El ukuhlukaniswa kwezizwe kanye nezindawo ezinemibala Akuyona nje into engavamile emlandweni ngaphakathi kobuciko, kodwa ingenye yezinguquko ezinkulu ezashintsha indlela ukudweba okwakuqondwa ngayo ngekhulu le-19. Kusukela emcabangweni obonakala ulula—hhayi ukuxuba imibala ephepheni, kodwa ukuyivumela ukuthi ihlangane emehlweni ombukeli—kwavela inguquko yobuhle eyathinta i-Impressionism, i-Post-Impressionism, i-Futurism, ngisho ne- ukukhipha.
Kulesi sihloko sizocubungula Kuyini ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu, futhi kuhluke kanjani ku-pointillism?Ziyini izisekelo zayo zesayensi, obani ababengabameleli bayo abayinhloko, nokuthi indlela yayo yokuhlukanisa umbala ibe amayunithi amancane yathonya kanjani ukudweba kwesimanje, obunye ubuciko, ngisho nendlela esibona ngayo isikrini esigcwele amaphikseli namuhla.
Kuyini ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo futhi kusho ukuthini ukuhlukanisa izindawo zombala?
Uma sikhuluma ngokwahlukana, sibhekisela ku- indlela yokudweba esekelwe ekuhlukaniseni imibala ngokuqinile ngokuthinta okuncane, amachashazi, noma ukuxubha amabhulashi, ukuze kungahlangani ngokomzimba ku-palette. Esikhundleni sokudala okuluhlaza ngokuxuba okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuphuzi ku-canvas, umdwebi usebenzisa ukuthinta okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okumsulwa nokuphuzi eceleni ukuze kube yi-retina yombukeli ehlanganisa womabili amathoni ekude.
Le ndlela, ebizwa nangokuthi i-chromoluminarismYayifuna ukusebenzisa imithetho ye-optics nombala ukuze ifinyelele ukukhanya okukhulu kakhulu kunalokho okutholakala ngokuxuba imibala ngendlela yendabuko (ukuxubana okususa). Abaculi be-Divisionist babeqiniseka ukuthi, ngokuhlonipha imithetho ethile yesayensi mayelana nokuqhathanisa, imibala ehambisanayo, kanye nokuxubana okukhanya, bangathola imibala ekhanyayo, ehlanzekile, negqamile.
Yilapho umqondo oyinhloko we "Izindawo zombala"Emdwebeni wokuhlukanisa, indawo ngayinye yekhanvasi ihlelwe ngamasimu e-chromatic ahlelwe ngokucophelela. Ukukhanya kwelanga, izithunzi, ukubonakaliswa, nemibala yendawo ("umbala wemvelo" wento ngayinye) kwakhiwe ngokubeka ukuthinta okuncane kwemisindo ehambisanayo nehlobene esebenzisana ngokubonakalayo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ubunikazi bayo bomuntu siqu.
Ngamafuphi, ukuhlukaniswa kwezigaba akugcini nje ngokusebenzisa izikhathi: kumane nje indlela ehlelekile futhi cishe yesayensi yokuhlanekezela ukukhanya nombala ngamayunithi amancane ukuze ukuxuba kwenzeke esweni, hhayi ephalethini.
Ukwahlukana kanye nokungaqondi kahle: ukufana, umehluko kanye nokungaqondani
Amagama avame ukusetshenziswa ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu kanye nokukhomba amaphuzu sengathi zingamagama afanayo, kodwa awafani ncamashi. I-Pointillism ibhekisela, ngokuqondile, endleleni yokudweba usebenzisa amachashazi amancane umbala esikhundleni sokushaywa kwamabhulashi okubanzi nokugeleza. Ukugcizelelwa kusesimo sokushaya: ichashazi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwahlukana kugxile ku- ukuhlukaniswa kombala nokuxuba okubonakalayoUmdwebo we-divisionist ungenziwa ngamachashazi, imigqa emincane, ukuthinta okude, noma ukuxubha okufushane, inqobo nje uma isimiso esiyisisekelo sigcinwa: imibala ayixubene ku-palette, ihlanganiswe ku-canvas ukuze ihlangane ku-retina.
