Ikholi Unyaka kaGaudí Kuye kwacatshangwa njengomkhosi omkhulu womhlaba wonke ogxile esithombeni sika U-Antoni Gaudí, ehambisana ne iminyaka eyikhulu yokufa kwakheLo mkhosi uzohlanganisa amadolobha amaningana aseSpain ahlobene ngqo nefa lakhe, kusukela eBarcelona kuya eLeón, e-Astorga, eComillas, eReus, nasePalma.
Ngale kwezimemezelo ezinkulu, lolu hlelo luhlose ukwenza umphakathi ubone izinto ngendlela entsha. izakhiwo nezindawo eziklanywe nguGaudíechaza umsebenzi wakhe ngokwengqikithi yohlaka lwezakhiwo zanamuhla kanye nezingxoxo ezinkulu zasemadolobheni zamanje. Konke lokhu kwenzeka nangonyaka lapho IBarcelona isebenza njengenhloko-dolobha yomhlaba wonke yezakhiwo, okwandisa umthelela ongokomfanekiso kanye nowezindaba womkhosi.
Isikhumbuzo esihlanganisa amadolobha nezikhumbuzo
Unyaka kaGaudí uhlelwe njengonyaka ukukhunjulwa kwamakwaya kobubanzi bezwe kanye nobamazwe ngamazwe lapho amadolobha ahlobene kakhulu nomsebenzi wakhe ehlanganyela khona. Barcelona, León, Astorga kanye ne-Comillas, kanye noPalma noReus, bavezwa njengezikhungo eziyinhloko zomsebenzi, begxila eminye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yomklami.
Lo mkhosi wokugubha iminyaka uhambisana neminye izinyathelo ezibalulekile zokwakha kanye namaguguNgesikhathi esifanayo, iBarcelona ibambe iqhaza inhloko-dolobha yomhlaba yezakhiwoLokhu kuqashelwa kuzoheha izinkulungwane zochwepheshe futhi kuqinise indima yedolobha njengelabhorethri yokucabanga ngokuhlelwa kwedolobha lesikhathi esizayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela Isikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-30 soMklomelo wePritzker onikezwe uRafael Moneo Umongo wefa laseYurophu uhlelwe yisisindo sama-cathedral afana neBurgos, yize ukugxila kohlelo oluthile loNyaka kaGaudí kuhlala kugxile esithombeni somklami waseReus.
Umgomo oyisisekelo ukuthi, ngokusekelwe kulolu chungechunge lweminyaka yokukhumbula, ingxoxo ebanzi ingavuselelwa mayelana Izakhiwo, inkumbulo yomlando, kanye nokuphila kwansuku zonke kuhlobene kanjani? emadolobheni aseYurophu. Kuleyo ngxoxo, umsebenzi kaGaudí, kanye nengxube yawo yobuchwepheshe, ingokomoya kanye nokuhlola okusemthethweni, uthatha indawo ebalulekile.
Ifa likaGaudí lokwakha eCatalonia
Ingxenye enkulu yohlelo loNyaka kaGaudí igxile kulokho akushoyo izakhiwo eziyishumi nane eziseCataloniaokudweba isithombe esinembile kakhulu sokuvela kwakhe kokudala. Phakathi kwazo, okulandelayo kuyagqama: I-Crypt yaseColonia Güell, lo Indlu yeBatlló, lo ICasa Vicens, the Palau Güell futhi i Ipaki uGüell, imisebenzi ekhombisa konke kusukela ezindleleni zakhe zokuqala zesimanje kuya olimini lwakhe oluvuthiwe nolomuntu siqu.
Lolu hlu luhlanganisa futhi Casa Calvet, the Teresian College, the Ama-pavilion e-Güell Estate, lo UTorre Bellesguard, the Ingosi Yezindawo ZaseMiralles futhi i IsiNau Gaudíazitholakali kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi zezivakashi kodwa ziyisisekelo sokuqonda ukuvela kwemicabango yakhe yesakhiwo nokuhlobisa. Zonke zizoba yisihloko sazo uhambo, ukuvakasha okukhethekile kanye nemisebenzi yezemfundo unyaka wonke.
