Ukushisa namapulasitiki akuwenzi ipheya enhle.Futhi siya ngokuya sikuqaphela lokhu: njengoba amazinga okushisa enyuka, ama-polymer amaningi alulaza, akhipha ama-micro- kanye nama-nanoplastics, kanye nezithasiselo zamakhemikhali ezingagcina zisele ekudleni kwethu, eziphuzweni, nasemaphashini. Ngaphandle kokunambitheka okungajabulisi kwepulasitiki, inkinga yangempela ayibonakali futhi ithule.
I-thermostability yezinto zepulasitiki inquma ukuthi angakwazi yini ukumelana nokushisa ngaphandle kokuphula amaketanga e-polymer noma ukukhipha izinto. Uma ihluleka, kuvela izingcezwana ezincane futhi inhlanganisela efana nama-phthalates, ama-bisphenols, noma i-PFAS iyafuduka. Lesi simo sinakho imithelela engathi sína kwezempilo kanye nemvelo, ngoba lezi zinhlayiya zifinyelela imvelo, amaketanga okudla futhi, ekugcineni, nemizimba yethu.
Ukushisa + amapulasitiki: kungani kuyinhlanganisela embi
Lapho ipulasitiki ishisiswe ngaphezu kwalokho engakwazi ukumelana nayoAmaketanga abo e-polymer amade ayaphuka, okwenza kube lula ukukhululwa kwe-micro- kanye ne-nanoplastics, kanye nezithasiselo ezingeziwe ukuze zinikeze ukuguquguquka, ukuqina, umbala, noma obala. Le nqubo ishesha ezimweni zokushisa okuphezulu (imoto elangeni, i-microwave, umshini wokuwasha izitsha, noma amanzi abilayo) nanjengobudala bezinto ezibonakalayo.
Izithasiselo azizona "ukuhlobisa": ziyingxenye ebalulekile yomkhiqizoIzinkulungwane zezinto zisetshenziselwe ukuklama izici ezithile (kusuka ekumelaneni namabala kuya ebukhuni okwandayo), futhi ingxenye yazo ingathuthela ekudleni naseziphuzweni, ikakhulukazi uma kunokushisa, isikhathi eside sokuxhumana, noma izinto ezilimele.
Umphumela ukabiliNgakolunye uhlangothi, izingcezu zepulasitiki ezikhulayo zihlakazeka endaweni ezungezile; ngakolunye, inhlanganisela yamakhemikhali ingena phakathi kweziqukathi. Ekhaya, lokhu kwenzeka lapho iziqukathi ezingafanelekile zishiselwa kabusha noma amabhodlela ashiywe ezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu; endaweni yemvelo, kwenzeka okufanayo ngodoti ochayeke elangeni.
Ezindaweni ezibucayi njengezempilo nocwaningoUkuzinza okushisayo akungabazeki: ipulasitiki engazinzile ingaphazamisa ama-reagents futhi ibeke engozini ukunemba kokuxilonga. Ngakho-ke, amapulasitiki anophawu lwe-CE-IVD kufanele ahlangabezane nezidingo eziqinile zokuphepha, ezempilo, nokusebenza.
Ubuso obukhathaza kakhulu Akuyona i-anecdote yebhodlela elikhohliwe, kodwa ukuchayeka okungapheli kumithamo emincane phakathi neminyaka, ngoba siphila namapulasitiki kusukela ebuntwaneni futhi umzimba awunazo izindlela ezilula zokuqeda ama-micro and nanoplastics aqoqwe ezicutshini.
Ukusuka ku-micro kuya ku-nano: ukuthi yini abayikhululayo nokuthi bagcinaphi
Ama-Microplastics anesilinganiso esingaphansi kuka-5 mm Futhi ama-nanoplastics mancane kakhulu (angaphansi kwe-micron). Bakuyo yonke indawo: umoya wasendlini, uthuli lwasendlini, amanzi ompompi namanzi asemabhodleleni, usawoti, izithelo, imifino, ukudla kwasolwandle, inyama, ubisi lwebele, kanye nefomula yezingane. Ziphinde zivele uma uvula ikepisi yebhodlela, emicu yezingubo, noma kuma-microbeads amadala amancane.