Eqinisweni, leli gama "I-Pointillism" yaqala njengokuhlekisaIgama elithi "pointillist" laliyigama elihlambalazayo elalisetshenziswa abanye abagxeki ukuhlekisa ngabaculi be-Neo-Impressionist ababesebenza ngamachashazi amancane anombala. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, leli gama lasakazeka kakhulu futhi lasetshenziswa kabanzi ukuchaza kokubili imisebenzi ye-pointillist kanye ne-divisionist, okwaholela ekudidekeni okukhulu.
Empeleni, singasho lokho Konke ukucwasa ngokwebala kungaba yinto ehlukanisa abantu, kodwa akuwona wonke ukucwasa ngokwebala okumele kube yinto ehlukanisa abantu ngokwebala.Isici esibalulekile ekuxoxeni ngokwahlukana akusikho nje i-dot, kodwa indlela: umbala obolile, ukuhlela okusekelwe embonweni, kanye nokuzibophezela ekwenzeni ingxube yenzeke emehlweni hhayi ephalethini.
UGeorges Seurat: ungqondongqondo ngemuva kwe-chromoluminarism
Umuntu oyinhloko wobandlululo, ngaphandle kokungabaza, UGeorges-Pierre Seurat (Paris, 1859-1891). Eqeqeshwe ngokwesiko e-École des Beaux-Arts, waqala umsebenzi wakhe ngokwesiko eliseduze nesikole saseBarbizon, kodwa ngokushesha waqala ukucabanga ngomqondo owodwa: ukutadisha ukukhanya nombala ekupendweni kungathathwa kangakanani ngokuqinile?
USeurat wazicwilisa ku- izincwadi zesayensi nezemfundiso ngombala ngaleso sikhathi ezaziguqula indlela ukuqonda okwakuqondwa ngayo. Wafunda ngokunaka okukhethekile: Incwadi kaCharles Blanc ethi La Grammaire des arts du dessin, ethi The Principles of Harmony and Contrast of Colors kaMichel-Eugène Chevreul, kanye nezifundo zika-Ogden Rood, phakathi kwabanye ababhali abanesifiso sokufunda i-chemistry yombala kanye ne-physiology yombono.
Ngokusekelwe kulezi zifundo kanye nokuhlaziywa okucophelelayo kokusetshenziswa kombala ku Eugène DelacroixUSeurat waphetha ngokuthi imibala ethile isabela kakhulu uma ihlanganiswe ndawonye kuneminye. Uma ebesebenzisa lezi zinhlanganisela ezisebenzayo futhi azisakaze ku-canvas ngokuthinta okuncane nokuqondile, ubezofeza lokho akubiza ngokuthi "i-chromoluminosity": uhlobo lomshado ofanele phakathi kombala nokukhanya okusekelwe ekuxubeni okubonakalayo.
Ngenxa yale ndlela yokusebenza ehlelekile, esekelwa yizivivinyo, imidwebo yokuqala, izifundo zokulungiselela kanye nokuhlela okucishe kube yizibalo, abaningi babantu ayephila nabo, njengoPaul Signac, bambiza ngokuhlekisa ngokuthi "ummeli wezomthetho"Abaculi bakamuva, njengoBridget Riley (umuntu obalulekile ku-Op Art), nabo bayayithanda indlela eqinile, efana neyelebhu, uSeurat ahlukanisa ngayo iqiniso libe ukukhanya nombala.
Imibono yokuqala: kusukela kuma-Impressionists kuya endleleni yesayensi
Nakuba uSeurat eqashelwa njengomsunguli we-Divisionism, Wayengeyena owokuqala ukuthola ukuthi ukuhlangana kwemibala ehambisanayo kunikeza ukukhanya okwengeziweAbadwebi be-Impressionist abafana no UClaude Monet noma uCamille Pissarro Base bevele bezame amashumi eminyaka ngaphambili ngemidwebo emincane yamabhulashi nemibala ehambisanayo ebekwe eceleni ukuze kuqiniswe ukukhanya kwezindawo zabo.
Umehluko omkhulu usekusetshenzisweni. Ama-Impressionist cishe njalo asebenza yi umuzwa kanye nokuzwela okusheshayoBabuka imvelo, bapenda ngaphandle, futhi basabela ngokuzenzakalelayo ezinguqukweni zokukhanya komkhathi. USeurat wamukela lokhu kukhathazeka okufanayo ngokukhanya, kodwa wakubeka ngaphansi kwethonya ucwaningo oluhlelekile, befuna imithetho nezimiso ezijwayelekile ezingasetshenziswa ngamabomu.
