Izilwane eziphulukisayo aziyona nje into emnandi, kodwa kunalokho iqiniso eliqinisekiswa yisayensi kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwansuku zonke ngokuphindaphindiwe. Kusukela enjeni ekubingelela ngomsila onyakazisayo ngemva kosuku olubi, kuya enkawuni ehlafuna isitshalo sokwelapha ukuze izisuse ezibuthakatha, umbuso wezilwane ugcwele amasu amangalisayo okuvikela impilo yawo kanye neyabanye.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, isithakazelo sokuqonda ukuthi izilwane zithonya kanjani impilo yabantu siye sanda kakhulu.kanye nendlela ezizivikela ngayo ezifweni, ezibuthisini, ekucindezelekeni, noma ebuhlungwini. Ukwelashwa okusiza izinja, amahhashi, noma amakati kuhambisana nezifundo zamagundane anqunu amelana nomdlavuza, izinhlanzi ezikwazi ukubekezelela amazinga aphezulu kakhulu kashukela, noma izimvemvane "ezokwelapha" izingane zazo ngaphambi kokuzalwa. Konke lokhu kudweba isithombe esithakazelisayo lapho umugqa phakathi kwemithi yabantu neyezilwane uba mncane kakhulu.
Izilwane eziphilisa abantu: uthando, ukwesekwa ngokomzwelo kanye nokwelashwa
Noma ubani oke wadlula esikhathini esinzima empilweni futhi waba nesilwane eceleni kwakhe Uyazi ukuthi lokhu kusekelwa akuyona into encane. Inja noma ikati alihluleli, aligxeki, alidingi izincazelo; bamane bakhona, bayahambisana, banikeza ukuxhumana ngokomzimba kanye nokuba khona okuzinzile okuvame ukuntuleka ebudlelwaneni babantu. Lokhu kwamukelwa okungenamibandela kuvusa kumuntu umuzwa wokulondeka nenduduzo okunzima ukuwuthola kwenye indawo.
Ucwaningo olwenziwe yinkampani yezokwelapha yezilwane lubonise ukuthi abanikazi bezilwane abangaphezu kwengxenye eSpain Babebheka uthando lwesilwane sabo njengesihluthulelo ekunqobeni izikhathi ezinzima kakhulu, njengokulahlekelwa othandekayo noma ukuhlukana. Uma ukugxila kwandiswa ukuze kufakwe izingxabano zomsebenzi, izingxabano zomndeni, noma izikhathi zokuzethemba okuphansi, iphesenti lalabo abakhomba isilwane sabo njengesisekeli esiyisisekelo likhuphuka cishe lifinyelele ku-100%.
Lo mphumela wokuvikela awugcini nje ngesici semizwa, kodwa sekuyisisekelo sokungenelela okuhlelekile okuningi: lokho okubizwa ngokuthi imisebenzi yokusiza izilwane (AAA) kanye ne-zootherapy noma ukwelashwa kokusiza izilwane. Izinja, amakati, nezinye izilwane zisetshenziswa emakhaya asebekhulile, ezikhungweni zasemini, ezibhedlela, kanye nasezikhungweni zengqondo. ukwelashwa kwekatiamahhashi, onogwaja ngisho nezinye izilwane ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuxhumana, kuncishiswe ukucindezeleka futhi kuthuthukiswe isimo sengqondo sabantu ababhekene nesikhathi esinzima.
Ezimweni zokwelapha, ukuba khona kwesilwane kusebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kochwepheshe nesiguli. Abantu abanesifo sokucindezeleka, izinkinga zokukhathazeka, ubunzima bobudlelwano, i-autism, noma ukukhubazeka kwengqondo bavame vula kalula Uma kukhona isilwane ekamelweni: bakhuluma ngaso, bayasithinta, bayaphumula, futhi, cishe bengazi, baqala nokukhuluma ngabo kanye nalokho okubalimazayo.
Imiphumela ayiyona nje engokwengqondo: izinzuzo zomzimba nazo ziye zalinganiswa. okuhambisana nokuxhumana nezilwane. Ukuchitha isikhathi nesilwane, ukusithinta, noma ukudlala naso kuhlotshaniswa nokwehla komfutho wegazi, ukushaya kwenhliziyo okuthuthukisiwe, ukukhishwa kwama-endorphin, kanye nokwehla kwama-hormone okucindezeleka njenge-cortisol. Ngamanye amazwi, umzimba ungena esimweni sokuzola, esivumela kakhulu ukululama.
Izinja, amakati, amahhashi, kanye nabanye abangane bokwelashwa abasizwa yizilwane
Nakuba cishe noma yisiphi isilwane singasetshenziswa ngokombono ukuze kusizwe, Empeleni, izinhlobo nezinhlobo ezinesimo sengqondo sobungane, esibikezelwayo, nesilula ukuzilawula zivame ukukhethwa. Endabeni yezinja, amaLabrador, amaGolden Retriever, amaNewfoundlands, kanye namaBelgian Shepherds, phakathi kwezinye, avame kakhulu ngenxa yekhono lawo lokufunda, isineke, kanye nobungane.