Ingqikithi engokomfanekiso yesikhumbuzo, ngokunengqondo, igxile ku I-Casa Milà (La Pedrera) futhi i Ithempeli Lokuhlawulela Lomndeni OngcweleLesi sakamuva, uphawu lwangempela lwedolobha laseBarcelona, sizoba ngomunye wabalingisi abaphambili bekhalenda, hhayi nje kuphela ngemikhosi yesonto namasiko ehleliwe, kodwa futhi nangentuthuko yokwakha ezophawula ngaphambi nangemva komlando wethempeli.
Qedela imephu yesiCatalan Imfihlakalo Yokuqala Yenkazimulo Yerosari Elikhulu LaseMontserrat, umsebenzi ongaziwa kakhulu emphakathini jikelele kodwa onentshisekelo enkulu yokuqonda ubukhulu benkolo nobungokomfanekiso bomsebenzi kaGaudí, okhona kakhulu emicimbini yesikhumbuzo ehlelwe yizikhungo ezahlukene zamasiko nezesonto.
Imisebenzi emine emikhulu kaGaudí ngaphandle kweCatalonia
Unyaka kaGaudí uphinde ugxile kakhulu ukukhuthaza umsebenzi wakhe ngaphandle kweCatalonialapho kulondolozwa khona izakhiwo ezine ezibalulekile. Enyakatho yeSpain, i- I-Whim ka-Comillas (iCantabria) isibe yindawo ethandwa kakhulu yizivakashi futhi ingenye yezibonelo ezicacile zendlela uGaudí azama ngayo umdwebo wesimanje, umbala kanye nezinto zobumba endaweni yokuhlala.
ECastile naseLeón, ukugxila okuyinhloko kuseku Indlu ebhuquza, eLeón, kanye Isigodlo se-Episcopal sase-AstorgaI-Casa Botines, manje eseyiguqulwe yaba indawo yemyuziyamu kanye namasikoPhakathi noNyaka kaGaudí, izobonisa izincazelo ezintsha zezakhiwo zakhe, iqinise indima yayo njenge isithonjana sesimanje enkabeni yedolobhaNgakolunye uhlangothi, iSigodlo sama-Episcopal sase-Astorga, esinobuntu obucishe bube sesikhathini sasendulo, simi njengesibonelo esiyingqayizivele sekhono lomklami lokuhumusha kabusha i-Gothic ngokombono womuntu siqu.
Qedela le sethi Ukungenelela kukaGaudí eSeu de PalmaEMallorca, umakhi wezakhiwo wenza inguquko yesonto kanye nobuciko eyayinesibindi kakhulu ngesikhathi sayo. Nakuba ingxenye yephrojekthi yakhe ingazange igcwaliseke ngokugcwele, uhlelo lokukhumbula luqokomisa lokhu kungenelela njengesibonelo sesifiso sakhe sokuhlanganisa ubuciko obungcwele, ukukhanya kwemvelo, kanye nokuhlolwa kwendawo olimini olulodwa.
UReus wethula uNyaka kaGaudí ngombukiso weqhwa
Idolobha UReus, indawo yokuzalwa kuka-Antoni Gaudí, inqume ukuvula ikhalenda layo lemicimbi ngomcimbi ohlanganisa ukuzijabulisa, ezemidlalo kanye nokufinyelela emphakathini. I-Reus Olympic Pavilion isingatha umncintiswano wokuskeyitha wesibalo «Trencadís: Ukusuka emvelweni kuya ekukhanyeni», eyacatshangwa njengomkhosi omkhulu wokuvula uNyaka kaGaudí.