Kulokho kusesha, wabheka emuva futhi waqaphela umsebenzi ka I-DelacroixEdunyiswa ngemibala yakhe ecacile nekhanyayo kanye nokusebenzisa kwakhe ngokwemvelo ukuqhathanisa okuhambisanayo, uSeurat wachaza kabusha le mibono yothando ngokukhanya kwenkolelo-mbono yemibala yanamuhla futhi wayiguqula yaba yindlela, esebenzisa ukuzithiba okukhulu ekusebenziseni imibala.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, lo mbono wokuxuba umbala ku-retina yombukeli wawungemusha ngokuphelele: VermeerEmakhulwini amabili eminyaka ngaphambili, wayesebenzise amasu afanayo ngokwemvelo ukuze asikisele ukukhanya ngokuthinta okuncane kombala. Ukuqamba kukaSeurat kwakuwukuyisa lowo mbono esiphethweni sawo sokugcina. ukwenza ukuxuba okubonakalayo kwe-axis ephakathi kwayo yonke imidwebo yakhe.
Ithiyori yombala: kusukela eChevreul kuya ezindaweni zokukhanya nethunzi
Ukuthuthukiswa kobuqhekeko akunakuqondwa ngaphandle imibono yesayensi yombala nokubona eyasakazeka ngekhulu le-19. Phakathi kwamagama anethonya elikhulu kukhona uMichel-Eugène Chevreul, uCharles Blanc, u-Ogden Rood, uDavid Sutter, uCharles Henry, uDavid Pierre Giottino Humbert de Superville noHermann von Helmholtz, phakathi kwabanye.
UChevreul, isazi samakhemikhali saseFrance, wasungula i- Umthetho wokungafani kombala ngasikhathi sinyelapho aqinisekisa khona ukuthi umbala ngamunye uguqula umbono wemibala ewuzungezile. Waphakamisa ukuthi kunemibala emithathu eyinhloko (ophuzi, obomvu, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) kanye nemibala emithathu yesibili (ophuzi, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, owolintshi) evela engxubeni yazo, futhi wachaza ukuthi imibala ehambisanayo—umbala oyinhloko ongahlanganyeli ekwakhiweni kombala wesibili—iveza umehluko omkhulu uma ihlanganiswa.
Ngokwalo mbono, uma umbala owodwa uzungezwe yinqwaba yombala ohlukile, Umbono wethu uyakushintsha kancane. kubheke kumbala ohambisanayo wombala ozungezile. Ngamanye amazwi, imibala ezungezile "ifiphaza" umbala ophakathi ngokubonakalayo. Lesi simo sasiyigolide elicwengekileyo kubaculi beDivisionist, abadlale ngalobu budlelwano ukuze baqinise ukukhanya komdwebo.
UCharles Blanc, encwadini yakhe ethi Uhlelo lolimi lobuciko bokudwebaWaqoqa futhi wasakaza eminingi yale mibono, futhi incwadi yakhe yayiyiBhayibheli likaSeurat kanye namaNeo-Impressionists. U-Ogden Rood, yena, wahlukanisa ngokusobala phakathi kwe- ukuxuba umbala (okususa) futhi i ukuxuba okulula (okungeziwe)Engxubeni yama-pigment, ama-primary abomvu, aphuzi, kanye nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka; engxubeni yokukhanya, ama-primary abomvu, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Isici sokuxuba okubonakalayo se-divisionism sisebenza ngendlela efanayo nokuxuba okungeziwe: iso lihlanganisa izinto ezincane ezihlukanisa umbala futhi kudala umbala omusha obonwayo, okhanyayo kunengxube ebonakalayo yama-pigment, yize empeleni, imidwebo kaSeurat ayifezi ingxube ephelele yokukhanya, kodwa ukusebenzisana okunamandla kwezindawo ze-chromatic ezichazwe kahle.
Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka lwemfundiso, abaculi abahlukanisayo bahlela imidwebo yabo ngokuhlukanisa eziningana imisebenzi yokukhanya nombala:
- Faka umbala wendawo: umbala wento (utshani obuluhlaza, isibhakabhaka esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka), osebenza njengesisekelo esivelele endaweni ngayinye yomdwebo.
- Ilanga eliqondile: Kuqiniswa ukwethula ophuzi namawolintshi ahlanganiswe nemibala yendawo ukuze kulingise isenzo sokukhanya kwelanga okukhulu.
