Emhlabeni wonke, i- ukuvuselelwa kwehlathi Ukubuyiselwa kwamahlathi sekuyinto ehamba phambili ukuze kunqandwe ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kusimamise isimo sezulu, futhi kubuyiselwe impilo ezindaweni eziwohlokile. Nakuba sivame ukucabanga ngamaqembu atshala izihlahla, kunezindlela eziningi zokubuyisela ihlathi, kusukela ekuvuseleleni imvelo kuya ekutshalweni kabusha kwamahlathi okuhleliwe kusetshenziswa amasu akhethekile emvelo.
Okubalulekile wukwazi iyiphi indlela esebenza kangcono endaweni ngayinye, ngesilinganiso esingakanani imvelo izibuyisela yona ngokwayo, futhi uma kufaneleka ukungenelela ekuhlwanyeleni noma ekutshaleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, impumelelo ayisancikile emsebenzini wasensimini kuphela: namuhla singakwazi qapha ukuziphendukela kwemvelo zezitezi zehlathi elisha ezinezithombe zesathelayithi nezinkomba zezitshalo ezinikeza isixwayiso kusenesikhathi uma kukhona okungahambi kahle.
Sisho ukuthini ngokuvuselelwa kwehlathi futhi kungani kudingekile?
Uma sikhuluma ngokuvuselelwa, sibhekisela enqubweni lapho indawo iphinde yambozwa izihlahla nezimila zendabuko, ngokwemvelo noma ngosizo lomuntu. Ukutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuhlanganisa tshala kabusha izihlahla ezindaweni ezilahlekelwe yizo, ngenxa yokugawulwa kwemithi, imililo, noma eminye imithelela. Ukuzala kabusha nokutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi kusetshenziselwa izizathu ezihlukahlukene: ukubuyisela izindawo ngemva kokuvunwa kwezingodo, ukulungisa umonakalo emva kwezinhlekelele zemvelo, ukunxephezela ukusetshenziswa kwenhlabathi engakazalwa, ukuvuselela izitendi zokuguga noma ukugcina ukuzinza kwe-ecosystem.
Izihlahla zisekela inhlabathi, zivikela izitshalo namakhaya emoyeni, zisimamise osebeni lwemifula nezingu futhi zihlinzeke indawo yokuhlala yezinhlobo ezihlukileEzindaweni ezonakele, ukubuyisela ukumboza kwezihlahla kusiza ukuguguleka kancane kanye nogwadule. Ngisho nalapho kungakaze kube khona inhlekelele yakamuva, ukuqinisa ikhava yehlathi kwandisa ingozi eziphilayo futhi ithuthukisa ukuqina kwezwe ukuze kube nesomiso noma iziphepho.
Nakuba kunezibophezelo zomhlaba wonke zokumisa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi—ngokwesibonelo, iSimemezelo SaseNew York Samahlathi (2014) sazama uhhafu ukulahleka kwehlathi ngo-2020 futhi kumiswe ngo-2030-empeleni, ukucindezela akuzange kunciphe, futhi kwezinye izikhathi, izinga lonyaka liye lenyuka. Kulo mongo, ihektha ngalinye esikwazile ukulikhiqiza kabusha libalwa, futhi kuningi.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi akuyona yonke into engalungiswa ngamasimu amakhulu: kunezimo lapho into ehlakaniphe kakhulu ongayenza ingu ihlathi malibuye ngokwalo Futhi, uma kunesidingo, nikeza isandla ngokususa izithiyo ekukhuleni kabusha kwemvelo. Kwezinye izindawo, lapho inhlabathi iphazamiseke kakhulu noma ingekho imithombo yembewu, kuyodingeka isinyathelo esinamandla.
Okokugcina, ukuvuselelwa akukhona nje ukutshala izihlahla ngenjongo yokutshala: umgomo omkhulu uwukumisa kabusha. isakhiwo kanye nokusebenza kwemvelo yehlathi, ukuze iphinde inikeze amanzi ahlanzekile, inhlabathi evundile nendawo yokuhlala yezilwane zasendle, ngaphezu kwalokho izimpahla namasevisi emiphakathi.