Abantu abathile kanye nezinhlobo ezithile nazo zikhethwa ngamakati.Njengamakati aseSiamese noma amanye amakati anothando futhi alinganiselayo, lawa makati abekezelela ukuthintana ngokomzimba kanye nezinguquko endaweni ezungezile kahle. Akuzona nje ikati elinamahloni noma elizihlukanisayo, kodwa yizilwane ezihlolwa ngokucophelela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ziyakujabulela ukuxhumana futhi azihlushwa yiko.
Onogwaja, njengeMini Rex, iDutch noma iDaisy, kanye namahhashi ase-Arabia noma aseSpain Ziye zafakwa ngempumelelo ezinhlelweni eziningi. Endabeni yamahhashi, ukwelashwa ngamahhashi kuye kwabonakala kuwusizo kakhulu kubantu abanezinkinga zokuhamba, ukukhubazeka kobuchopho, izinkinga zokukhula, noma imiphumela yezinzwa, njengoba ukunyakaza kwehhashi kuvuselela imisipha nokulinganisela, kuyilapho kunikeza nesikhuthazo esinamandla ngokomzwelo.
Enye imininingwane ethakazelisayo ukuthi abelaphi abasizwa yizilwane bavame ukukhetha isilwane esinamahloni kakhulu esifuyweni.Kunokuba kube yisimo sengqondo senjana "ekhululekile", le nhlobo ethule kancane, kodwa ezinzile, ivame ukuhunyushwa ibe yizilwane ezinokwethenjelwa, ezilalela izimpawu zabantu futhi kulula ukuzihlanganisa nezindlela zokwelapha lapho ukuthula nokulondeka kubusa khona.
Amandla okwelapha alezi zilwane akuphi? Ngokwengxenye enkulu, kungenxa yokungabi nabandlululo kwabo. Lesi silwane asibuzi ngokubukeka kwesiguli, isikhathi esidlule, ukukhubazeka, noma amaphutha aso. Kubo, umuntu umane ungumuntu okufanele axhumane naye. Lokhu kwamukela kuvumela isiguli ukuthi siyeke kancane kancane ukuzivikela futhi sibheke ngaphandle, sibheke isilwane, sivuse uzwela kanye nothando lwaso ngesibopho.
Ubudlelwano obuhambisanayo: umthwalo wemfanelo kanye nemikhawulo yokwelashwa okusiza izilwane
Ochwepheshe bezengqondo zezokwelapha abasebenza nezilwane bahlala bekhumbula umqondo owodwa oyinhloko: Lesi silwane akusona udokotela, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo, noma iphilisi eliyisimangaliso. Singumxhumanisi, ukusekela, umngane kule nqubo. Ukuba khona kwaso kungavula iminyango yangaphakathi obekungaba nzima kakhulu ukuyifinyelela, kodwa njalo ngaphakathi kohlaka lokwelapha kochwepheshe kanye... umthwalo wemfanelo wokuziphatha esilwaneni uqobo.
Ukucabanga ukuthi "Ngidabukile, ngizothenga inja bese konke kuzolungiswa" kuyiphutha elikhuluUkunakekela inja noma ikati kuhilela ukuzibophezela kwesikhathi eside: cishe iminyaka eyi-15 ngokwesilinganiso, ngezidingo ezingokomzwelo, zezimali, kanye nesikhathi okumele zihlangatshezwe. Endabeni yezilwane eziphila isikhathi eside, njengamanye ama-parrot, umthwalo wemfanelo ungahlala cishe impilo yomuntu.
Uma lobu budlelwano buqondwa njengesibopho sokubambisana, hhayi njengomthombo olula wokusetshenziswa komuntu siqu, Imiphumela ingafana nalokho abaningi abakuchaza njengokuyisimangaliso. Kunezimo ezibhaliwe zabantu abanokucindezeleka okukhulu, usizi olukhulu, noma ukuhlukana okubuhlungu, ngenxa yohlelo lwe-zootherapy, abaye bakwazi ukuqondisa izimpilo zabo ngokuthembela ebuhlotsheni babo nehhashi, inja, noma ikati abaxhumene nalo kakhulu.
Isibonelo esiphawulekayo yileso sowesifazane ocindezeleke kakhulu ngemva kokuhlukana komshado.owafika ezingeni lokuphelelwa yithemba okukhulu. Ngokwesimo sokwelashwa ngosizo lwamahhashi, isibopho awakha nalesi silwane samvumela ukuba abhekane nobuhlungu bakhe ngendlela ehlukile, aphinde azithembe, futhi azizwe eqiniseka ngekusasa futhi. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, wayesakhumbula lelo hhashi njengomngane ayemkweleta ingxenye yokululama kwakhe.
