Unkulunkulu kaSpinoza uhilela ukuxoxa ngefilosofi yesazi sefilosofi uBaruch Spinoza, owadala enye yezinkolelo-mbono eyaba yindawo yokubhekisela kwenkolo ngekhulu le-17.
Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umqondo kaSpinoza ngoNkulunkulu, ukuqonda kwakhe okungokomoya, kanye nethonya lakhe kwezinye izingqondo ezihlakaniphile. Sizohlola nentengo ayikhokhile ngokuchaza imibono yakhe.
Nkulunkulu Spinoza
Isintu besilokhu sicabanga ngemibuzo efana nale: Sivelaphi? Ingabe uNkulunkulu ukhona? Unjani uNkulunkulu? Iyini incazelo yokuphila? Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, kuye kwenziwa imizamo yokuphendula le mibuzo, futhi izazi zefilosofi eziningi ziye zafuna ukwenza kanjalo, zakha imicabango yazo. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona uSpinoza, owadala inkolelo-mbono eyayizosebenza njengesisekelo senkolo somcabango waseNtshonalanga.
Spinoza's Baruch
USpinoza wazalelwa e-Amsterdam ngo-1632 futhi ubhekwa njengomunye wezazi zefilosofi ezintathu ezinkulu kakhulu zekhulu lakhe. Ukuzindla kwakhe kwakuhilela ukugxekwa okujulile kombono wendabuko nowendabuko ngenkolo. Imibono yakhe yayinamandla kangangokuthi yaholela ekuxoshweni nasekudingisweni kwakhe emphakathini wakhe , futhi imibhalo yakhe yavinjelwa futhi yavinjelwa. Kodwa njengoba sizobona, imicabango kaSpinoza yahlala isikhathi eside futhi yathonya izingqondo ezihlakaniphile ezifana neka-Einstein.
Wayenjani uNkulunkulu kaSpinoza?
Umbono walo sosayensi wefilosofi wawuseduze nokukholelwa konkulunkulu abaningi, lapho konke, imvelo ngokwayo, kungcwele. Waphikisana ngokuthi iqiniso lakhiwe yinto eyodwa, nokuthi leyo nto yayinguNkulunkulu, into engenamkhawulo enezakhiwo eziningi kanye nobukhulu.
Lo mcabango wawusho ukuthi uNkulunkulu uyikho konke, konke okusizungezile, ngisho nabantu ngokwabo. Konke kuyingxenye kaNkulunkulu.
Umphefumulo wawuyinto isazi sefilosofi esasicabanga ngayo, njengoba sasingakholelwa ukuthi wawungowabantu kuphela, kodwa kunalokho ukuthi umphefumulo wawukukho konke okwakunguNkulunkulu, wawusezihlahleni, ematsheni, ezindaweni ezinhle…
Ngakho-ke, uNkulunkulu akayena umuntu ongumuntu oqondisa ukuphila ngaphandle, kodwa kunalokho uyisamba sakho konke okukhona. UNkulunkulu uziveza ngeqiniso, ngemvelo, ngakho konke okukhona.
Ngokwalo mbono, ukuba khona ngokwako kwakungenayo injongo ethile, kodwa kwakuyingxenye kaNkulunkulu. Konke okukhona kunguNkulunkulu, futhi akukho lutho olukhona ngaphandle kukaNkulunkulu.
UNkulunkulu nomuntu
Njengoba uSpinoza ayecabanga ngoNkulunkulu, uguquko alunakugwenywa. Uma uNkulunkulu eyikho konke, asikho isidingo sokuba uNkulunkulu akhulekelwe, futhi akaphakamisi uhlelo lokuziphatha; azikho izenzo ezinhle noma ezimbi. Konke lokhu kuwumkhiqizo wesintu.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umcabango kaSpinoza uphakamisa uchungechunge lwemicabango ngokuziphatha okungahlaziywa maqondana neminye imibono yefilosofi.
Inkululeko yokuzikhethela, njengoba kunjalo, ayikho. Konke kunguNkulunkulu, ngakho inkululeko yangempela isho ukwazi nokuqonda iqiniso nokwazi ukuthi konke kunguNkulunkulu. Yilabo kuphela abaqonda indawo ebazungezile abangazizwa bekhululekile.
Umzimba nengqondo akuhlukani; kuyisici esisodwa. Kunjalo nangomphefumulo. Uma umphefumulo, umcabango, nomzimba kuyinto eyodwa, uSpinoza walulaza isikhathi lapho umzimba ufa futhi umphefumulo uphila ngemva kokufa; okubalulekile kuye yilokho akubonayo ekuphileni.
Ukucabanga kukaSpinoza kwamthonya kanjani?
Naphezu kokuxoshwa nokulahlwa ezweni lakubo, imibono kaSpinoza yahlala isikhathi eside futhi yasakazeka. Izazi eziningi, ikakhulukazi u-Einstein, zazisazisa kakhulu.
U-Einstein wayenesithakazelo ezintweni ezingokomoya nezenkolo kusukela ebuntwaneni, yize lezi zintshisekelo zashintsha futhi zashintsha kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe.
Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwesayensi nokholo kuvame ukuba sobala, kodwa kumelwe siveze ukuthi ososayensi abaningi banamathemba enkolo futhi abazishiyi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkolo ifuna nokuchaza lokho esingakuqondi.
Kulokhu, u-Einstein wayezokhuluma ezingxoxweni zakhe ukuthi wayekuthola kunzima ukuphendula ukuthi uyakholelwa yini ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu. Wayengacabangi ngomqondo kaNkulunkulu ongumuntu , futhi wayekholelwa ukuthi ingqondo yomuntu yayingenakukwazi ukuqonda ngokugcwele indawo yonke, naphezu kokukwazi ukubona ubukhona bayo kanye nezici ezithile zokuhleleka kwayo kanye nokuvumelana kwayo.
Wayevame ukuzichaza njengomuntu ongakholelwa kuNkulunkulu, kodwa u-Einstein wayechazwa ngokunembe kakhulu njengomuntu ongakholelwa kuNkulunkulu. Wayegxeka kokubili amakholwa ashisekayo kanye nabantu abangakholelwa kuNkulunkulu abashisekayo. Kuye, umbono kaNkulunkulu wawufana nokaSpinoza: uNkulunkulu owayengajezisi futhi engabusi, kodwa owayeyingxenye yokuphila futhi wazibonakalisa ngakho.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubaba wenkolelo-mbono yokuhlobana kwezinto, isayensi nenkolo azingqubuzani, njengoba zombili zifuna ukuqonda iqiniso futhi zikhuthazane futhi zikhuthazane.