Izindlela zokuvuselela: ezemvelo, ezisizwayo nezokwenziwa
Ngokuvamile, kunezindlela ezintathu: ukuvuselelwa kwemvelo, ukuvuselelwa kwemvelo okusiziwe (ANR), kanye nokugcwala kwabantu okwenziwayo. Ekuvuselelweni kwemvelo, i-ecosystem ngokwayo iphinda igcwalise indawo ngembewu evela emvelweni kanye namahlumela ezimpande, ngaphandle kokungenelela. Ihamba kancane, kodwa iyigugu kakhulu uma ikhona izinsalela zehlathi ucingo kanye nebhange lembewu emhlabathini.
Ukuvuselelwa kwemvelo okusizwayo kulele ndawana thize phakathi. Imiphakathi yasendaweni nabanikazi bomhlaba bayayiqeda izithiyo ezivimbela ukukhula kabusha: ukwakha izinqamuli zomlilo, ukususa imfucumfucu eyomile ekhuthaza umlilo, ukunciphisa ukhula nezitshalo ezihlaselayo, ukubiyela ukuze imfuyo iqhelelane nezithombo, ukufaka amanzi ngomsele enhlabathini, ukuthena okukhuthaza ukukhula futhi, uma kunesidingo, amasimu amabala ukugcwalisa izikhala noma ukubuyisela izinhlobo ezibalulekile. Iyavumelana nezimo, ishibhile kunokutshala yonke into kusukela ekuqaleni, futhi, ezimweni eziningi, isheshe isetshenziswe ngezinga elikhulu.
Okokugcina, ukuvuselelwa kokwenziwa noma ukuzala kabusha kuhilela ukuhlwanyela ngokuqondile ensimini noma ukutshala izithombo Inkulisa-ekhuliswe. Isetshenziswa lapho ingekho imithombo yemvelo yembewu, inhlabathi yonakaliswe kakhulu, izimila zingabuyi ngesilinganiso esamukelekayo, noma lapho kunosongo. izinzuzo ezithile ezikhiqizayoImpumelelo yayo ixhomeke ekukhetheni ngokucophelela indawo, inkathi, ukulungiswa kwenhlabathi, ukunisela, nezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo—ukugwema, ngangokunokwenzeka, ukwakheka okukhethekile, okungaqinile.
Ezamahlathi, ukutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi nakho kuhlanganiswe nezindlela zokusika ezenzelwe ukwenza indlela iqembu elilandelayo zezihlahla. Kunezinhlelo ezimbili eziyinhloko: iminyaka engalingani kanye neminyaka efanayo. Kowokuqala, ukugawulwa okukhethiwe kwenziwa ngamaqembu noma izihlahla ngazinye, kuvuleka izindawo ezinobukhulu obufanele ngokusho kwe ukubekezelela umthunzi zohlobo ngalunye (isibonelo, amafasitela amancane ama-maple noma ama-hemlocks, amakhudlwana amaphayini noma ama-Douglas firs). Okwesibili, izindlela ezinjengokusika (ukushiya izihlahla zokugcina izilwane zasendle noma ukuvikela umfula), isihlahla sembewu (ukushiya izihlahla ezimbalwa ngehektha ngalinye njengomthombo wembewu) noma ukunciphisa kancane kancane ngaphansi kwesembozo (ukulungiselela, ukusungulwa kanye nokuqedwa), okuqinisekisa ukukhanya, indawo yokukhosela kanye nokunikezwa kwezimbewu ezitshalweni.
Ukuphindaphinda kwabantu kungenziwa ngu seeding ngqo, ukuhlwanyela kwemvelo okuqondisiwe, ukuhluma kwe-situ noma ukutshala, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinto ezithuthukisiwe zofuzo zisetshenziselwa ukuzuza amandla noma ukuzivumelanisa. Kukhona futhi izindlela zokuphatha ezifana i-dynamic agroforestry, ezihlanganisa izitshalo nezihlahla ngokulandelana kwazo, ziwusizo ekubuyiseleni inhlabathi eyonakele kakhulu ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukulima okukodwa noma ukulima ukusika nokushisa.