Ngokombono wezinto eziphilayo, ukuthintana nezilwane ekwelapheni kuqinisa futhi kuthuthukise imiphumela yengqondo.Kuye kwabonakala ukuthuthuka emaphethini okulala, ukulawulwa komfutho wegazi, kanye nokwehla kwe-tachycardia ehlobene nokukhathazeka, kanye nokuzimisela okukhulu phakathi kweziguli ukuthutha, ukuphuma endlini, nokwenza imikhuba enempilo. Konke lokhu kunegalelo empilweni elinganiselayo.
Izwe lezilwane njengelabhorethri yemvelo yezokwelapha
Ngaphandle kokunakekelwa ngokomzwelo, izilwane nazo ziwumthombo omkhulu wolwazi lwezokwelaphaUkuqhathanisa ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene zigula kanjani, noma aziguli kanjani, kusivumele ukuthi sithole izinkomba ezibalulekile mayelana nezifo ezingathi sína zabantu ezifana nomdlavuza, izifo zenhliziyo, isifo sikashukela, noma izinkinga zamalunga.
I-DNA yethu ifana kakhulu neyezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, ikakhulukazi ama-chimpanzee, Kodwa umehluko omncane ungaba yinto enqumayo. Kwezinye izimo, kusenze saba sengozini kakhulu, kanti kwezinye, izinhlobo ezibonakala zithobekile ziye zakha izindlela zokumelana ezihlolisiswa ngokucophelela manje ngethemba lokuzihumushela ekwelashweni okusha.
Ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo kanye namathuluzi afana ne-CRISPR avule umnyango mayelana nokwenzeka, okusekude kodwa okungokoqobo, kokulungisa ubuthakathaka obuthile babantu ngokuthola ugqozi kulokho esikubona kwezinye izilwane, okuhlanganisa nezibonelo zalokhu izilwane ezishintshashintshayoNakuba kusenendlela ende yokuziphatha neyobuchwepheshe phambili, umqondo "wokufunda ezilwaneni ukuze uhlele izifo zethu" usuvele uyingxenye yempikiswano yesayensi yamanje.
Ama-Chimpanzee nesifo senhliziyo: indaba yezakhi zofuzo nendlela yokuphila
Njengoba uhlobo lwabantu lushintsha, kuye kwaba nezinguquko ezithile ezakhiweni zethu zofuzo. Lezi zici zisenze sathambekele kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kokuvaleka kwemithambo yegazi, okwaholela ekwandeni kwengozi yokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo noma isifo sohlangothi. Uma sinezela kulokho ushintsho lokudla (inyama ebomvu eningi, amafutha agcwele, ukudla okucutshunguliwe) kanye nendlela yokuphila yokungahlali phansi, iresiphi ephelele yokwanda kwezifo zenhliziyo.
Ucwaningo lwamuva nje luthole ukulahleka kwesakhi sofuzo esithile kubantu Lesi sakhi sofuzo sisihlukanisa nezinye izilwane, okuhlanganisa nesihlobo sethu esiseduze, i-chimpanzee. Lokhu kulahlekelwa kwezakhi zofuzo kuhlotshaniswa nokwanda okukhulu kwengozi yezinkinga zenhliziyo, into engabonwa ngamandla afanayo kuma-chimpanzee noma kwezinye izinhlobo ezigcina lesi sakhi sofuzo.
Ukuze kuhlolwe lokhu, amagundane aselabhorethri aguqulwa ngokufaka uguquko olufanayo kuwo. esihlushwa yiso thina bantu, futhi umphumela wawumangalisa: la magundane ayenengozi ephindwe kabili yokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo uma kuqhathaniswa namagundane angashintshiwe. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ingxenye yobuthakathaka benhliziyo yethu ayibangelwa nje ukudla okungekuhle kanye nokuzivocavoca umzimba, kodwa futhi nebhayoloji yethu.
Uma ubheka phambili, kungenzeka ukuthi ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo bungasiza ekunciphiseni lobu bunzima. Lokhu kusenza sikwazi ukuklama izindlela zokwelapha eziqondile kakhulu ngokusekelwe ekuqondeni okunembile ukuthi yiziphi izakhi zofuzo ezihilelekile nokuthi zixhumana kanjani nokudla kanye nendawo ezungezile. Okwamanje, ukufunda ngezinkawu nezinye izilwane ezingathandi kakhulu lezi zinhlobo zezifo kusinikeza izinkomba zokuvimbela okungcono kubantu.
Amagundane e-Naked mole: imfihlakalo yesilwane esicishe singangenwa umdlavuza
Igundane lemvukuzane elinqunu, elinokubukeka kwalo okushwabene nokungakhangi, Sekuyinkanyezi yangempela yesayensi. Lawa magundane angaphansi komhlaba abonisa isici esingavamile: cishe awabi nomdlavuza, naphezu kokuphila iminyaka eminingi kakhulu kunalokho obekulindelekile ngesilwane esilingana nawo.