- SombraYakhiwe ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, obomvu ojulile kanye nohlaza oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okugwema ukufiphaza umbala wendawo ngomnyama.
- Luz reflejadaInto ingangcolisa enye into eseduze ngokuyiveza nge-chromatic ukubonakaliswa kombala wayo.
- bheka umahluko phakathiUkusondela kwemibala ehambisanayo (isibonelo, obomvu noluhlaza) kusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ukuqina okuphezulu ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ubumsulwa bethoni ngayinye.
USeurat wacabanga ngale ndlela ngombala kakhulu, waze wafinyelela ezingeni lokuhlobana imibala nemigqa enezimo zemizwaWaphikisana ngokuthi imisindo efudumele kanye nemigqa ekhuphukayo kwaveza imizwa yenjabulo, kuyilapho imisindo epholile kanye nemigqa ehlayo kwakuhlotshaniswa nokudabuka; ibhalansi phakathi kwalokhu okubili yaholela ekuzizweni kokuzola.
I-La Grande Jatte, i-Asnières ne-chromoluminescence isebenza
Umdwebo esivame ukuwucaphuna njengo indawo yokuqala esemthethweni ye-neo-impressionism kanye ne-divisionism KuyiSonto Ntambama eSiqhingini saseLa Grande Jatte (1884-1886). Kodwa-ke, uSeurat wayeseqalile ukuhlola le ndlela entsha ngaphambilini, ngemisebenzi efana nethi Ukubhukuda e-Asnières (1884), ingoma yakhe yokuqala eyinhloko, lapho ukuphathwa ngokucophelela okukhulu kokukhanya nezibalo sekuvele kuvela khona.
Ku-The Island of La Grande Jatte, uSeurat akaqalanga ngendlela yokuhlukanisa njengoba siyazi. Umdwebo wawungu- kupendwe kabusha futhi kwahlolwa Ebusika buka-1885-1886, lo mdwebi walungisa incazelo yakhe yemibono yesayensi ukuze athuthukise imiphumela yokukhanya kombala. Umphumela wokugcina, owaboniswa ngo-1886 embukisweni wesishiyagalombili we-Impressionist, wabangela ukumangala kanye nempikiswano, futhi kwakungokuqondene ngqo nalo msebenzi lapho ilebula elithi "pointillism" laqala ukusetshenziswa khona, ngokuvamile ngendlela ehlambalazayo.
Lesi sigameko sibonisa Abantu baseParis bachitha intambama esiqhingini saseLa Grande Jatte, osebeni lweSeine. Iyindikimba esondelene neyama-Impressionist - ezokuzilibazisa zanamuhla, amapaki, izikebhe, izindawo zokuhamba ngezinyawo - kodwa indlela ephathwa ngayo ihluke kakhulu: izithombe zibonakala zifana nezithombe eziqoshiwe, imidwebo ibukhali futhi umkhathi uhlaselwe ngokuphelele ukukhanya okwakhiwe ngokuthinta okuncane kombala.
I-Seurat isabalalisa ukwakheka ngokulinganayo, nge i-axis ephakathi ephawulwe ngowesifazane onesivikelo esiphuzi nesiketi esipinki kanye nentombazane ehamba nayo, bobabili bebheke phambili kuyilapho iningi lezinye izithombe libonakala esithunzini. Ingaphambili lisethunzini, kanti ingxenye esele yesikhala igcwele ukukhanya, okugcizelela umuzwa wokujula. Indawo yokunyamalala itholakala emkhathizwe, phakathi kwezihlahla, ishiya umfula uvulekile.
Indawo ngayinye yekhanvasi yakhiwe kusetshenziswa amachashazi anombala omsulwaEzindaweni ezikhanyisiwe, ophuzi, amawolintshi, kanye nobomvu kugqame kakhulu; emthunzini, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, oluhlaza okotshani, kanye nophephuli. I-Seurat ayilawuli nje kuphela ukuthi yimiphi imibala okufanele isetshenziswe, kodwa futhi usayizi kanye nobuningi bamachashaziLokhu kumphoqa ukuthi enze izifundo eziningi futhi ahlale eshiya i-canvas ukuze ahlole umphumela ophelele.