Izithasiselo ezicashunwe kakhulu ngomthelela wazo ongaba khona kukhona i-BPA (i-bisphenol A, ehlotshaniswa namapulasitiki aqine kakhulu), ama-phthalates (okuvumelana nezimo) kanye ne-PFAS (akwazi ukumelana nokushisa, amafutha namabala, aziwa ngokuthi “amakhemikhali angunaphakade”). Nakuba imikhiqizo eminingi ikhangiswa "I-BPA mahhala", Ngezinye izikhathi zithathelwa indawo yizinhlanganisela ezifanayo njenge-BPS, iphrofayili yayo ye-toxicological nayo ekhathazayo.
Ukushisa kuphindaphinda ukukhishwaWonke umjikelezo wokugeza oshisayo, konke ukuchayeka elangeni, noma konke ukushisa kabusha kusheshisa ukufuduka kwakho kokubili izinhlayiya namakhemikhali, ngisho noma zingekho izinguquko ezibonakalayo emaphaketheni ngisho noma amanzi noma ukudla "kunganambithisi njengepulasitiki."
EmvelweniLezi zingcezu zitholwe kusukela esiqongweni se-Everest kuya eMariana Trench. Futhi okuphumayo ekugcineni kungena: umjikelezo uyindilinga, futhi amasistimu okwelapha amanje awagcini zonke izinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu.
Ukutadisha ubuthi bayo kuyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yokwehlukahlukana okukhulu kwama-polymer, izithasiselo, osayizi, kanye nokwakheka. Noma kunjalo, okutholakele okunqwabelene kukhomba emiphumeleni okungafanele ishaywe indiva kuyilapho isayensi ilungisa isithombe esiphelele.
Imizila yokuchayeka kanye nemiphumela yezempilo
Amasango amathathu amakhulu okungena Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukumunca (ukudla nesiphuzo), ukuhogela (umoya nothuli), futhi, ngokwezinga elincane, ukuchayeka esikhumbeni. Ngisho nama-fetus angavezwa nge-placenta, lapho izinhlayiya zepulasitiki sezivele zitholakele.
Ingxenye yezinhlayiya ezimunyiwe ziyakhishwa, kodwa imicu emincane kakhulu inganqamula umgoqo wamathumbu, ingene egazini, futhi iye ezithweni ezinjengesibindi, izinso, amaphaphu, ubende, ikholoni, ubuchopho, ngisho nezicubu zokuzala. Emaphashini, imicu emihle kakhulu ifinyelela ezindaweni ezijulile, futhi eminye iyakwazi ukuwela ingene egazini.
Imiphi imiphumela eye yabonwa? Emasikweni amaseli namamodeli ezilwane, izinhlayiya namakhemikhali ahlobene abopha nawo ukuvuvukala, ukucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative, ukulimala kwezicubu nokufa kwamangqamuzana. Ekubuyekezweni kobufakazi, ziye zaxhunyaniswa nokuphazamiseka kokuzivikela kwamathumbu emathunjini, ukungasebenzi kahle kwamaphaphu, ukuncipha kwekhwalithi yesidoda, kanye nokuphazamiseka okungenzeka kwamahomoni wesifazane. Kukhona nobufakazi bokuhlangana nomdlavuza othile (ikholoni namaphaphu), nakuba izifundo ezengeziwe zabantu zidingeka.
Ukukhulelwa nokukhula kwengane kungamafasitela abalulekileKutholwe ama-Microplastic ku-placentas kanye ne-meconium, futhi ukuchayeka kusenesikhathi ezithasiselweni ezifana ne-BPA nama-phthalates kuhlotshaniswa nengozi eyengeziwe yezinkinga ze-neurodevelopmental, ukukhuluphala, kanye ne-ADHD. Ngaphansi komgomo wokuzivikela, Ukunciphisa ukuchayeka kulezi zigaba kuyinto ehamba phambili.
