kakhulu ekukhuluphaliseni nasekubekeni amashede, singakwazi ukugcina nokuthutha i-Salmonella isikhathi esideIyakwazi ukuphila izinsuku ezingaphezu kuka-400 futhi ihambe ibanga elingaphezu kuka-1,5 km, okwenza ibe yindawo efanelekile phakathi kwezindawo zokugcina impahla namapulazi uma ingalawulwa.

Izibungu zazo zicasha emifantwini, ezintweni eziphilayo, ekushiseni udonga, noma ngaphandle kwesakhiwo. Ngakho-ke, izinyathelo zokulawula zisebenza kahle kakhulu uma Umkhumbi awunalutho futhi awunazo izinyoni.ngoba kungenzeka ukwenza izinto ngamandla amakhulu nangokuphepha okukhulu.

Izinyathelo ngokuvamile zifaka:

• Susa wonke umbhede bese uwukhipha ngokushesha endaweni ebiyelwe, kungcono umbozwe ngepulasitiki.
• Geza umkhumbi kahle bese ubulala amagciwane kuzo zonke izindawo.
• Faka izibulala-zinambuzane ezisele phansi, ezindongeni, ezisekelweni zokudla kanye nomngcele wangaphandle.
• Zungezisa imindeni yamakhemikhali yemithi yokubulala izinambuzane minyaka yonke ukuze ugweme ukumelana nayo.

Izimpukane

Impukane yasendlini (I-Musca yasekhaya) ikhona ikakhulukazi ku imikhumbi yokubekaIsebenzisa izindawo ezinomswakama ze-guano kanye nezindawo ezinomswakama ezicebile ngezinto eziphilayo. Iqeda umjikelezo wayo wokuphila kusukela eqandeni kuya ekubeni mdala ngesonto elilodwa nje futhi ingandiza amakhilomitha amaningana iyofuna ukudla.

Ukulawula kuhilela nciphisa izindawo lapho izibungu zikhula khona (umswakama embhedeni, ukuqongelela kwe-guano, ukuchitheka kokudla) bese usebenzisa ukwelashwa okuvamile:

• Gcina imibhede nezindawo lapho i-guano iwa khona yomile.
• Yenza ukwelashwa okuqondisiwe noma okufakwe ama-nebulize ezindaweni ezinezimpukane eziningi kakhulu.
• Sebenzisa uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lokuphathwa kwezinambuzane, hhayi izenzo ezizimele ngaphandle kokuqhubeka.
• Zungezisa izibulala-zinambuzane njalo ngekota ukuze unciphise ingozi yokumelana nezinambuzane.

Ama-Rodents

Amagundane namagundane (ikakhulukazi i-rattus, Rattus norvegicus y Musculus) kukhona izindawo zokugcina amanzi nezakhi zokusabalalisa i-Salmonella ezaziwayo (bheka izifo zamagundaneUkuze uhlele uhlelo lokulawula olusebenza kahle ngempela, kubalulekile ukwazi i-biology yalo: ubukhulu, imikhuba yasebusuku, izindawo zokuhamba, izindawo zokuzalela, kanye nokuziphatha okusabela ezicuphweni.

Izinqubo ezijwayelekile zifaka:

• Susa ukhula, imfucumfucu yemishini nezinto ezingasetshenziswa ezinikeza indawo yokukhosela (bheka indlela yokuxosha amagundane).
• Hlola iziteshi zokudoba njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-7-14 bese uqopha umsebenzi wazo.
• Faka imithi yokubulala izinambuzane ewuketshezi kanye neqinile kungcono uma izakhiwo zingenalutho.
• Qinisekisa ukuthi izicupho zibekwe lapho amagundane ahlala khona futhi ahamba khona.
• Zungezisa imikhiqizo ngezikhathi ezithile.
• Ezimweni lapho i-Salmonella isakazeke khona kakhulu, hlaziya ukuthi yimaphi ama-serovar ahlukaniswe kumagundane avela emapulazini anenkinga.