Enye imininingwane okuxoxwa ngayo kakhulu yile umngcele wamachashazi ozungeze isithombe sonke, ehlukaniswe ngohlaka lwezinkuni oluluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka olulula, olugcinwe njengoba lunjalo namuhla e-Art Institute of Chicago. Lelo “bhande” lamachashazi liqinisa ngokwengeziwe umqondo wokuthi wonke umdwebo uwukuhlola okubonakalayo lapho imibala ivuselelwa khona ngokuqhathanisa.
Ezingeni lezithombe, lesi sigameko siyaxubana izigaba ezahlukene zomphakathi Kusukela kubasebenzi kuya kumadoda agqoke izigqoko ezinhle, abantu babelana ngesikhathi sabo samahhala epaki, yize izikhundla zomphakathi zihlala zikhona ngobuhlakani. Imininingwane exakile ngowesifazane ongakwesokudla ohamba nenkawu i-capuchin, isilwane esihlotshaniswa nenkanuko kanye nokungcola, okuphakamisa umyalezo wokuziphatha ongaphansi phakathi kokuzola okubonakalayo kobunxiwankulu.
Lo msebenzi uveza okuthile ukuqina cishe ama-friezes akudalaLokhu kungenxa yokuphindaphindwa kwemigqa eqondile ezithombeni naseziqwini zemithi. Leli khwalithi eliqinile lihlukile kumphumela ophilayo otholakala emanzini nasezitshalweni: ukuchaphaza kombala kwenza umfula ubonakale ucwazimula, amagagasi athuthumela, kanye namaqabunga aqhuma emoyeni. Kuphawula ukuqala okuphelele kwe-Neo-Impressionism.
Indlela yokuhlukanisa: indlela, isineke, kanye nokuhlola
Ukusebenza ngendlela ehlukanisayo kudinga ukuhlela imilimithaAkukhona mayelana nokwenza izinto ngendlela ehlukile ku-canvas, kodwa mayelana nokuhlela indawo ngayinye yombala, ukuguquka ngakunye kokukhanya, ubudlelwano ngabunye bemibala ehambisanayo. Abaculi babevame ukuqala imidwebo yabo ngaphandle, njengabalingisi be-Impressionist, kodwa bagcina besestudiyo ngoba ukwenza ngamachashazi noma ukushaywa ngamabhulashi amancane kudinga isikhathi esiningi.
Inqubo ifakiwe imidwebo eminingi kanye nezifundo zokuqalaLokhu kwakusebenza kokubili emdwebweni ophelele kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemibala. Kwakudingeka ukunquma hhayi nje kuphela iphalethi ethile, kodwa futhi nesilinganiso sombala ngamunye, isiqondiso sokushaya amabhulashi, kanye nobuningi bawo. Ngemva kwalokho, umdwebi kwakudingeka ahlole njalo umphumela ophelele ngokuhlehla kusukela ku-canvas ukuze ahlole ukuthi imibala ihlangana kanjani esweni lombukeli.
USeurat uphinde waletha lo mqondo wokuhlola ku umdwebo omnyama nomhlopheUkusebenza ngekhrayoni kaConté ephepheni likaMichallet. Iphepha elisezingeni eliphezulu, elinokwakheka kwalo okuhlelekile kwemigqa evundlile neqondile, lahlukanisa umugqa futhi ladala ukudlidliza okubonakalayo lapho ikhrayoni kaConté idlula phezu kwalo.
USeurat wayevame ukusika iqabunga ngalinye leMichallet libe yizingxenye ezine, ukuze iphethini yephepha izobonakala kakhulu maqondana nosayizi womdwebo. Ngokusebenzisa ingcindezi eyengeziwe ngekhrayoni yeConté, wafinyelela izindawo ezijulile kakhulu zethunzi; eshiya izindawo zephepha zingathintwanga, wathola izindawo zokukhanya okukhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngisho noma kungekho mbala, waqhubeka nokuhlola ukuthi ukukhanya kwakhiwa kanjani ngobudlelwano phakathi kwezinto nezinto ezisekelayo.
Le ndlela—lapho isayensi, ubuciko, kanye nokubekezela okukhulu Lezi zinto ziyahlangana ukuze zakhe isitayela esihlukanisa i-Divisionism nesithombe esivamile sokudweba "okuzenzakalelayo" nokusheshayo. Ngokumangalisayo, umphumela awubanda futhi awukude: imidwebo eminingi ye-Divisionist inamandla amakhulu okuyenga ngokubona, ngenxa nje yokudlidliza okuqhubekayo kwemibala kanye nomoya ocishe ube umlingo owakhiwe lapho iso liqeda umsebenzi ku-retina yalo.