Umgomo wokuqapha awukona ukuthukaKuwumqondo ojwayelekile nje wezempilo. Ngenkathi ucwaningo luqhubeka, kunezizathu ezanele zokukhawulela ukuthintana nemithombo egwemeka, ikakhulukazi lapho ukushisa kubaleka.
Uma kushisa: amabhodlela elangeni, izimoto namakhishi
Ukushiya ibhodlela emotweni ehlobo kuwumqondo omubi.. Ngaphakathi, amazinga okushisa adlula kalula ku-60-65 ° C, okusheshisa ukuwohloka kwepulasitiki kanye nokukhululwa kwezinhlayiya nezinhlanganisela. Nakuba amabhodlela amaningi enziwe nge-PET (ikhodi 1), eyenzelwe ukusetshenziswa okukodwa, ukushisa kanye nesikhathi kwandisa ukufuduka.
I-Antimony, esetshenziswa njenge-catalyst ku-PET, ingangena emanzini ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle. Imikhawulo yekhwalithi yamanzi okuphuza ye-antimony iphansi kakhulu (isb., e-EU cishe ama-micrograms angu-5 / ilitha), futhi izifundo ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezeleka okushisayo zibonisiwe. ukwanda ngokuchayeka isikhathi eside. Asikhulumi ngobuthi obuyingozi uma libalele, kodwa kunalokho umkhuba okufanele ugwenywe.
Ukufuduka akudingi "iphunga lepulasitiki"Lokhu kungenzeka ngaphandle kwanoma yiziphi izimpawu zezinzwa noma ukuwohloka okubonakalayo kwesiqukathi. Ngakho-ke, kungcono ukungawasebenzisi kabusha amabhodlela alahlwayo, ugweme ukuwabeka elangeni noma esiqwini esishisayo, futhi uwagcine emthunzini.
Ekhishini, i-microwave kanye nomshini wokuwasha izitsha Lezi izindawo ezimbili ezishisayo. Sebenzisa kuphela iziqukathi ezilebulwe ngokucacile njengesisefo se-microwave/umshini wokugeza izitsha; noma kunjalo, ukukhawulela isikhathi nezinga lokushisa kuyasiza. Uma isiqukathi singaphephile nge-microwave, ukushisa kusheshisa umonakalo nokuhamba kwezinto.
Iqhinga elisebenzayoUma ugcina ukudla okushisayo kupulasitiki ophephile, kuvumele kuphole kuqala; lokhu kuzonciphisa ukuthintana isikhathi eside namazinga okushisa aphezulu.
I-thermostability ebalulekile ekunakekelweni kwezempilo nasekuxilongweni
I-in vitro diagnostic medical devices (CE-IVD), ukuzinza kwamapulasitiki kubalulekile. Into engazinzile ingakhulula izinto eziphazamisa ama-reagents, iguqule amasignali, futhi ifake engozini ukwethembeka kokuhlolwa okubalulekile.
Imfuneko yokulawula kulo mkhakha Igcizelela isifundo esisebenza ekuphileni kwansuku zonke: uma ipulasitiki ingaklanyelwe lelo zinga lokushisa nokusetshenziswa, cishe izokwehlisa futhi ikhulule izinhlanganisela ezingathandeki.
Ipulasitiki okufanele igwenywe nendlela yokufunda amalebula
Akuwona wonke ama-polymers aziphatha ngendlela efanayo lapho eshiswa.Kubalulekile ukunciphisa ukuthintana okushisayo ne-PVC (ingakhulula ama-phthalates), i-PS (ingase ikhulule i-styrene), ne-PC (ingakhulula ama-bisphenols). Ukukhethwa kwempahla kubaluleke njengokusetshenziswa kwayo.