Ukuhlanza imibhede, ukubulala amagciwane kanye nokuphathwa kwayo

Esinye sezisekelo zokulawula i-Salmonella ukusebenzisa inqubo yokuhlanza nokubulala amagciwane ehlelekile nephelele phakathi kwamaqoqo. Akwanele nje "ukusebenzisa umshini wokuwasha ocindezelayo"; ukuhleleka kanye nokukhethwa kwemikhiqizo kubalulekile.

Uhlelo olujwayelekile lomsebenzi Uma umkhumbi ungenalutho kungaba:

1. Beka izithiyo eziwuketshezi neziqinile zamagundane, usebenzise ithuba lokungabikho kwezinyoni.
2. Susa yonke imibhede noma umquba bese uwubeka endaweni efanele kude nepulazi.
3. Hlanza ngamanzi okokuqala (kungcono uma kushisa).
4. Faka insipho yokuhlanza ukuze ususe amafutha nezinto eziphilayo ezinamathele.
5. Hlanza futhi ngamanzi ashisayo.
6. Faka isibulali-magciwane esikhethiwe, uhloniphe umthamo, isikhathi sokuxhumana kanye nezinga lokushisa.
7. Okokugcina, faka izibulala-zinambuzane ukulawula noma yiziphi izinambuzane ezisele.

Uma ukhetha ama-disinfectants, kufanele ucabangele umphumela osele, ukusebenza kahle lapho kukhona izinto eziphilayo kanye namandla okugqwalaImikhiqizo eminingi inciphisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwayo uma kukhona izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo, yingakho kubalulekile ukugeza ngensipho kusengaphambili.

Ngokuphathelene nombhede, kuchaziwe Ukuba khona kwe-Salmonella ngisho nasezintweni ezintshaNgakho-ke, kuyalulekwa ukuthi:

• Hlola futhi uhlole abahlinzeki bemibhede.
• Buyekeza izimo zokugcina kanye nezokuthutha.
• Sebenzisa izindlela zokwelapha (isib. i-propionic acid noma i-6% formaldehyde) ukuze unciphise umthwalo wamagciwane.

Uma umbhede ususemkhunjini, Umswakama uba yinto ebalulekileIzindawo ezimanzi zandisa isikhathi sokusinda kwe-Salmonella, ngakho-ke kufanele zisuswe futhi zifakwe ezinye. Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokwelapha ezifaka i-acid (50% propionic acid, aluminium sulfate, sodium bisulfate, njll.) kusiza ukwehlisa i-pH yodoti ngaphansi kuka-4, okunciphisa kakhulu ukuphila kwamagciwane.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwandisa isikhathi sekhefu lokuhlanzeka phakathi kwamaqoqo kukhuthaza ukomiswa kwemibhede (uma isetshenziswa kabusha) kanye ngokwemvelo kunciphisa inani le-Salmonella osindile, ikakhulukazi uma kuhlanganiswa nomoya wokungenisa umoya, ukukhanya kwelanga okungaqondile, kanye nokushisa okwanele.

Amanzi okuphuza nokudla: izindlela ezimbili ezibalulekile

Amanzi okuphuza angaba ngasikhathi sinye Umthombo we-Salmonella kanye nendlela yokusabalala kwamagciwane kulo lonke isakhiwo. Ukuhlanza amanzi njalo (isibonelo, nge-chlorine, i-chlorine dioxide, noma ezinye izihlanzi ezigunyaziwe) kunciphisa kakhulu amathuba okutheleleka.

Kubalulekile ukuhlola okungenani kanye ngesonto ukuthi izinga lokubulala amagciwane ezindaweni zokusetshenziswa lanele, njengoba lingahluka kuye ngesivinini sokugeleza, izinga lokushisa, noma ikhwalithi yepayipi elikhulu noma amanzi omthombo. Kunconywa futhi ukuhlaziya ikhwalithi yezinto eziphilayo ngezikhathi ezithile lamanzi.

Uma umkhumbi ungenalutho, imigqa yamanzi kumele ibekwe ngaphansi kwamanzi ukuhlanza okujulileUkuhlanganisa imikhiqizo ehlukene (isibonelo, i-ammonia, kulandelwe yi-citric acid, bese kuba yi-chlorine, bese ekugcineni kuhlanjululwe ngamanzi ahlanzekile) kusiza ekuqedeni ama-biofilms kanye nemfucumfucu yemvelo lapho i-Salmonella nezinye izifo ezingaphephela khona.