UPaul Signac, uSegantini kanye nabanye abadumile bokuhlukana
Nakuba iSeurat yayiyinhlansi yokuqala, i-Divisionism yasheshe yakhanga isizukulwane sonke sabaculi ababefuna ezinye izindlela esikhundleni se-Impressionism yakudala. Okubaluleke kakhulu kubo kwakungukuthi Paul Signac, umsunguli we-neo-impressionism kanye nomvikeli omkhulu wemfundiso yenqubo entsha.
Ngemva kokushona kukaSeurat ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngo-1891, eneminyaka engu-31 kuphela ubudala - mhlawumbe ngenxa ye-diphtheria - uSignac washicilela incwadi yakhe ngo-1899 U-D'Eugène Delacroix noma i-Néo-Impressionismlapho ahlela khona imibono yenhlangano futhi wasungula igama elithi "ukwahlukana." Lo msebenzi wawusebenza njenge i-manifesto yangempela kwabakwaNeo-Impressionists futhi bahlanganisa ulwazi lwamagama lobuchwepheshe oluye lwachazwa ngalo isitayela kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
Elinye igama elikhulu yilelo lika Giovanni Segantini, abasebenzise indlela yokuhlukanisa ikakhulukazi namathafa e-alpineUfunda ngokucophelela ubumsulwa bomoya wasezintabeni, iqhwa, kanye nokukhanya okucwebezelayo kweziqongo. Ama-canvas akhe ahlola izinga lapho ukubola kombala kungahumusha khona umuzwa wemvelo engangcolisiwe.
Phakathi kwabaculi abamele kakhulu le nhlangano esibatholayo Charles Angrand, Maximilien Luce, Henri-Edmond Cross, Hippolyte Petitjean kanye noCamille Pissarrophakathi kwabanye. Eqinisweni, uPissarro wahileleka kakhulu endleleni yokuhlukanisa futhi wakhiqiza eminye yemisebenzi yakhe emihle kakhulu ngaphansi kwaleli thonya, yize ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wadumala ngenxa yokuqina kwesimiso futhi wabuyela ekudwebeni indawo eduze ne-Impressionism.
Uphawu lokwahlukana nalo lufinyelelwe abaculi abadumile kamuva njengoba Vincent van Gogh, Henri Matisse, André Derain, Jean Metzinger, Robert Delaunay, Pablo Picasso, Giacomo Balla, Giovanni Segantini, Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo noma Gaetano Previatingayinye ivumelanisa ukuhlukaniswa kombala kanye nokudlidliza kwe-chromatic nokusesha kwayo komuntu siqu.
Kusukela ekuhlukaniseni kuya ku-futurism, cubism kanye nokucashunwa
Umthelela wokwahlukana awuzange ulinganiselwe emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe, kodwa Kwavula umnyango wezindlela ezintsha zokuqonda ukunyakaza, isikhathi, kanye nokuqonda.Ikhono likaSeurat lokuphakamisa ukunyakaza ezigcawini ezibonakala zinganyakazi laphefumulela ngqo Ama-Italian Futurists.
Lapho i-Futurist Manifesto, eyayigubha isivinini, umshini, kanye nempilo yanamuhla, ishicilelwa ngo-1909, abaculi balo mkhankaso bamukela isimiso sokuhlukanisa abantu esithi phinda-phinda izinto ezincane Kodwa bahumusha lokhu kube imigqa, izimo, kanye nezibalo. Esikhundleni sokumane bahlanganise amaphuzu noma imibala, bahlanganisa amaphuzu. izithombe eziningana ezilandelanayo zomzimba noma into efanayo ukuphakamisa ukufuduka, ukuguquguquka kanye namandla, njengokungathi uhlaka olubolile.
UbuCubism, ngakolunye uhlangothi, buzuza ku-divisionism umqondo wokuthi ukuhlukanisa iqiniso libe yizigaba kanye nemibono ngesikhathi esisodwaUPicasso, uBraque, kanye nabanye abantu baseCub basebenzise "ukuhlukanisa" kwendawo: esikhundleni sokuhlukanisa imibala, bahlukanisa imibono, ukuze into ibonakale ngezindlela ezahlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa, bethula isikhathi nokunyakaza esithombeni esinganyakazi.