Quick Code GuideI-2 (HDPE), 4 (LDPE), kanye ne-5 (PP) ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengezinketho ezizinzile zokusetshenziswa kokudla; 1 (PET) ngeyokusetshenziswa kanye; I-7 iwumgqomo wengxubevange okufanele isetshenziswe kuphela uma icacisa i-PLA noma uphawu lweqabunga le-bioplastics elivuthwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo.
Ilebula ngelebulaBheka "okuphephile kokudla," "i-microwave-safe," kanye "nomshini wokuwasha izitsha ophephile" onamazinga okushisa. Uma ingekho ohlwini, cabanga ukuthi ayifakiwe. Futhi ngeziphuzo ezishisayo, gwema izinkomishi zepulasitiki ezilahlwayo noma nini lapho kunokwenzeka.
Ngaphandle kwephakhejiNciphisa ukuthintana namaphepha ashisayo (amarisidi), angase aqukathe ama-bisphenols; nciphisa ukudla okusemathinini, futhi uma usebenzisa ubisi lwezinsana, beka phambili ukupakishwa okungenayo i-bisphenol futhi ulungise ukudla ngokulandela iziqondiso eziphephile usebenzisa iziqukathi ezingenayo.
Ezinye izindlela eziphephile: ingilazi, izitsha zobumba nensimbi
Okokushisa, ukugcina nokuphuzaKhetha ingilazi, i-ceramic, noma insimbi engagqwali yebanga lokudla. Ziqinile, zisebenziseka kabusha, futhi azichithi. microplastics noma izithasiselo uma zishiswe ngendlela efanele.
Emgwaqeni nasemsebenziniLetha inkomishi yensimbi engagqwali noma i-thermos yekhofi netiye. Ngaphezu kokuthuthukisa impilo yakho, uzophinde wehlise udoti osetshenziswa kanye.
EkhayaBeka kuqala iziqukathi zengilazi eziphephile kuhhavini ne-microwave futhi usebenzise izivalo ze-silicone zekhwalithi ukuze zivalwe (ungazishisi uma zingaqinisekisiwe). Ukusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele kwandisa impilo yeziqukathi zakho futhi kunciphisa ukuchayeka.
EmotweniGcina amanzi emabhodleleni ensimbi noma engilazi futhi ugweme ukuwashiya ngaphakathi lapho imoto ishiswe ilanga. I-Logistics ibaluleke njengokukhethwa kwezinto.
Izinganekwane okufanele zingcwatshwe
- "Uma ingenayo i-BPA, isivele iphephile."Ingaqukatha ama-analogue afana ne-BPS anemiphumela efanayo; bheka ukusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe, ikhodi ye-polymer, nokufaneleka kokushisa.
- "Kuyingozi kuphela uma iphunga elingavamile noma likhubazekile."Ukufuduka kwenzeka ngaphandle kwezimpawu ezizwakalayo. Ukungabikho kwephunga akuqinisekisi ukungabikho kokudluliselwa.
- “Ukusebenzisa kabusha kuhlala kusiza iplanethi”Ukusebenzisa kabusha amabhodlela e-PET alahlwayo akusona isisombululo esimeme noma esiphephile; ezihlala isikhathi eside, izinhlelo ezisetshenziswa kaningi zingcono.
Ukukhiqiza, ukumosha kanye nezinqubomgomo zomphakathi
Ukukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki kuye kwanda kakhulu kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-50 (liphindaphindeke izikhathi ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili) futhi kulindeleke ukuthi licishe libe kathathu ngo-2060. Ngaphezu kwengxenye yawo wonke amapulasitiki emlandweni akhiqizwa kusukela ngo-2002.
Isimo sezulu sepulasitiki siyakhula, ngokukhuphuka kokukhishwa kwe-CO₂ ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kwayo, kanye nezinga lomhlaba jikelele lokugaywa kabusha elicishe libe ngu-9%, lingaphansi kakhulu kwelengilazi, iphepha, noma i-aluminium. Phakathi kuka-35-40% walokho okukhiqizwayo amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye, ingxenye ekhula ngokushesha.