Ngokuphathelene nokudla, umgomo uwukunikeza ukudla okufanele. Ayinayo i-Salmonella futhi ivikelwe ekungcolisweni yizinto eziphilayo ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza nokusabalalisa. Izinyathelo ezinconywayo zifaka:

• Khetha izinto zokusetshenziswa ezinobungozi obuphansi, unciphise ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo engaphansi kwezilwane.
• Hlaziya ngokuhlelekile izinto zokusetshenziswa eziyingozi kakhulu.
• Sebenzisa izindlela zokwelapha zokuhlanza, kungaba ngamakhemikhali (ama-organic acid) noma ukushisa (ukuhlanza).
• Vimbela ukungcola ezindaweni ezipholile, ezindlini zokugcina izinto, ezithutha izinto, nasezindaweni zokulayisha.

Ama-asidi e-organic asetshenziswa kakhulu yi-acetic, i-propionic kanye ne-formic, eyedwa noma ehlanganisiwe, ngamanani avame ukuba phakathi kuka-0,5 no-1%. Isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokuzisebenzisa ngokuvamile kuyisikhathi sokwamukela izinto zokusetshenziswa noma ku-mixer.noma ngokufutha phezu kwe-pellet esiqediwe, ukufuna ukunciphisa kokubili ukungcola kokuqala kanye nokusinda kwe-Salmonella uma kwenzeka i-retamine iphinda itholakale.

Ukugonyelwa i-Salmonella ezinkukhu

Ukugoma sekusungulwe njengenye yezindlela amathuluzi ayisisekelo ezinhlelweni zokulawula i-salmonellosis yezinyoniAkuthathi indawo yokuphepha kwe-biosecurity noma ukuhlanzeka, kodwa kwandisa ukusebenza kwazo futhi kuvumela ukuncipha kokusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic.

Umgomo wemigomo uwukuthi ukukhuthaza amasosha omzimba ezinyoni ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwakheka kwamathumbu kanye nokusabalala kwesistimu i-Salmonella. Lokhu kunciphisa ukuphuma kwendle, ukudluliselwa okuvundlile phakathi kwezinyoni, kanye nokungcola kwamaqanda nezidumbu.

Kukhona izinhlobo ezahlukene zemithi yokugoma:

• Imithi yokugoma ephilayo encishisiwe.
• Imithi yokugoma engasebenzi (amagciwane).
• Imithi yokugomela ephinde yahlanganiswa.
• Imithi yokugoma yeyunithi encane.

Ukukhetha uhlobo lomjovo kanye nesimiso sokuphathwa kwawo (ubudala, inani lemithamo, izikhawu) kuncike ku- uhlobo (abafuyi, izingqwembe, ama-broiler), izinga lengozi ye-Salmonella endaweni, kanye nezimo zokuphathwa kwepulazikanye nemithethonqubo esebenzayo ezweni ngalinye.

Imithi yokugoma ephilayo eguquliwe

Imithi yokugoma ephiliswayo ivame ukutholakala ku- I-Salmonella enterica i-serovar Gallinarum noma i-Typhimurium iguqulwe ngofuzo ukuze susa izici ezibangela ubuthi noma izindlela ezibalulekile ze-metabolic ekunamatheleni, ekungeneni, nasekusindeni ngaphakathi kwesithameli. Lokhu kuvumela izinhlobo zemithi yokugoma ukuthi zivuselele impendulo enamandla yomzimba ngaphandle kokubangela izifo.

Lokho ONGAKWENZI YILE MIGOMO:

• Abaguquli amaphuphu asebevele belungile abe yilawo angemahle.
• Azivimbeli ukudluliselwa kwe-transovarian ngeqanda.
• Aziqinisekisi ukuzivikela kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-serotype ezikhona.
• Azithathi indawo yemikhuba emihle yokuphepha kwemvelo kanye nokuphathwa kwayo.