Izinyathelo eziyisisekelo lapho ukhetha ukutshala kabusha amahlathi
Ngaphambi kokufaka igeja, kunconywa ukwenza a isifundo sasensimini: Ukukhetha indawo, ukuhlaziya inhlabathi (ukujula, ukuthungwa, ukuvunda), ukukhetha izinhlobo zemvelo ezifanele, nezimvume zokucubungula. Lokhu kuxilongwa kuvimbela amaphutha abizayo futhi kusheshisa impumelelo.
Ngesikhathi sokutshala, lungisa umhlabathi ngokuwuhlanza ukhula, uvule izimbobo ezibanzi zezimpande nokuhlonipha amabanga ozimeleLapho uvala, cindezela phansi ngokucophelela ukuze uvimbele amaphakethe omoya eduze kwebhola lempande, okungase kwenze izithombo zibe namanzi.
Bese, sebenzisa uhlelo lwe ukuvikelwa kanye nokuqapha: ukuqapha izinambuzane nezifo, ukugcina uthango, ukulawula imincintiswano enamakhambi nokuhlaselayo, ukufaka esikhundleni sezihlahla ezifile kanye nokuphungula noma ukuthena ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhanya nendawo yezihlahla ezisencane.
Izinzuzo zokubuyisela amahlathi: isimo sezulu, amanzi, inhlabathi, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nabantu
Inzuzo yokuqala enkulu isimo sezulu. Ku-photosynthesis, izihlahla zithatha i-CO2 futhi ziyiguqule ibe yi-biomass: cishe 50% wesisindo esomile yokhuni ikhabhoni. Amahlathi amancane, akhulayo ayizinki ezinamandla kakhulu, kanti inhlabathi yamahlathi ibuye igcine ingxenye enkulu yekhabhoni. Kukhona izilinganiso zokuthi ukuhamba khulisa amahlathi ngokwemvelo ingakwazi ukumunca cishe u-23% wokukhishwa kwe-CO2 emhlabeni wonke unyaka ngamunye, inani eliphakeme nakakhulu kunohlolo lwangaphambilini lwamazwe ngamazwe.
Enye inzuzo esheshayo izinga lomoya. Ngokulungisa i-CO2 nokukhipha umoya-mpilo, izitendi zehlathi zenza amaphaphu eplanethi futhi usize ukunciphisa uthuli olumisiwe ngokunciphisa umoya kanye nokusimamisa inhlabathi. Ngesilinganiso sendawo, lokhu kunciphisa iziphepho zothuli futhi kuthuthukisa ukunethezeka kwemiphakathi eseduze.
Ukuvuselelwa nakho kwandisa i- eziphilayoNgokwesibonelo, amahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo ayikhaya lezinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezihlahla namashumi ezinkulungwane zezitshalo. Ukubuyisela amaphaseji kanye nezindawo eziyisivikelo ezizungeze izindawo ezivikelekile kubuyisela ukuxhumana futhi kulwisane nokushabalala kwezinhlobo ezingavamile, kusukela ezitshalweni ezihlala kuwo wonke umuntu kuya ezilwaneni ezincelisayo ezikhethekile nezinyoni.
Ngokuphathelene namanzi, izihlahla zigcina imvula emaqabunga azo nasezimpandeni, zidlulisa umswakama emkhathini, futhi zilinganisele ukugelezela emifuleni nasemifuleni. Lokhu kuthuthukisa i ukungena kanye nekhwalithi amanzi kanye nokusimamisa amabhange nemithambeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-canopies asebenza njengesambulela semvelo, anciphisa umthelela wamaconsi futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuguguleka komhlaba.
Emhlabathini, amahlathi anothisa ukuvunda ngokusebenzisa udoti wamaqabunga namagatsha aba izinto eziphilayoAkhuthaza amagciwane azuzisayo, agxilise inhlabathi ngezimpande zawo, futhi anciphise ukugeleza ukuze imisoco ingalahleki. Konke lokhu kubeka engcupheni ephansi yokudilika kwenhlabathi, izikhukhula ezincane, kanye nokukhiqiza okukhulu kwemvelo esikhathini esimaphakathi.
