Ukubala phansi ukuze isintu sibuyele esimweni esijwayelekile ukuzungeza kweNyanga Ekugcineni sekuqalile. Ngemva kweminyaka yokulungiselela kanye nokuhlehliswa okuningana, i-NASA isilungiselela ukwethulwa. U-Arthemisi IIUmsebenzi wokuqala oqashwe yiqembu ohlelweni lwayo olusha lwenyanga, oluzothumela osomkhathi abane ku- uhambo lwezinsuku eziyishumi nxazonke kwesathelayithi ngaphambi kokubuyela eMhlabeni.
Lokhu kundiza ngeke kuhilele ukufika enyangeni okwamanje, kodwa kuzoba yisinyathelo esibalulekile: okokuqala ngqa kusukela enkathini ye-Apollo, kuzokwenziwa izivivinyo e- izinhlelo zokusekela impilo yesikhala esijulile, ukuzulazula kanye nokuxhumana we-Orion spacecraft nabantu abasemkhunjini. Futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, kuzoqinisa ukubandakanyeka kwe- EYurophu naseSpain emsebenzini ongokomlando lapho ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukiswe ngaphandle kwe-United States kunesisindo esingakaze sibonwe.
Iqala nini i-Artemis II futhi ungayilandela kanjani i-mission bukhoma
Ngaphandle kwanoma yiziphi izithiyo zobuchwepheshe noma ezihlobene nesimo sezulu, okukhulu Uhlelo Lokuqalisa Isikhala (i-SLS) Izoqala kusukela ku-launch pad 39B eKennedy Space Center eFlorida, kungakapheli amahora amabili evula ngo- 18:24 isikhathi sendawoLokhu kuchaza ukuthi 00:24 ekuseni kakhulu ngomhlaka-2 kuMbasa eSpainAkuyona isikhathi esilula kakhulu, kodwa kubalandeli abazinikele kakhulu, kuzoba yi-aphoyintimenti ephoqelekile phambi kwesikrini.
I-NASA igcine amathuba amaningana engeziwe ezinsukwini ezilandelayo uma kwenzeka izinkinga ngomzuzu wokugcina. Uhlelo luhlanganisa imizamo elandelanayo phakathi nezinsuku 2, 3, 4, 5 kanye no-6 ku-Ephreli, kanye nethuba elisha ngomhlaka-30 wenyanga efanayo, ngakho-ke umkhawulo wokuhamba ubanzi uma okuthile kungasebenzi okokuqala.
Ukumbozwa kuzoqhubeka, ngokoqobo. Kusukela emahoreni ambalwa ngaphambi kokuba irokhethi ligcwaliswe uphethiloli kuze kube yilapho i-Pacific Ocean iwa, le nhlangano izosakaza izigaba eziyinhloko zomsebenzi ngesikhathi sangempela. NASA+, isiteshi sayo se-YouTube kanye nezinye izinkundla. Lo msakazo uzoba nokuphawula kwesiNgisi, futhi ngezikhathi ezibalulekile njengokwethulwa, uzoba ne- Ukudluliselwa okukhethekile ngesiSpanishi ngesiteshi se-NASA solimi lwesiSpanishi.
Uhlelo olusemthethweni luhlanganisa ibhethri le izingqungquthela zabezindaba kanye nemicimbi yolwazi Ezinsukwini ezingaphambi kokwethulwa: ukufika kwabasebenzi eKennedy Space Center, izingqungquthela zabezindaba ngesimo sokwethulwa, isithangami sobuchwepheshe ngaphambi nje kokubala phansi kuqale, kanye nokusakazwa bukhoma kwenqubo yokulayisha i-SLS propellant. Ngesikhathi sokundiza, i-NASA izosakaza izithombe ezivela kumkhumbi-mkhathi i-Orion uqobo noma nini lapho i-bandwidth ivuma, futhi izokhipha izibuyekezo zansuku zonke zesimo somsebenzi ezivela eJohnson Space Center eHouston.