Zinikeza izinzuzo ezicacile:

• Zinciphisa ukuphuma kwe-Salmonella endle, okunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo.
• Zivikela amaphuphu ezinsukwini zazo zokuqala zokuphila ngomphumela wokuncintisana wokungabandakanywa.
• Zivumela ukusetshenziswa kwazo ezinkukhu ze-broiler ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu.
• Zisebenza njengesikhuthazi ezinhlelweni zokugoma izinkukhu ezizalanayo nezizalelayo.
• Zinikeza izinga elithile lokuvikela ngokumelene nama-serotype ahlukene.

Le mithi yokugoma inikezwa ngemithamo elawulwayo, kusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezingezona ezibangela amagciwane nezilandelekayo. Indlela yokuphatha ingaba ngokufutha endaweni yokuchamisela noma epulazini, ngamanzi okuphuza, noma ngomjovo ongaphansi kwesikhumba.Futhi kuvamile ukudinga okungenani ukugonywa kanye ukuze kugcinwe izinga elihle lokuvikelwa.

Isu eliphumelelayo lihilela ukugoma kuqala ngomuthi wokugoma ophilayo kanye kamuva sebenzisa imikhiqizo yokukhishwa okuncintisanayoukuze ukwakheka kwamakoloni ngohlobo lomjovo kanye ne-microbiota evikelayo kushiya isikhala esincane sezinhlobo zasensimini. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ama-antibodies omama angaphazamisa ukwakheka kwamakoloni ngohlobo lomjovo phakathi namasonto okuqala okuphila.

Imithi yokugoma engasebenzi

Imithi yokugomela i-Salmonella engasebenzi yenziwe ngamabhaktheriya izithako ezinamafutha noma ezinamanziZingaba ezentengiselwano (ezinama-serotype athakazelisayo ngokujwayelekile) noma ezizimele (ezenziwe ngezinhlobo ezihlukaniswe ekuhlanganisweni noma esilaheni ngokwaso).

Ukunikezwa kwayo kudinga umjovo ngamunye, ngokuvamile kabili inyoni ngayinye, futhi umphumela wayo oyinhloko ukubangela impendulo eqinile ye-humoral (IgG)Zihlinzeka ngokuvikelwa okuqondile kuma-serotype noma ama-serogroup afakiwe ekwakhiweni kwawo, okunciphisa:

• Ukukhishwa kwendle ye-Salmonella.
• Ukudluliselwa ngeqanda.
• Ukuhlasela kwezitho zangaphakathi.

Kodwa-ke, ukuzivikela kwazo kungase kungambozi wonke umjikelezo wokukhiqiza, ikakhulukazi ezinkukhu ezizalela isikhathi eside, kanye Azikwazi njalo ukugcina isivikelo esiphezulu ezimweni ezicindezelayo noma lapho zinomthwalo ophezulu we-Salmonella Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-endotoxin akhona kwezinye izinhlobo ahlotshaniswa nesifo sesibindi esihambisana nokopha uma engaklanywanga futhi engafakwanga kahle.

Izinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe zabafuyi kanye nabezindlalelo

Izinyoni zisabela ngokulinganisela emithini yokugomela amagciwane, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile ziyadingeka ukusetshenziswa okuningana kwemithi yokugoma ephilayo nengasebenzi ukukhiqiza amasosha omzimba aqinile futhi ahlala isikhathi eside. Ngokuvamile:

• Imithi yokugoma ephilayo ikhuthaza kakhulu ukuzivikela kwamangqamuzana futhi ivikele ngesikhathi sokukhulisa.
• Imithi yokugoma engasebenzi iqinisa amasosha omzimba abuthakathaka futhi isize ekunciphiseni ukuphuma kwegazi kanye nokudluliselwa kwegciwane ngqo.
• Izinhlelo ezijwayelekile zifaka phakathi imithamo emi-2-3 yomjovo ophilayo kanye nemithamo emi-1-2 yomjovo ongasebenzi kubafuyi bezinkukhu kanye nezinkukhu ezizalelayo.
• Ama-bacterium azimele avumela ukufakwa ama-serotype athile atholakala ekuhlatshweniukuvumelanisa umuthi wokugoma neqiniso le-epidemiological lokuhlanganiswa.