Ngokuqondene nezingozi zemvelo, izindawo ezinamahlathi zisebenza njenge isithiyo Ngezikhathi zemvula enkulu, zivimbela ukugeleza okuphezulu futhi zivumele isikhathi sokungena kwamanzi. Ziphinde zisize ukubambezeleka kogwadule ngokuvikela umhlabathi ekugugulekeni kwamanzi nomoya kanye nokugcina ukumboza kwezitshalo.
Akubalulekile kangako: izinzuzo zezenhlalo nezomnotho. Ukuvuselelwa kwemvelo okusizwayo kubiza ngaphansi kwengxenye yesithathu yokutshala izihlahla ezimweni eziningi, kungatshalwa ngokushesha, futhi idala imisebenzi yasemakhaya emisebenzini efana nokugada umlilo, ukunakekela uthango, ukuqoqwa kwembewu nokukhiqizwa kwezithombo, kanye nokuqapha inqubekelaphambili. Ehlathini laseBrazil i-Atlantic, ukusebenzisa i-ANN kumahektha ayizigidi ezingu-21,6 kuzonciphisa izindleko cishe ngo-77% uma kuqhathaniswa nokutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi, konga amashumi ezigidigidi zamaRandi.
Lapho ukuvuselelwa kwemvelo okusizwa kusebenza kahle kakhulu
I-RNA inikeza inguqulo yayo engcono kakhulu lapho i-landscape ingonakalisiwe kakhulu, kukhona iziqhingi zasehlathini eduze futhi inhlabathi igcina inqolobane yembewu. Uma umhlaba uhlushwa ukulima okuqinile, ukuklaba ngokweqile, noma ukucinana okukhulu, ngokuvamile kuba nengqondo ukutshala, okungenani esigabeni sokuqala, ukuze kusebenze uhlelo.
Isici somuntu siyisihluthulelo: I-RNA iyachuma uma kunemihlomulo kubanikazi nemiphakathi, ikakhulukazi emhlabeni izindleko eziphansi zamathuba (izindawo ezinotshani ezingakhiqizi, imithambeka enamatshe, izinkambu zangaphambili ezisemaceleni, izindawo eziqhelile ezikude nemigwaqo). Akekho oyeka isiza sakhe esingcono kakhulu ngaphandle kwesinxephezelo esanele noma izibopho ezingokomthetho ezicacile zokuvikela izitshalo zendabuko.
I-Brazil inikeza isibonelo esihle kakhulu. Ngezindawo ezinkulu ze-Amazon kanye neHlathi lase-Atlantic, nokuzibophezela ekubuyiseleni izigidi zamahektha ngo-2030, imifelandawonye efana ne-Atlantic Forest Restoration Pact iye yakhuthazwa, okuthe kusukela ngo-2009 ikhuthaze i-ANN njengendawo eyinhloko. Namuhla, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamahektha angaphakathi izinqubo ezisebenzayo yokuvuselelwa kwemvelo kanye nokubuyiselwa okuqondisiwe.
Isibonelo esiphathekayo iphrojekthi ye-Cultivando Esperança eParaná, lapho usebe lwemifula lwalubiyelwe khona ukuze kunqandwe izinkomo, izitshalo ezihlaselayo zaqedwa futhi. batshala ngokukhetha Izinhlobo zomdabu zasetshenziselwe ukuthuthukisa ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo. Ngokuhambisanayo, ukukhiqizwa kwe-yerba mate kwakhuthazwa ngaphansi komthunzi wehlathi elivuselelwayo, okwenza umthombo oqhubekayo wemali engenayo okhuthaza imiphakathi ukuthi ivikele futhi iphathe lezi zindawo.
Ukwandisa lezi zinhlelo kudinga izinqubomgomo eziqinile zomphakathi eziklomelisa izinsizakalo ze-ecosystem—njengezinkokhelo zokunakekela izindawo ezikhiqiza kabusha—utshalo-mali olusetshenziswayo, kanye izinhlelo zokuqapha ukukhomba lapho i-ANN isebenza kahle kakhulu nalapho kudingeka khona ukunakwa okwengeziwe. Imizamo yesifunda ikhombe amashumi ezinkulungwane zamahektha ngaphansi kwe-ANN kanye nezigidi ezizikhiqizayo ngokuzenzakalelayo, nakuba zidinga ukuvikelwa ekugawulweni okwengeziwe.