Labo abafisa ukuzizwa behileleke kakhulu bangabhalisa njengo "Izivakashi eziku-inthanethi" kusuka ku-NASA, ukufinyelela okuqukethwe okukhethiwe, izaziso zezinyathelo ezibalulekile, kanye nesitembu sesikhumbuzo sedijithali ngemuva kohambo lwendiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abezindaba bazokwazi ukufinyelela ku- imigqa yomsindo ezinikele ukulandelela kuphela umsindo wokuxhumana kwemishini, kanye namaza athile eFlorida Space Coast.
Umsebenzi womlando wabantu, kodwa ngaphandle kokufika enyangeni
I-Artemis II izoba yi- umsebenzi wokuqala womuntu wohlelo, olucatshangwa njengokuzijwayeza okukhulu kwezingubo ngaphambi kokuba uhambo lwesikhathi esizayo lubuyele ebusweni benyanga. I-Orion spacecraft, ebekwe phezu kwe-SLS, izoqhubeka nohambo. osomkhathi abane: reid wiseman (umphathi), UVictor Glover (umshayeli wendiza), Christina Koch y UJeremy Hansen, lesi sakamuva sivela kwi-Canadian Space Agency.
Iphrofayili yendiza yakhelwe njengendlela yokuhamba ukubuya kwamahhala eNyangeniNgemva kokusuka, irokhethi izosunduza i-Orion iye emjikelezweni wokuqala woMhlaba ngemizuzu embalwa. Lapho, ukusebenza kwendizamkhathi kuzovivinywa, futhi kuzokwenziwa ukuhlukana kanye nokuhlangana nesiteji esiphezulu—ukuhlolwa kokumiswa kwendiza okuzoba yinto ebalulekile esikhathini esizayo lapho kudingeka ixhumane noMhlaba. amamojula okufika ihlinzekwa yizinkampani ezifana ne-SpaceX noma i-Blue Origin.
Uma lokhu kuhlola sekuqediwe, ukhiye wokushisa uzobeka umkhumbi endleleni eya kwisathelayithi. Izinsuku eziningana, abasebenzi bazohamba phakathi indawo ejulileLe ndawo inobutha kakhulu kune-orbit ephansi yoMhlaba lapho i-International Space Station ikhona khona. Umgomo uwukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zokusekela impilo, i-telemetry, ukuxhumana, kanye nezinhlelo zokuzulazula ezizimele ngaphansi kwezimo zangempela, ngemisebe kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwesifunda se-cislunar.
Isikhathi esimangalisayo kakhulu sizofika lapho u-Orion ekhipha khona ukuphapha kolunye uhlangothi lweNyangaukuhamba amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-400.000 ukusuka eMhlabeni. Lokhu kuzokwenza abantu abane abahlala kuyo babe ngabantu abaye bahamba ibanga elide kunanoma ubani omunye, bedlula amarekhodi adumile njengalawo ka-Apollo 13. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi uhlanganisa izenzakalo ezibalulekile: kuzoba okokuqala ngqa ukuthi owesifazane nomuntu omnyama waseMelika sondela kakhulu endaweni ezungezile inyanga.
Ngemva kokuqeda umjikelezo ozungeze isathelayithi, amandla adonsela phansi ohlelo lwe-Earth-Moon azoqondisa i-spacecraft ibuyele ekhaya. Umlenze wokugcina uzohlola Isivikelo sokushisa esikhulu kunazo zonke esake sakhiwa se-capsuleYakhelwe ukumelana namazinga okushisa aseduze no-2.800°C lapho i-Orion iphinda ingena emkhathini cishe ngamakhilomitha angu-40.000 ngehora, i-capsule izobe isincishiswa ukufakwa kwama-parachute kuze kube yilapho i-splash ilawulwa e-Pacific Ocean, lapho amaqembu avela ku-NASA kanye noMnyango Wezokuvikela ezobe elinde ukubuyisa i-spacecraft kanye nabasebenzi bayo.