Nakuba amanye amagundane afanayo evame ukuphila iminyaka ecishe ibe mine, Amagundane ane-naked mole angaphila isikhathi eside ngokuphindwe kasikhombisa. Lokhu kuphila okwengeziwe kuhambisana nokumelana okuphezulu kakhulu nezimila ezibulalayo, okuvuse isithakazelo esikhulu ekuqondeni izindlela eziyisisekelo zamaseli nama-molecule.
Phakathi kwemibono ecatshangelwayo kukhona ukuqapha okuthuthukisiwe kwamasosha omzimba, Zinezicubu ezimelana kakhulu nokwanda kwamangqamuzana okungalawuleki, kanye nezinhlelo zokulungisa i-DNA ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Kancane kancane, izivivinyo zelebhu zembula indlela la magundane akwazi ngayo ukuqhubeka nokuphila isikhathi eside kangaka ngaphandle kokunqotshwa umdlavuza ngobuningi.
Nakuba sisekude kakhulu nokudlulisela lezi zici kubantu ngokuqondile, Ulwazi olutholakala ocwaningweni lwabo seluvele luphefumulela imigqa emisha yocwaningo ngokumelene nezimila kanye nezifo ezihlobene nokuguga, ngenhloso yokuthuthukisa inani kanye nekhwalithi yeminyaka ephilwa kanye nokuthuthukisa umuthi wakusasa.
Ama-Kangaroo kanye ne-osteoarthritis: amalunga amelana nokugxuma
I-Osteoarthritis, lokho kuguga okubuhlungu kwamalunga abantu abaningi ababhekana nakho, Inezimbangela eziningi: isisindo esiningi, ukuma kabi, ukugcwala ngokweqile kwemishini, ukungalingani kwemisipha, phakathi kwezinye. Akuyona into eyenzeka kubantu kuphela; izilwane eziningi ezincelisayo, okuhlanganisa nezinkawu ezinkulu kanye nezilwane ezidla inyama, nazo zivame ukuhlushwa yiyo.
Kodwa-ke, ama-kangaroo, achitha izimpilo zawo enza ama-hops anamandla kakhulu, Kubonakala sengathi basinda kakhulu kulesi simo. Bangafinyelela isivinini esicishe sibe ngu-60-65 km/h ngenkathi begxuma, futhi baqhubeke nalo msebenzi baze baguge ngesilinganiso esiphansi ngokumangalisayo sokulimala kwamalunga uma ubheka umthwalo othwalwa amadolo abo.
Isihluthulelo sisesimeni esikhethekile kakhulu se-cartilaginous emadolweni abo.I-cartilage iyasibekela futhi isabalalise umthelela kahle kakhulu, futhi ukuhlelwa kwemisipha yayo kunikeza ukuzinza okukhulu ejoyintini. Le nhlanganisela ivikela i-cartilage ekugugeni ngokweqile, ngisho nangaphansi kokucindezeleka okuphindaphindiwe.
Ukuqonda ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi lawo madolo e-kangaroo akhiwa kanjani nokuthi asebenza kanjani Kungasiza ekwakheni izitho zokufakelwa zamadolo ezingcono kubantu kanye nezinto eziqinile zokufakelwa kwamalunga, kunciphisa izinga lokuhluleka nokuthuthukisa ukuhamba kwezigidi zabantu abanezinkinga zokuguguleka nokuklebhuka kwamalunga.
I-Blind cavefish: izinkomba zokuqonda isifo sikashukela
Isifo sikashukela singenye yezinselelo ezinkulu zezempilo emhlabeni jikelele, cishe oyedwa kwabayishumi abadala abathintekile kanye nemiphumela emibi njengokungaboni, ukwehluleka kwezinso, izinkinga zenhliziyo, isifo sohlangothi, noma ukunqunywa kwezitho zomzimba. Ukulawula ushukela egazini kubalulekile, kodwa futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Kulesi simo, inhlanzi encane evela emihumeni yaseMexico idonse ukunaka kwabacwaningi, Ngoba isungule isu eliqine kakhulu lokusinda ezindaweni lapho ukudla kuntuleka khona isikhathi eside. Le nhlanzi, ejwayele ukuzidla uma ithola ukudla, ingamelana nokushintshashintsha okukhulu kwamazinga ayo kashukela ngaphandle kokulimala okuvamile esingakubona kumuntu onesifo sikashukela.
Ukujwayela indawo enezinkathi ezinde zokuzila ukudla kanye namathuba amafushane okudla kakhulu, Kuye kwavela ukuthi kubekezelele amazinga kashukela egazini, okusobala ukuthi kumuntu, angaba yisifo esibi. Akubonisi izinga elifanayo lomonakalo wemithambo yegazi, wezinzwa, noma wezitho zomzimba njengoba imithi yabantu ingalindela ngaphansi kwalezo zimo.