Ukuphathwa kwe-Microbiota: ukukhishwa ngaphandle okuncintisanayo, ama-probiotic kanye nama-prebiotic

Ngaphandle kwemithi yokugoma, omunye wemisebenzi enamandla kakhulu yokulawula i-Salmonella yi- ukukhuthaza i-microbiota yamathumbu ezinzile futhi encintisanayo lokho kuvimbela ukusungulwa kwamagciwane. Ekugcineni, umgomo uwukuba amathumbu "ahlalwe" yizinambuzane ezizuzisayo ezincintisana ngokudla izakhamzimba kanye nama-receptor okunamathela.

Ukukhishwa ngaphandle kokuncintisana

Ukukhishwa ngaphandle kokuncintisana kungatholakala ngokusebenzisa:

• Amalungiselelo e-microflora evamile yamathumbu ezinyoni.
• Ama-probiotic athile (izingxube zamabhaktheriya anenzuzo).
• I-DFM (ama-microorganisms adliswa ngqo).

Amachwane asanda kuchanyuselwa asengozini enkulu ngoba amathumbu awo cishe awahlanzekile, ngakho-ke Isilinganiso esincane se-Salmonella singafakwa kalulaUkunikeza imikhiqizo yokuncintisana yokukhipha izinambuzane emahoreni noma ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuphila kusiza ekuthatheni ngokushesha leyo ndawo, kunciphisa ikhono lamagciwane lokuhlala ndawonye.

Akuyona yonke imikhiqizo emakethe enikeza izinga elifanayo lokuvikelwa, ngakho-ke kuyalulekwa ukuthembela ezifundweni zokuqhathanisa kanye nedatha yasensimini. Uma ikhethwe kahle, Zinciphisa kakhulu ukusabalala kanye nomthwalo we-Salmonella ku-ceca kanye nendle.

Ama-Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) kanye nemvubelo

I-Salmonella inamathela kumaseli e-epithelial yamathumbu ngezakhiwo ezithile. Ama-Mannan-oligosaccharides angama-carbohydrate anamandla okwenza ukuphazamisa lokho kunamathela kwebhaktheriya ku-epitheliumzisebenza “njengezinto zokuhuqa” lapho amabhaktheriya enamathela khona bese zisuswa kanye nendle.

I-MOS ingafakwa ekudleni noma emanzini okuphuza futhi ngokuvamile isetshenziswa njalo noma ngezikhathi zobungozi obukhulu. Okwamanje, imvubelo Ama-Saccharomyces boulardii, enikezwa njalo ku-feed, ikhombisile ukunciphisa umthwalo we-Salmonella ku-cecumUkusetshenziswa okuhlangene kwe-MOS kanye nemvubelo kunomphumela wokubambisana, kunciphisa ukwakheka kwamathumbu.

Ukusetshenziswa okuhlelekile kwama-antibiotic kanye nama-microbiota

Kulawo mazwe lapho imithetho ivumela khona, ama-antibiotic angasetshenziswa ngendlela eqondiwe futhi enamasu ukunciphisa noma ukuqeda inani le-Salmonella ngamaqembu amahle. Kodwa-ke, lesi sinqumo kumele senziwe ngokucophelela okukhulu, sihlola ingozi yokukhiqiza ukumelana futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi singaphansi komyalelo wezilwane.

Enye indlela engaba khona ukusebenzisa ukwelashwa ngama-antibiotic emanzini cishe izinsuku eziyisikhombisa futhi kamuva phatha umkhiqizo wokukhipha oncintisanayo Ngemva kwamahora angu-48-72 kokuphela kokwelashwa. Umgomo uwukubuyisela amathumbu ngokushesha nge-microbiota ewusizo, ukuvimbela ukuthi "angabi nalutho" futhi abe sengozini yokutheleleka kabusha yi-Salmonella noma ezinye izifo.

Uma i-microbiota ingaxazululwanga ngemva kokwelashwa ngama-antimicrobial, Izinyoni zithambekele kakhulu ekubuyiselweni emasiminiNgakho-ke, noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic kufanele kuhambisane nesu elicacile lokubuyisela izitshalo zamathumbu.