Ama-Microplastic awasenayo imingceleAye atholakala eziqongweni zezintaba, ekujuleni kolwandle, futhi, kunjalo, emadolobheni ethu. Futhi okuphumayo ekugcineni kungena: umjikelezo uyindilinga, futhi amasistimu okwelapha amanje awagcini zonke izinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu.
Impendulo yezepolitiki iya phambiliAmazwe angaphezu kwe-100 agunyaze imikhawulo yokusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki okukodwa (izikhwama, utshani, izinto zokusika), kanti kuxoxiswana ngeSivumelwano Somhlaba Wonke Sepulasitiki ukuze kubhekwane nokukhiqizwa, ukubonakala kwamakhemikhali, kanye nokulawulwa kwemfucuza. "Isigaba semfucuza" -inqaba, nciphisa, sebenzisa kabusha, sebenzisa kabusha, futhi ekugcineni, ukhulume ngokungenakugwemeka - uyinkomba yesithenjwa.
Kusukela emkhakheni wezempilo Kudingeka izinyathelo eziphuthumayo: amapulasitiki angasetshenziswa kanye nasezibhedlela, imithetho eqinile emelene nama-micro and nanoplastics, ezinye izindlela eziphephile zokupakisha, izindwangu kanye nemikhiqizo yezolimo, kanye nolunye ucwaningo ngaphansi kwale ndlela. Impilo eyodwa.
Ulishintsha nini ibhodlela lakho lensimbi elisebenziseka kabusha
Nakuba ziyindlela ehlukile, nazo zidinga ukunakekelwa. Uma ubona noma yiziphi zalezi zimpawu, sekuyisikhathi sokuvuselela:
- Ukuguga kwangaphakathi noma imihuzuko: Ayisiphephelo samagciwane futhi angasheshisa ukuwohloka kwezinto.
- Ukunambitheka okungavamile noma iphunga: Uqaphela ukunambitheka kwensimbi noma okungajwayelekile naphezu kokuhlanza okufanele; lokhu kungase kubonise ukuwohloka.
- Ukushintsha umbala okuqhubekayo: Uma ingashabalali ngisho nangemva kokucwiliswa nokuxubha, futhi uma uphawu noma ikepisi imakiwe, kungcono ukuyishintsha.
Ukuhlanza nsuku zonke ngensipho namanziUkusebenzisa ibhulashi elithambile, elingaklwebheki kuzonweba impilo yesiqukathi futhi kuvimbele ama-biofilms angafuneki.
Ngale kwebhodlela: amasistimu angenayo ipulasitiki
Ukuqeda ukuncika emaphaketheni alahlwayo, inika amanani izixazululo ezixhunywe kugridi: okokusebenza okuphezulu kwe-osmosis ehlehlayo (enamazinga aphansi okunqatshwa nokuqapha ikhwalithi), izigaba ezilungisa i-pH uma uthanda, imithombo yamanzi ashisayo/abandayo yamahhovisi nemizi, kanye namajeneretha e-ozone okuhlanza ngaphandle kwamakhemikhali.
Lezi zindlela ezihlukile zinciphisa imfucuzaZikhawulela ukuchayeka ezithasiselweni zokupakisha futhi zenza kube lula ukusetshenziswa okuzinzile. Zidinga ukunakekelwa okufanele, kodwa zinikeza amanzi ekhwalithi ngaphandle kwamabhodlela noma izinto zokuhamba.
Khetha kahle impahla, gwema ukushisa lapho kungafaneleki futhi ukukhetha izixazululo ezisebenziseka kabusha nezingasebenzi kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokunciphisa ukuchayeka kwethu kuma-microplastic kanye nezithasiselo, kuyilapho sinciphisa ingcindezi yemvelo evela kumapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye.
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