Ukutadisha izindlela zayo zokulawula kanye nokuvikela ngokumelene ne-glucose eningi Lokhu kungavula ithuba lokwelashwa kwesifo sikashukela okuphumelelayo nokungenamandla kangako, mhlawumbe kukhuthaze imithi efana nezinye zalezi zimo ezingavamile zemvelo.
Amadube, ukucindezeleka kanye nezilonda: indlela yokuphila ethinta ngayo isisu
Siphila emphakathini oqhubeka nokucindezeleka, lapho abantu abaningi bechitha iminyaka bebekezelela ingcindezi yomsebenzi, izinkinga zezimali, ukucindezeleka kwengqondo, nezinkinga ezingokomzwelo ezingapheli. Lokhu kucindezeleka okungapheli akugcini nje ngokuthinta imizwa kodwa futhi kunemiphumela yangempela emzimbeni, okuhlanganisa nokukhula kwezilonda zesisu.
Izilwane zasendle, njengamadube, zivame ukubhekana nokucindezeleka ngendlela ehlukile, okuhlobene nezingozi ezithile nezesikhashana: ukubalekela isitha, ukuthola amanzi noma ukudla, ukugwema ukulwa. Lezi yiziqongo ezinkulu zokucindezeleka, kodwa azihlali isikhathi eside; lapho usongo ludlula, imizimba yazo ibuyela esimweni sokuzola.
Lo mehluko wephethini uchaza ukuthi kungani ukucindezeleka okuqhubekayo kwabantu Kuhlobene ngokusobala nokukhula kwezilonda, kuyilapho izilwane eziningi zasendle zingahlushwa yizo ngezinga elifanayo. Kodwa-ke, lapho izilwane zaselabhorethri, njengezimpuku, zivezwa ekucindezelekeni okuqhubekayo nokuqhubekayo, nazo ziba nezilonda zesisu ezifana kakhulu nalezo ezibonakala kubantu.
Lezi zivivinyo zisikhumbuza ukuthi indlela yethu yokuphila yanamuhla Akuyona into engokwemvelo ngokuphelele ngokombono wokuthi umzimba uklanyelwe kanjani ukuphatha ukucindezeleka. Ukufunda emijikelezweni yokusebenza nokuphumula kwezilwane zasendle kungasisiza sakhe imikhuba nezindawo ezingathinti kabi ukugaya kwethu kanye nempilo yethu iyonke.
Izilwane ezizilaphayo: imvelo njengekhithi yosizo lokuqala
Kanye nendima yayo njengomthombo wokuphefumulela ekwelashweni kwabantu, Izilwane eziningi ziye zakha ukuziphatha okungachazwa ngokuthi “izindlela zokwelapha zasekhaya” zangempela zokwelapha izifo zazo. Lesi simo, esaziwa ngokuthi ukuzelapha kwezilwane, siyaqhubeka siqinisekiswa kahle ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo kanye nososayensi bezinto eziphilayo.
Kunokuba kukhawulelwe "esimweni somzwelo nje", Ezimweni eziningi, kubonakala sengathi kuhilelekile inhlanganisela yokuzwela ngokomzimba, ukufunda komuntu ngamunye, kanye nokubuka umphakathi. Okusho ukuthi, izilwane zizwa ukuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle, zihlola izinsiza endaweni yazo, futhi uma lokhu kusebenza, lokho kuziphatha kuyagcinwa futhi kudluliselwe ngaphakathi kweqembu.
Izindlela zokuziphatha zokuzelapha ziye zachazwa ezinhlotsheni zezilwane, izinambuzane, izinyoni, kanye nezinye izilwane ezinomgogodla. Kusukela ezinkawuni ezihlafuna amagxolo ababayo ukuze zilwe nezinambuzane, kuya ezimvemvaneni ezikhetha izitshalo ezithile ezinobuthi ukuze izibungu zazo zesikhathi esizayo zibe nezifo ezimbalwa. Uhlobo ngalunye luvumelanisa "ikhemisi" lalo nendawo elizungezile.
Amacala abhalwe phansi kakhulu abonisa amaphethini aphindaphindwayo, ahlobene ngokusobala nezimo zokugula noma ingozi, Lokhu kuqinisa umqondo wokuthi lezi akuzona izenzo ezingahleliwe. Nakuba singeke sazi ukuthi izilwane "zicabangani" lapho zelashwa, umongo kanye nemiphumela kuyazikhulumela.
Ama-Chimpanzee asebenzisa izitshalo zokwelapha: icala leqabunga elibabayo
Ngawo-80, eTanzania, ukubonwa kwenkawu egulayo egama linguChausiku Kwaphawula uguquko ocwaningweni lokwelapha izilwane. Isazi sezilwane zasendulo uMichael Huffman waphawula ukuthi lesi silwane, esibonisa izimpawu zokudinwa nokuphelelwa yisifiso sokudla, saqala ukuhlafuna amagxolo namaqabunga esitshalo esithile esasingeyona ingxenye yokudla kwaso okuvamile.