Ukuzila ukudla ngaphambi kokuhlatshwa, ukucindezeleka, nezinye izifo zamathumbu

Ukuzila ukudla ngaphambi komhlatshelo kuyinqubo edingekayo, kodwa uma kungaphathwa kahle kungenza kwandisa umthwalo we-Salmonella esilimo nasemathunjiniUkuzila ukudla ngokweqile kunciphisa ukumelana kwe-mucosa yamathumbu, kwandisa i-pH, futhi kukhuthaza ukubhoboza umbhede, okwandisa ingozi yokugwinywa ngamagciwane.

Ukuzila ukudla okungaba amahora angu-8 kubhekwa njengokuvumelana okunengqondo phakathi kokunciphisa okuqukethwe emathunjini nokungaphazamisi ubuqotho be-mucosal. Amanzi okuphuza aqukethe i-asidi engu-0,5% ye-lactic acid (noma amanye ama-organic acid agunyaziwe) phakathi namahora angu-72 ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa ekuhlatshweni kuye kwabonakala. ukunciphisa inani le-Salmonella esitsheni, okufaka isandla ekunciphiseni ukungcoliswa okuxubile endaweni yokuxhela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulimala kwamathumbu okubangelwa ezinye izifo ezifana ne-coccidiosis, i-necrotic enteritis noma i-mycotoxicosis (ama-aflatoxins, ubuthi be-T-2, njll.) kwenza kube lula ukudluliselwa kwamagciwane kuwo wonke ulwelwesi lwesisu (bheka izifo zezinyoni). Ukucindezeleka kokushisa, ukuntuleka kwamanzi noma ukudla, kanye nezimo eziminyene Futhi zandisa ukuthambekela kokungena emakoloni kanye nokukhishwa kwe-Salmonella.

Ukulawula lezi zifo, ukuqinisekisa induduzo enhle yokushisa, kanye nokunciphisa izimo ezicindezelayo kulo lonke umjikelezo wokukhiqiza konke kuyingxenye yesilinganiso esifanayo: ukugcina amathumbu asebenzayo kanye ne-microbiota ezinzile ukuvimbela ukusungulwa kokutheleleka.

Isu lokuvimbela nokulawula lomhlaba wonke

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwasensimini kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ezisemthethweni ziyavuma ukuthi ukulwa neSalmonella kumele kubhekiswe kuyo njengesifo isu eliphelele neliqhubekayohhayi njengochungechunge lwezinyathelo ezihlukanisiwe. Amanye amaphuzu abalulekile yile:

• Qinisekisa ukuthi izinyoni ziyangena emhlambini ezingenayo i-Salmonella.
• Qaphela ngokukhethekile amaphuphu angaphansi kwesonto elilodwa ubudala, njengoba esengozini kakhulu.
• Sebenzisa izinhlelo zokugoma ezihlanganisiwe (eziphilayo nezingasebenzi), ikakhulukazi ekuzaleni nasekubekeni izinkukhu.
• Sebenzisa izindlela eziqinile zokuphepha kwezinto eziphilayo, ukuhlanza, ukubulala amagciwane, kanye nokulawula izinambuzane namagundane.
• Phatha kahle amanzi, ukudla, kanye nezingubo zokulala, unciphise amathuba okuba i-Salmonella iphile futhi yande.
• Sebenzisa amathuluzi okuphatha ama-microbiota (ukukhipha ukuncintisana, ama-probiotic, ama-prebiotic) ngendlela efanele.
• Ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka nokuvimbela ezinye izifo zamathumbu ezenza buthaka umgoqo we-mucosal.
• Hlanganisa, esikhundleni sokushintsha, izindlela ezahlukene ezitholakalayo, kusukela Ukusebenzisana kwamathuluzi yikho okwenza umehluko ngempela.

Uma kwenziwa imizamo ehlanganisiwe mayelana ne-microbiota, ukugoma, ukuphepha kwezinto eziphilayo, ukuphathwa kwemvelo, kanye nokulawula uchungechunge lokudla namanzi, i-salmonellosis ayibe isalokhu iyingozi futhi iba yingozi elawulekayo, igcina Amapulazi anempilo, imikhiqizo ephephile, kanye nokusetshenziswa okuncane kwama-antibiotic ukuze kuzuze impilo yezilwane nabantu kanye nebhizinisi lezinkukhu uqobo.