Ukuzivikela okunezingqimba ngokumelene nemisebe nezinye izinselele ezinkulu
Ukushiya umjikelezo womhlaba ophansi nokuya esikhaleni esijulile kusho ukubhekana nendawo enzima kakhulu. Izazi zezinkanyezi ze-Artemis II zizowela i- Amabhande emisebe kaVan Allen futhi uzochitha izinsuku eziningana evezwe ezinhlayiyeni ezinamandla ezivela eLangeni nasemkhathini ophakathi kwezinkanyezi, ingozi i-NASA ebilokhu iyihlola amashumi eminyaka futhi, kulokhu, ebhekwana nayo ngesu le- "Ukuzivikela okunezigaba".
Ngaphansi kwesambulela salokho okubizwa ngokuthi "Ukuhlolwa kweMatroshka"Le nhlangano ihlanganisa izinzwa ezithuthukisiwe kanye nokulungiswa kokuvikela ngokomzimba ukuze iqaphe futhi inciphise umthamo wemisebe otholakala ngaphakathi kwendizamkhathi. Umqondo uwukubeka izinto ezahlukene ezingqimbeni bese usabalalisa imishini ukuze izindawo ezithile zinikeze isivikelo esengeziwe uma kwenzeka isiphepho esinamandla kakhulu selanga.
Inselele ayipheli lapho. Ngesikhathi sokundiza, ngeke kube khona ithuba lokuthi kube khona ukubuya okusheshayo okuphuthumayoLokhu kungenzeka kakhulu eSiteshini Somkhathi Samazwe Ngamazwe. Ukuxhumana kuzoba nzima kakhulu, ngezikhathi lapho indizamkhathi izobe ifihliwe ngokuphelele ngemuva kweNyanga futhi incike ngokuphelele emandleni ayo okuzulazula ngokuzimela. Yingakho i-Artemis II ibhekwa njenge- indiza yokuqinisekisa epheleleZonke izinhlelo, kusukela ekuqhubekeni kuya ekuphathweni kwezinsizakusebenza, zizohlolwa ngaphambi kokudlulela emisebenzini emikhulu.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-NASA ilungise imephu yohlelo. Umsebenzi we-Artemis III usushintshe ukugxila kwawo ekuhlolweni kokuzungeza uMhlaba kanye nokusebenza ngezindiza zezentengiselwano zenyanga, kanti owokuqala ukwehlela ebusweni benyanga Manje sekugcinelwe U-Artemis IV, kuhlelwe cishe ngo-2028. Umqondo uwukukhulisa kancane kancane izinga lobunzima, ugweme izingozi ezingadingekile ngaphambi kokuba nokwethemba okugcwele i-SLS-Orion suite kanye nezinhlelo ezihambisanayo.
ISpain neYurophu, izingcezu ezibalulekile zokwakhiwa kwe-Artemis II
Ngale kwendima yokuhola ye-NASA, i-Artemis II igcizelela ukubaluleka okukhulayo kwe- EYurophu naseSpain emisebenzini emikhulu enabantu. I-Orion spacecraft ayihambi yodwa: iboshelwe endaweni Imodyuli yesevisi yaseYurophu okuhlinzekwe yi-European Space Agency (ESA), enesibopho sokuhlinzeka ngamandla, ukuqhutshwa, amanzi kanye nomoya ku-capsule enabantu.
Enhliziyweni yaleyo module kuvelele ingxenye eklanywe futhi yakhiqizwa eMadrid: i iyunithi yokulawula ukushisa (i-TCU)Lolu hlelo, olwakhiwe yi-Airbus Crisa esitshalweni sayo iTres Cantos, lulawula izinga lokushisa, ukuhamba komoya kanye namanzi, luqinisekisa ukuthi abasebenzi kanye nezinto zikagesi ezibalulekile basebenza endaweni ephephile kulo lonke uhambo, kusukela ekusukeni kuya ekuweni kwendiza.
Iqiniso lokuthi i-NASA ibeke ithemba layo ku- inkampani engeyona eyase-US yento ebucayi kangaka Lokhu kuphawula ushintsho olukhulu ekwabiweni kwemithwalo yemfanelo ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zabasebenzi. I-Airbus Crisa yayisivele ibonise amakhono ayo kumaphrojekthi afana ne-James Webb Space Telescope, i-Curiosity kanye ne-Perseverance Mars rovers, kanye nezimoto zokuqalisa ze-Ariane ne-Vega, futhi ubuchwepheshe bayo bandiza ngempumelelo ku-Artemis I. Manje, njengoba kunabasebenzi ebhodini, ibha ibekwe phezulu nakakhulu.