Leso sitshalo, esaziwa ngokuthi iVernonia amygdalina noma “iqabunga elibabayo”, Sekuyiminyaka imiphakathi yabantu base-Afrika iyisebenzisa ukwelapha umalaleveva, umkhuhlane, kanye nezinambuzane zamathumbu. Okumangalisayo ukuthi ama-chimpanzee awavamile ukuyidla ngaphandle kwalapho ebonakala egula, futhi ukunambitheka kwayo okubabayo kakhulu kwenza ingathandeki njengokudla okulula.
Ngemva kokudla iqabunga elibabayo, uChausiku ubonise ukuthuthuka okucacile esikhathini esingaphansi kwamahora angama-24. ukuvuselela umsebenzi kanye nesifiso sokudla. Ukuhlaziywa okulandelayo kwamasampula endle nomchamo kubonise ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi yayinesifo sokutheleleka yizinambuzane, okwakuzophela ngenxa yezakhiwo zesitshalo.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, uHuffman namanye amaqembu baqoqe imibono efanayo. emaqenjini ahlukene ezinkawu, okuqinisa umbono wokuthi zisebenzisa izitshalo ezinamakhambi emithi uma kudingeka. Akucaci ukuthi ziyazi kangakanani ngomphumela othize, kodwa kubonakala kusobala ukuthi zifundile, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, ukuthi izitshalo ezithile "zizizwa kahle" uma zingaphilile.
Lolu hlobo locwaningo luye lwachitha inkolelo yokuthi imithi yayingeyabantu kuphela. okubonisa ukuqhubeka phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwethu okunengqondo kwezidakamizwa kanye nokusetshenziswa okunembile okwenziwa ezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo ngezinsizakusebenza zazo.
Izibungu ezishintsha ukudla kwazo ukuze zibulale izimuncagazi
Ezweni lezinambuzane sithola nezibonelo ezithakazelisayo zokuzelapha, njengokuziphatha okubonwa ezibunguni zebhere elinoboya, kamuva eziguquka zibe amabhungane engwe. Ngokuvamile, lezi zibungu zidla izitshalo ezimbalwa ezithile, kodwa uma zihlaselwa yizimpukane ezithile ezidla amagciwane, zishintsha kakhulu ukudla kwazo.
Izimpukane zibekela amaqanda azo emzimbeni wesibungu, Futhi izibungu zigcina zidla umninimzi ngaphakathi. Kuyisiphetho esiqinisekisiwe, ngaphandle kokuthi isibungu sisebenzise isu eliyingozi kakhulu: ukuqala ukudla izitshalo ezicebile ngama-alkaloid e-pyrrolizidine, izinto ezinobuthi kokubili ezilwanyaneni kanye nesibungu uqobo.
Ucwaningo olwenziwe yisazi sezinto eziphilayo uMichael Singer lubonise ukuthi lezi zibungu ezinegciwane Bakhulisa ngokuzithandela izinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo abazidlayo, okuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezifana ne-sagebrush, i-St. John's wort, kanye ne-rattlesnake, zonke eziqukethe amakhemikhali ababayo nanobuthi. Ezibungwini ezinempilo, lokhu kudla kunciphisa ukusinda; noma kunjalo, ezibungwini ezinegciwane kwandisa kakhulu amathuba azo okusinda.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, naphezu kokuba nesimiso sezinzwa esilula kakhulu sokunambitha, esinama-nambitha amane kuphela, Elinye lala ma-gene libonakala lilungele ngokukhethekile ukuthola lawa ma-alkaloid anobuthi futhi libangele ukuthanda kwalo lapho isilwane sihlaselwa yizibungu. Kunjengokungathi isimo sangaphakathi sesibungu "siguqula" umuzwa waso wokunambitha ukuze sifune ikhambi elifanele kakhulu.
Lesi simo sifana kakhulu nemiphumela emibi yemithi kubantu: Samukela imiphumela ethile emibi (isicanucanu, ukukhathala, ingozi yezinye izinkinga) ukuze kuqedwe isifo esibi kakhulu. Endabeni yezibungu, isu ngezinye izikhathi liyasebenza futhi ngezinye izikhathi alisebenzi, kodwa libe wusizo ngokwanele ngokwemibono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuze liqhubeke.
Izinkawu nama-lemur asebenzisa ama-millipedes njengesixoshi semvelo
Emahlathini aseNingizimu Melika naseMadagascar, ezinye izilwane ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-primate ziye zafunda ukuthembela ezinambuzaneni. ukuze bazivikele ezinambuzaneni nasekulunyweni. Izinkawu ze-Capuchin nama-lemur ziye zabonwa zibamba ama-millipede ohlobo lwe-Orthoporus dorsovittatus, ziwaluma futhi ziwachoboza ukuze zikhiphe into ewugqinsi bese ziwahlikihla emzimbeni wazo wonke.