Kamuva, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi Ama-cubist e-OrphicAbaculi abanjengoSonia Delaunay noRobert Delaunay babuyele ekugcizeleleni umbala, baphinde babukeza ngokusobala uphenyo lweDivisionist lokuthi imibala ethile ivela kanjani. dlidliza lapho ubekwe eduze komunye nomunyengisho nasezingomeni ezingabonakali ngokuphelele. Lokhu kudlidliza kwe-chromatic, manje okuhlukaniswe nazo zonke izibopho ezingokomfanekiso, kungaba yisisekelo kubaculi abanjengoPiet Mondrian, uJosef Albers, kanye nabanye abasunguli bobuciko obungabonakali.
Ngale ndlela, elinye lamafa amakhulu obandlululo linegalelo ku- ukukhulula umdwebo esindayo sokuqukethwe kwendabaNgokubeka phambili izinto zepulasitiki (umbala, ukukhanya, ithoni, umugqa, isimo) kunesihloko esimelelwe, wavula indlela yokuthi abaculi abaningi bakamuva bazinikezele ekuhloleni, cishe kuphela, izakhiwo zangaphakathi zobuso besithombe.
Kusukela ku-canvas kuya esikrinini: kusukela ku-pointillism kuya kuma-pixels nomculo
Namuhla cishe akunakwenzeka ukungaboni ukufana phakathi iphethini yamachashazi yomdwebo we-pointillist noma we-divisionist kanye ne-pixel matrix yesikrini sethelevishini, i-computer monitor, noma i-smartphone. Empeleni, isimiso siyafana: izakhi ezincane zombala (ama-pixel) ezibukwa zisuka kude, Zihlangana zibe isithombe esiqhubekayo ukuthi iso lethu lihumusha njengento ehlangene.
Ngalo mqondo, kungashiwo ukuthi i-poillism kanye ne-divisionism kwakulindele, ngendlela efaniswayo, i-logic yedijithali esebenza ngayo amadivayisi amanje. Uma wandisa isithombe bese ubona izikwele ezinemibala, ubona uhlobo olufanayo lwesimo esibonakalayo uSeurat nabantu ayephila nabo abasifunda ngamabhulashi abo nemibala.
Ithonya lomqondo "wokuqhekeka ukuze kuhlanganiswe kabusha" alizange liphele ekudwebeni. Ku umculoI-poillism yomculo ngezinye izikhathi isetshenziselwa ukuchaza imisebenzi lapho imisindo ibonakala ihlukene kakhulu komunye nomunye, idala ukuthungwa okuhlakazekile, okungavamile kakhulu okuthi ngezinye izikhathi kufinyele isikhashana ngaphambi kokuba kuphinde kwande.
Ababhali bathanda Luigi Nono noma uKarlheinz Stockhausen Bahlole lezi zinsiza ngezingcezu eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, lapho indlebe ihlobanisa khona imisindo ehlukanisiwe ngesikhathi bese iqamba umculo noma isakhiwo ngengqondo, ngendlela iso elihlanganisa ngayo amaphuzu ahlukene ombala abe isithombe esiphelele.
Kuzo zombili izimo—ukudweba nomculo—isihluthulelo siwukwethemba ukuthi umbukeli noma umlaleli uqeda umsebenziUmdali akasalawuleki ngokugcwele isipiliyoni sokugcina, kodwa ushiya isikhala sokuqonda ukuze enze umsebenzi wakhe, into ezoba yinto enqumayo kwezobuciko besimanje nakuyo yonke intshukumo enikeza umphakathi indima esebenzayo.
Uma kubhekwa kude, ukwahlukana kanye nokutadisha izindawo zombala kubonisa ukuthi indlela ezalwa yisifiso sokwenza ukupenda kube nzima futhi kube ngokwesayensi yagcina iqhubekisele phambili kanjani. izinhlobo zenkululeko yokubona kanye neyomqondo lokho kwaphawula bonke ubuciko bekhulu lama-20. Lawo machashazi, imigqa, namachashazi amancane e-pigment emsulwa kwakungeyona nje indaba yobuchwepheshe: kwavula indlela entsha yokucabanga ngobudlelwano phakathi kokukhanya, umbala, isikhathi, kanye nokubuka, esiqhubeka sikusebenzisa, cishe ngaphandle kokuqaphela, njalo lapho sicabanga ngomdwebo, isikrini, noma ngisho nendawo ekhanyiswe ngemuva.