Ukubambisana kweYurophu akugcini nje ngehadiwe. Lolu hlelo luhlanganisa iminikelo evela ezinhlanganweni eziningi: i-ESA, i-ejensi yaseJapan i-JAXA, i-Canadian CSA, kanye nabalingani abavela emazweni afana ne-United Arab Emirates kanye ne-Australia, abanikela ngamakhono kwezamarobhothi, ezokuxhumana, isayensi, kanye nokuphathwa kwendawo. Le ndlela ivulelekile. izinhlangothi eziningi kanye nokubambisana, okuhluke kakhulu ekubaleni kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi okwaphawula uhlelo lwe-Apollo.
Umnikelo wesayensi waseSpain: kusukela eLangeni kuya ekuphepheni kwabasebenzi
Indima yaseSpain ku-Artemis II ayigcini nje embonini. Kukhona negalelo lesayensi elisezingeni eliphezulu. Inyuvesi yase-Alcalá (UAH)Ngeqembu eliphethe ithuluzi le-Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) lomsebenzi we-ESA we-Solar Orbiter, selibe ngomunye wabasekeli ababalulekile bokuhlola izingozi zokukhanya kwelanga lokho iqembu elizobhekana nakho.
Kusukela ngo-2020, leli thimba belilokhu lithola futhi lihlaziya idatha yezinhlayiya zamandla eqoshwe yi-Solar Orbiter eduze neLanga. Ngokwesicelo se-NASA, abacwaningi be-UAH bazohlinzeka Idatha yokubambezeleka okuphansi evela kuthuluzi le-EPDOkusho ukuthi, izilinganiso ezifika cishe ngesikhathi sangempela futhi ezisivumela ukuthi silinganisele kokubili isikhathi kanye namandla ukuqhuma kwelanga okungathinta ngawo indawo yesikhala u-Artemis II azohamba kuyo.
Ngalolu lwazi, kungenzeka ukubikezela iziqephu zemisebe enamandla kakhulu nokuhlola umthelela wayo. umthelela ongaba khona emkhunjini nakubantu abakuwoLo msebenzi uhilela ukuhlaziya izimo zokudalulwa kanye nezincomo zokusebenza. Uhlanganisa nezeluleko zesayensi zokuhumusha kahle le datha, umsebenzi oholwa nguSolwazi Javier Rodríguez-Pacheco, umphenyi oyinhloko wethuluzi le-EPD.
Akusikho okokuqala iNyuvesi yase-Alcalá (UAH) ibambisana ne-ejensi yase-US kule ndawo. Inyuvesi ngaphambilini yeluleke i-NASA ngesikhathi sokundiza kokuqala kwe-Ingenuity rover eMars, yasiza ekuhloleni imiphumela yesiphepho selanga esasithumele izinhlayiya ezishajekile endaweni yePlanethi Ebomvu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhumana kweSpain nesu lenyanga kudlulela phambili nakakhulu: inhloko yamanje yehhovisi Ukusuka eNyangeni kuya kuMars kuya ku-NASA (M2M) UTeresa Nieves-Chinchilla, owayengumfundi we-UAH, uhlobene kakhulu neqembu le-SRG-UAH.
I-antenna ye-NASA ophahleni lwaseSeville
Ukuba khona kwabaseSpain ku-Artemis II kuyabonakala nasemhlabeni. Isikole Sobuchwepheshe Esiphakeme (i-ETSi) saseNyuvesi yaseSeville Izoba nesinye seziteshi ezingu-34 ezisatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke esizolandela izimpawu zomsakazo zomkhumbi-mkhathi i-Orion ngesikhathi sokundiza kwawo. I-NASA yethule ucingo lwamazwe ngamazwe lweziphakamiso zokuhlola amakhono okulandelela emsebenzini wangempela wabasebenzi, futhi i-ETSi kwakuwukuphela kwesikhungo saseSpain esikhethiwe.