Amathuluzi okuphatha, okuqapha kanye nezobuchwepheshe
Ukuphatha ngempumelelo kuqala ngezinjongo ezicacile: ukubuyisela emuva ukugawulwa kwemithi ngokungemthetho, imililo, ukuvunwa kwezinkuni, noma ingqalasizinda? Esimweni ngasinye, izinhlobo ezifanele ziyashintsha. Ezinye zibamba ikhabhoni eningi, ezinye zikhula ngokushesha, kanti ezinye zijwayelene kangcono nenhlabathi noma i-microclimates. Ukugwema ama-monocultures ahlanzekile ngokuvamile kuthuthukisa ukumelana nezinambuzane nezenzakalo ezimbi kakhulu; ngakolunye uhlangothi, amahlathi ahlukahlukene angase aphile. sisinde futhi ziguqukele ezifundazweni ezivuthiwe.
Ukuqapha okukude kuguqule ukulandelela. Izithombe zesathelayithi ezinokulungiswa okuphansi noma okumaphakathi zingathola izinguquko eziphawulekayo Cishe iminyaka engu-1-2 emva kokutshala; ngokulungiswa okuphezulu, lokhu kufunda kufika ngokushesha. Izinkomba zezitshalo, njenge-NDVI, zingamazinga okushisa okukhula kwezitshalo: amanani aphansi aqhubekayo aphakamisa izinkinga futhi akhombise lapho ukuhlolwa kwenkundla kufaneleka khona.
Yini engafihla i-NDVI ephansi? Kusukela ekugawulweni kwemithi (okuhlanganisa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ngokungemthetho) kanye nomonakalo obangelwa yimililo noma iziphepho, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ngokweqile, izinambuzane eziqeda amahlamvu, noma ukucindezeleka kwamanzi ngenxa yesomiso. Lawa masistimu awahlali eveza imbangela eqondile, kodwa ahlaba umkhosi ngesikhathi sokwenza okuthile.
Izinkundla zokubuka nazo zisiza ukuhlukanisa umbhede yezitshalo ezingaphansi kwehlathi, kuhlola impilo ye-stratum ngayinye kanye nokulahlekelwa kwekhava yemephu. Ezinye zivumela ukutholwa kwezindawo ezisanda kugawulwa amahlathi ukuze kubekwe eqhulwini ukubuyiselwa kanye nokuqapha ukukhula kokukhula kwezitendi ezincane, kube lula ukuphatha okuvumelana nezimo kanye nezinqumo zokunciphisa ubungozi.
Ngaphandle kwesathelayithi, ukuhlanganisa idatha yasensimini (iziqephu ezihlala njalo, ukucushwa kwezithombe, uhlu olusheshayo) ukuhlaziywa kwe-geospatial Inikeza isithombe esicacile senqubekelaphambili: amazinga okusinda, ukuvalwa kwe-canopy, ukuhlukahluka kokuvuselelwa, kanye nokusabela esomiso noma izinambuzane.
Okushiwo yisayensi mayelana nokuvuselelwa kwemvelo
Ucwaningo olwenziwa emahlathini aphansi eMelika naseNtshonalanga Afrika olwahlola izinkulungwane zeziza luye lwathola ukuthi, ngemva kokugawulwa kwamahlathi, kuze kufike. 80% wemisebenzi Izici zoqobo ze-ecosystem (impilo yomhlabathi, izinqubo ezibalulekile, ukukhiqiza) zivame ukululama phakathi neminyaka engama-20 uma ukuwohloka bekungeqisi kakhulu. Ngokuphambene, ukwakheka kwehlathi eliyinkimbinkimbi nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziqhathaniswa nehlathi elivuthiwe kungathatha isikhathi eside kakhulu—ngokuvamile isigamu sekhulu leminyaka noma ngaphezulu.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi ukugawulwa kwamahlathi akusadingeki. Lapho inhlabathi isusiwe khona—ngokwesibonelo, ngo usika ngomlilo amasimu avamile alandelwa yi-monocultures-kunzima ukuthi uhlelo luzibuyisele ngokwalo. Kulezi zimo, ukubuyiselwa ngamasimu aklanywe kahle, kuhlanganiswe nezinqubo ezifana ne-dynamic agroforestry, kusheshisa ukubuyiselwa kwemisebenzi nokuhlukahluka.