Lo mkhuba "wokugeza ngamakhemikhali" wenziwa ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka lapho omiyane nezinye izinambuzane ezimunca igazi zigcwele khona, okuphakamisa ukuthi akuyona into eyenzeka ngengozi, kodwa impendulo eguquguqukayo engcupheni yokwanda kokulunywa nezifo ezithwalwa yizinambuzane.
Ama-Millipedes akhipha ama-benzoquinone, amakhemikhali anobuthi anomphumela onamandla wokuxosha. ngokumelene nezilwane eziningi ezingenamgogodla. Zisetshenziswa eboyeni bezilwane ezincelisayo, zisebenza njengohlobo lokuxosha ngokwemvelo, zinciphisa ukulunywa, ngakho-ke, amathuba okutheleleka.
Ososayensi abakwazi ukusho ngokuqinisekile ukuthi izilwane ezincane “ziyazi” yini ukuthi zisebenzisa umuthi wokuxosha izilwane. Kodwa ukuhlobana phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwama-millipede kanye nezikhathi zengozi enkulu kubonisa okungenani ukuxhumana okucacile phakathi kokuziphatha nokuvikelwa kwempilo. Mhlawumbe izilwane zimane zikubona njengento "ezikhulula" noma "ezenza zizizwe kahle," kodwa umphumela osebenzayo awunakuphikwa.
Ama-chimpanzee afaka izinambuzane emanxebeni awo
Okunye okutholakale muva nje okubangele umuzwa ukusetshenziswa kwezinambuzane yizinkawu. ukwelapha amanxeba avulekile. Ucwaningo lwango-2022 oluqhutshwa ngama-chimpanzee eGabon lubhale amacala acishe abe ngamashumi amabili lapho la ma-primates abambe khona izinambuzane, azilume, bese efaka imizimba yawo echotshoziwe ngqo ekusikeni noma ekulimaleni.
Kwesinye seziqephu ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu, i-chimpanzee egama linguFreddy, Njengoba esanda kutholakala engalweni yakhe, wabonakala ebamba isinambuzane ngokucophelela, esihlafuna, futhi esicindezela endaweni elimele. Waphinda le nqubo izikhathi eziningana, njengokungathi ugcoba amafutha emvelo.
Into emangazayo kakhulu ukuthi lokhu kuziphatha bekungagcini nje ekuzinakekeleni: Ama-chimpanzee nawo abonwe ebamba izinambuzane futhi ezinika amanye amalungu eqembu ukuthi azifake emanxebeni omunye nomunye, noma ngisho nokwelapha inxeba lelungu elikanye nawo ngqo. Lokhu kwethula isici senhlalo nokubambisana ekuziphatheni kwawo, okudlulela ngale kokusinda komuntu ngamunye.
Nakuba kungacaci kahle ukuthi yiziphi izici lezo zinambuzane ezinazo. (imithi yokulwa namagciwane, imithi yokulwa nokuvuvukala, imithi yokunciphisa ubuhlungu, imithi yokwelapha…), ukuphindaphinda isenzo ezimweni ezithile kukhomba uhlobo oluthile lwenzuzo ebonwayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi futhi kwaba yisiko lomphakathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, elidluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane kulowo mphakathi wezimpanzi.
Izinyoni zasemadolobheni ezisebenzisa izinqe zikagwayi njengesibulali-zinambuzane
Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, ubuhlakani bezilwane bokuzivumelanisa nalokho ezikutholayo Lokhu kungaholela emasu axubile, anezinzuzo kanye nezingozi. Isibonelo esicacile sinikezwa yi-finch kanye ne-city sparrows ezisebenzisa izinqe zegwayi njengengxenye yezinto zazo zokuzalela.
Uma ubheka kuqala, kungase kubonakale sengathi kuwumphumela olula wokutholakala kwendle yabantu, Kodwa abacwaningi base-National Autonomous University of Mexico baphawula ukuthi izidleke ezinezinqe zikagwayi eziningi zazinezimbungulu, amakhizane, nezintwala ezimbalwa kakhulu kunalezo ezakhiwe ngaphandle kwalezi zinsalela.
I-Nicotine kanye nezinye izinto ezitholakala kugwayi zinomphumela ocacile wokubulala izinambuzane. Futhi izinyoni, ngokungaqondile, zithole ezinqeni zikagwayi indawo yezitshalo ezinephunga elimnandi ebezingazisebenzisa ezindaweni zemvelo ukuze zixoshe amagciwane. Umphumela: amaphuphu avikeleke kangcono ekuhlaselweni yizilo edolobheni eligcwele izinsongo.