Ipulatifomu ifakiwe ophahleni lwesakhiwo. I-OrbisatUhlelo olwakhiwe yinkampani yaseSpain i-Integrasys ngenkampani yayo engaphansi kweLuxembourg. Le antenna, engaba amamitha angu-2,5 ubude, yenzelwe ukulandelela izindiza zasemkhathini ngesikhathi sokwethulwa kanye nokuzungeza, phakathi kwezinye izilinganiso, Umphumela we-Doppler wesiginali, isihluthulelo sokunquma ngokunembile isivinini kanye nomzila womkhumbi.
Kuhle ukugcizelela ukuthi lokhu kuqapha okuhambisanayo lapho i-Deep Space Network (DSN) ye-NASA yenza khona umgogodla wangempela wokuxhumana kwesikhala esijulile. Umgomo wenhlangano ukuhlola izinga engathembela kulo ku- uhlelo lwezinhlelo zomphakathi nezangasese zeziteshi zangaphandle eziqinisa ukuqina kwazo kanye namandla azo emisebenzini yesikhathi esizayo, zinciphisa ukuthembela kwazo kuphela engqalasizinda yazo.
Ku-ETSI kanye ne-Integrasys, ukubamba iqhaza ku-Artemis II kumelela ithuba elibalulekile. I-antenna izofakwa unomphela, iguqule isikole sibe ingqalasizinda yokulandelela yangempela ngale kwalolu hlelo oluthile, futhi iqinise ubudlelwano benkampani ne-NASA, esebenzisana nayo kakade kwamanye amaphrojekthi kanye nezinhlangano ezifana ne-US Space Force kanye ne-Space Command.
Ubukhulu bemfundo bubalulekile futhi. Abafundi be- Iziqu zeMasters ekusebenzeni kwezinhlelo zesikhala Abafundi baseNyuvesi yaseSeville bazoba nokufinyelela okuqondile kudatha ekhiqizwe yi-Orbisat, okubavumela ukuthi basebenze nge-telemetry yangempela evela emkhathini ohambweni lwawo oluya eNyangeni. Kuyindlela ebambekayo kakhulu yokuletha ikilasi phambili ekuhloleni isikhala.
Kusukela ku-Apollo 17 kuya ku-Artemis II: indlela ukuya eNyangeni okushintshe ngayo
Cishe isigamu sekhulu sihlukanisa ukufika kokugcina kwenyanga nokufika U-Apollo 17 kanye nokwethulwa kwe-Artemis II. Ngaleso sikhathi, indlela esiya ngayo emkhathini ishintshe ngokuphelele. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-command module yayinikeza isikhala esincane kakhulu kubagibeli bezindiza abathathu kuphela; manje, i-Orion spacecraft kanye ne-European service module yayo inikeza i- indawo ebanzi nelula ukuyihlalisa amalungu amane eqembu.
Ngawo-1970, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kwakusekelwe cishe ngokuphelele ku- ama-fuel cellI-Artemis II izoncika kakhulu ku-big amaphaneli elanga, ezihlinzeka ngogesi njalo futhi zingenankinga enkulu yokufeza umsebenzi walolu hlobo.
Ikhompyutha ingenye intuthuko enkulu. Ikhompyutha engaphakathi kohlelo lwe-Apollo yayinezimbalwa kakhulu ama-kilobyte ambalwa enkumbulongaphansi kakhulu kwalokho okunikezwa yi-smartwatch namuhla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Orion inamakhompyutha amaningi angafuneki anamakhono okucubungula amakhulu ngokuphindwe izigidi, ayakwazi ukuphatha ukuzulazula, ukulawula imvelo, ukuxhumana, kanye nezinhlelo zokusekela impilo kanye nemikhawulo yokuphepha eyanele.
Futhi i ukuxhumana Bashintshe kakhulu. Kusukela kusignali yomsakazo we-analog ku-S-band engaba ngu-2 GHz, bathuthele kwingqalasizinda yedijithali eqinile kakhulu, ene-bandwidth enkulu, iziteshi ezizimele ze-telemetry, izwi, ividiyo kanye nedatha yesayensi, kanye nokuphathwa kwenethiwekhi okuvumela ukuhlanganiswa kweziteshi zokuqapha ezisakazeke emhlabeni wonke.