Akumelwe futhi sikhohlwe ukuthi ihlathi “elisha” aliyona ikhophi efanayo yalelo elalikhona. Uma sitshala uhlobo olulodwa, umphumela uzoba i-monoculture nge ukuba sengozini okwengeziwe izifo neziphepho; uma sihlanganisa izinhlobo zemvelo nemibandela yemvelo, sidala isistimu eqine kakhulu ehlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zekhwalithi ephezulu nehlala isikhathi eside ye-ecosystem.
Futhi, kunjalo, isici sesikhathi: ezimweni eziningi ezishisayo nezishisayo, imvelo-uma siyivumela-yenza umsebenzi omningi, kodwa kumele ivikelwe lezo zindawo kusukela emlilweni, ukugawulwa kwemithi kanye namadlelo angalawuleki ukuze ukulandelana kuqhubeke ngaphandle kwezihibe.
Ukuvuselelwa kwemvelo kuqhathaniswa nokwenziwa kabusha: ukukhetha indlela efanele
Ukuvuselelwa kwemvelo kuhle uma kwanele ukususa ukucindezela por ukuxhashazwa kwemithombo yemvelo okudale umonakalo (ukuklaba ngokweqile, ukugawulwa kwemithi ngokweqile, imililo), futhi kunemithombo yembewu eduzane. Ayidingi ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu futhi ingakhiqiza ukwakheka kwehlathi okusebenzayo okunezinzuzo ezifanele zemvelo nezomnotho.
Ukuzala kabusha okuzenzela kuyaqala lapho uhlaza lungakwazi ukuze alulame ngejubane noma ikhwalithi eyamukelekile. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo zezihlahla kuyavunywa (izihlahla zivame ukuqoqana zodwa futhi zinikeze inzuzo encane eqondile), kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukuhlwanyela ngokuqondile endaweni yokugcina noma ukutshala izithombo ezandulelwe enkulisa ukuze unqobe kangcono izigaba zokuqala ezibalulekile.
Noma ngabe iyiphi indlela, khetha ngokucophelela ukuthi iziphi izindawo ozophinda uzigcwalise - ukulahla umhlabathi ongemuhle kakhulu - futhi khetha izinhlobo kuye ngesimo sezulu kanye nezimo zomhlabathi kubalulekile. Ukukhetha ingxube yezinhlobo zemvelo nokugwema ukutshalwa kohlobo olulodwa kunciphisa ubungozi futhi kuthuthukisa ikhono lesistimu lokuzivumelanisa nezinguquko zemvelo.
Ekupheleni kokukhiqiza, hlanganisa ukusika nokuvuselela ekuphatheni okongayo izihlahla zembewu, vikela usebe lwemifula futhi ulondoloze izindawo zokukhosela zezilwane zasendle, ulinganisele ukuvunwa nokuvuselela, uqinisekisa ukuthi ukungenela kwanamuhla akuliphazamisi ihlathi lakusasa.
Uma ubheka isithombe esikhulu, ukuvuselelwa kwehlathi kuwuhlu lwezixazululo ezihlanganisa ukuqonda okujwayelekile kwemvelo, ukubamba iqhaza kwendawo, nokusekelwa kwezobuchwepheshe: kusukela ekukhuleni kabusha okuzenzakalelayo okusekelwa izinqamuleli zomlilo, uthango, nokulawulwa kwezitshalo okuhlaselayo, kuya emasimini ahleliwe asekelwe kunqubo yokuhlukahluka nokuqapha ngesathelayithi okuxwayisa ngokuncipha kwe-NDVI. Uma sikhetha indlela efanele yomongo—futhi siyisekela ngezisusa nokuphatha okuhle—siphindaphinda izinketho zokubuyisa imisebenzi yamahlathi emashumini amabili eminyaka, sakhe ukuhlukahluka kokumbalwa, kanye nokubuyisela emphakathini. amanzi ahlanzekile, umoya ohlanzekile, inhlabathi evundile kanye namathuba ezomnotho ancike emahlathini aphilayo.