Nokho, kukhona okubi: ukuchayeka isikhathi eside ezintweni ezinobuthi ezikugwayi. Kulimaza amangqamuzana abomvu egazi futhi kungathinta kokubili amadala namachwane. Naphezu kwalokhu, izifundo zithole ukuthi amachwane asezidlekeni anezinqe zikagwayi ayevame ukuba nesisindo esikhulu futhi abonise impilo engcono iyonke, okubonisa ukuthi, ngokubanzi, inzuzo idlula umonakalo kulo mongo.
Lesi sibonelo sibonisa kahle ukuthi izilwane zasemadolobheni Basungula kabusha izinsiza zabo zokwelapha zendabuko ngezinto ezisetshenziswa ngabantu, ngemiphumela, nakuba ingeyona efanelekile, ekhombisa ikhono elikhulu lokuzivumelanisa nemvelo.
Izimvemvane zeMonarch: umuthi wamaphuphu ngaphambi kokuba aqandusele
Izimvemvane ze-monarch zidumile ngokufuduka kwazo okumangalisayo, kodwa futhi ngenxa yokuziphatha okuhle kakhulu kokuhlanzeka: abesifazane abangenwe yizinambuzane ezithile bakhetha ngokucophelela izitshalo lapho bebeka khona amaqanda abo ukuze bavikele izibungu zabo zesikhathi esizayo.
I-parasite i-Ophryocystis elektroscirrha ingalimaza amaphiko ezimvemvane ezincane, Lokhu kuphazamisa ikhono lazo lokundiza futhi kunciphisa kakhulu amathuba azo okusinda nokuqedela umjikelezo wazo wokufuduka. Ukuze kulwiwe nalolu songo, abesifazane abathelelekile babonisa ukukhetha okucacile kokubeka amaqanda ezinhlotsheni ze-milkweed ezinamazinga aphezulu e-cardenolides, amakhemikhali anobuthi avimbela ukukhula kwezinambuzane.
Ucwaningo oluholwa yisazi sezinto eziphilayo uJacobus De Roode lubonise ukuthi Lezi zinsikazi zashintsha indlela yazo yokubeka amaqanda lapho zidla izimila, "zibheja" izitshalo ezazibaba kakhulu futhi ziyingozi kwezinye izilwane eziningi ezidla uhlaza, kodwa eziwusizo ezizukulwaneni zazo ngokwesimo sezinambuzane ezithile ezazibhekene nazo.
Asazi ukuthi izimvemvane “ziyaqaphela” yini ukuthi ziyagula, Kodwa kusobala ukuthi isimo sabo somzimba sishintsha ukukhetha kwesitshalo nokuthi lolu shintsho lunciphisa amathuba okutheleleka esizukulwaneni esilandelayo. Empeleni, kuyindlela yokwelapha yokuvimbela ngaphambi kokubeletha.
Lolu hlobo lokuziphatha luqinisa umbono wokuthi ukuzelapha kugxile kakhulu. Emlandweni wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezilwane, ezivela ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene njengezinambuzane, izinyoni, noma izilwane eziphila emanzini, zihlala zinesimo sengqondo esifanayo: ukusizakala ngezinsiza ezivela endaweni ezungezile ukunciphisa umthelela wezifo kanye nezinambuzane.
Ukushintshana kolwazi phakathi kwabantu nezilwane
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezilwane nezifo abuyona indlela eyodwa, lapho sifunda khona kuphela kuzo. Ezimweni eziningi, kwenzeka okuphambene nalokho: imithi yabantu isetshenziswa ukusindisa nokuthuthukisa izimpilo zezinye izinhlobo. Amasu athuthukiswe ukwelapha izifo, amathumba, izinkinga zamehlo, noma izinkinga zokuzala kubantu asetshenziswa ukunakekela izilwane zasendle nezasekhaya.
Isibonelo esaziwayo umsebenzi ngama-koala athintekile yi-chlamydia, Ibhaktheriya engabangela ukungazali, ubumpumputhe, ngisho nokufa kulezi zilwane eziphila negciwane. Ulwazi oluqoqwe nge-chlamydia kubantu luye lwasetshenziswa ekwakheni amasu okuxilonga, ekwelapheni, kanye nokuvimbela emiphakathini yama-koala, ukuzama ukunqanda ukusabalala kwalesi sifo.
Lokhu kushintshana kolwazi njalo phakathi kwemithi yabantu kanye neyokwelapha izilwane Kufaka isandla embonweni "weMpilo Eyodwa", oqonda impilo yabantu, yezilwane, kanye neyendawo ezungezile njengezingxenye zesimiso esisodwa. Izilwane ezelaphayo, nganoma iyiphi indlela esizibonile, zisikhumbuza ukuthi ukuphila isikhathi eside futhi kangcono akuyona nje indaba yentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi nokubuka, ukuhlonipha, nokufunda ezixazululweni imvelo ebilokhu izilungiselela izigidi zeminyaka.