Kukhona futhi ushintsho oluyisisekelo oludlula ubuchwepheshe. Ngenkathi i-Apollo 17 imele isahluko sokugcina se-a empeleni umjaho wasemkhathini kazwelonkeIqhutshwa umbango wezepolitiki weMpi Yomshoshaphansi, u-Artemis II uyinhloko yomzamo ohlanganyelwe wamazwe ngamazwe. I-United States iyaqhubeka nokuhola lolu hlelo, kodwa ikwenza ngokusekelwa ngabalingani abavela eYurophu, eJapane, eCanada, e-Australia, e-United Arab Emirates, nakwamanye amazwe, ibheke ukuba khona kwabantu okuzinzile, hhayi nje ifulege elingaphezulu.
Gqoka ukuzijwayeza ukuze ube khona njalo enyangeni
Nakuba i-Artemis II ingeke ifike eNyangeni, kunzima ukugcizelela ukubaluleka kwayo ngaphakathi kwesu le-NASA. Umsebenzi uchazwa njengo indiza yokuhlola enomuntukodwa futhi njengengxenye ebalulekile ekwakhiweni okubanzi okufisa ukwakha isisekelo senyanga esihlala njalo, ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwezinsizakusebenza zendawo, kanye nesikhathi esimaphakathi, ukulungiselela ukugxuma uye eMars.
Le nhlangano ihlukanise uhlelo lwayo ngezigaba eziningana. Okokuqala, ukwandisa kancane kancane umsebenzi werobhothi kanye nowendoda endaweni ezungezile yasenyangeni kanye naphezulu, kuhlolwa ubuchwepheshe obufana namamojula ezindawo zokuhlala, ama-reactor kagesi, kanye nezimoto zokuhlola. Bese, kwakhiwe ingqalasizinda ekwazi ukusekela ukuhlala kwabantu isikhathi esilinganiselwe kodwa ngokujwayelekile, kusekelwa yi izinto ezingasetshenziswa kabusha kanye nokufika kwezinyoni njalo ezinyangeni eziyisithupha.
Leyo mephu yendlela ihlanganisa kokubili i-Artemis III ne-Artemis IV kanye nemisebenzi elandelayo, kanye nezinhlelo ezihambisanayo ezifana ne- Izinsizakalo Zokukhokha Kwezinyanga Zokuhwebaokuhlose ukuba nezinkampani ezizimele ezihlinzeka ngemikhumbi kanye nemithwalo yesayensi cishe njalo ngenyanga. Umgomo omkhulu awukhona nje "ukubuyela eNyangeni," kodwa ukuhlala nokusebenza lapho njalo, esimweni lapho ukuncintisana namandla anjengeShayina kwengeza ingcindezi yezepolitiki ekhalendeni.
Umsebenzi esiwenzayo manje uzosebenza ekuphuculeni izinqubo zokusebenzaukuqeqesha iqembu ngezindlela ezibucayi kanye nokulungisa izinqubo zesimo esiphuthumayo uma kwenzeka kuba nokuphazamiseka. Konke lokhu ngombono odlula uhlelo lwe-Artemis uqobo: izifundo eziningi ezitholwe zizosetshenziswa ekuhlanganisweni kwe amarobhothi kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa njengabalingani bethu ezindaweni ezibucayi, kokubili eNyangeni nakwezinye izindawo ohlelweni lwelanga.
Ngo-Artemis II, ukubuya kwabantu eduze kweNyanga akusabi yiphrojekthi yesikhathi eside kakhulu futhi kuba ngokoqobo, lapho ISpain neYurophu zinikela ngezingxenye, isayensi, kanye namakhono okuqapha ezibalulekile ukuze uhambo luphumelele. Uma konke kuhamba ngokwecebo, ukundiza kuzobonisa ukuthi uhlelo lwe-SLS-Orion lusebenza endaweni enzima kakhulu nokuthi ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kungasekela isigaba esisha, esibanzi, nesihlala isikhathi eside sokuhlola, ekugcineni kuholele naseMars.