Lo mbukiso, oqhutshwa yi- UMkhandlu Wedolobha laseReus kanye neRoyal Spanish Skating Federation, ngokubambisana kwe UMkhandlu Wesifundazwe saseTarragona kanye noMkhandlu Wezemidlalo Ophakeme, iphakamisa Uhambo oluhle empilweni kaGaudí kanye nomcabango wakheEqhweni, ama-choreographies, umculo, kanye nemiboniso ebonakalayo ephefumulelwe yi-trencadís kanye nezimpawu zemvelo ezaphawula umsebenzi wakhe ziyahlangana.
Abalingisi bakhiwe abaskethi abasezingeni eliphezulu ezingeni likahulumeniPhakathi kwabo kukhona amalungu amaqembu esizwe aseSpain amancane naphezulu, ompetha baseYurophu nabezwe, kanye nababekade bedlala imidlalo yabadlali abadumile emhlabeni jikelele. Bonke basekelwa amaqembu aseReus nakwamanye amadolobha azungezile, ahilelekile ezigabeni ezahlukene zokumiswa.
Isiqondiso sobuciko kanye nezobuchwepheshe siwela ku U-Oscar Molins, uManel Villarroya noCarles Gassetisekelwa yithimba elingochwepheshe kwezokuxhumana, ukukhiqiza, kanye nokuklama isethi. Ngaphezu kokusebenza okuyinhloko, kukhona imisebenzi ehambisanayo njengezithombe kanye nokusayina ama-autograph nabasubathi, imisebenzi esemthethweni yokuthengisa kanye nosuku lokuqeqeshwa kobuchwepheshe oluhloselwe abaskeyitha abasebasha.
Amathikithi ayatholakala emphakathini kusenesikhathi kanye nangosuku lombukiso endaweni uqobo. nakuba ukuthenga kusengaphambili kunconywa Njengoba kulindeleke inani elikhulu labantu abazongena, uReus uhlose ukusondeza isithombe somklami wezakhiwo eduze kwezilaleli ezingase zingazizwa zixhumene kangako nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, esebenzisa ezemidlalo kanye nokusebenza njengendawo yokungena.
I-Barcelona, isikhungo sonyaka kaGaudí kanye nenhloko-dolobha yomhlaba wonke yezakhiwo
Ingxenye enkulu yonyaka, IBarcelona izodlala indima ekabiliNgakolunye uhlangothi, kuzoba yisiteji esiyinhloko soNyaka kaGaudí; ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuzothuthukiswa uhlelo oluhambisana nokubizwa kwalo ngokuthi inhloko-dolobha yomhlaba wonke yezakhiwoZombili izinhlelo zihlangana ezindaweni eziningi, zidala imisebenzi ejulile yamasiko, yezemfundo kanye neyezomphakathi.
Phakathi kukaFebhuwari noDisemba, kuhlelwe okulandelayo izikhala ezingaphezu kuka-75 ezisakazeke kulo lonke idolobha —iminyuziyamu, izimakethe, imitapo yolwazi, izikwele, kanye nemigwaqo— lapho kuzohlelwa khona imibukiso, izingqungquthela, ukufakwa kwesikhashana, kanye nemisebenzi yokubamba iqhaza. Kulesi simo, umfanekiso kaGaudí usetshenziswa kokubili njengereferensi yomlando kanye nendawo yokuqala ukucabanga ngedolobha lesikhathi esizayo kanye nezinselele zokuzinza, ukuhamba kanye nezindlu.
Esinye sezici ezivelele zekhalenda kuzoba ICongress ye-International Union of Architects, kuhlelwe phakathi Juni 28 noJulayi 2, kanye nokubamba iqhaza okulinganiselwayo kwe Ochwepheshe abayi-10.000 abavela emhlabeni wonkeUkubanjwa kwengqungquthela eBarcelona, maphakathi noNyaka kaGaudí, kuqinisa isikhundla senhloko-dolobha yaseCatalan njengenkundla yomhlaba wonke yengxoxo yezakhiwo.
Imisebenzi yenhloko-dolobha yomhlaba wonke yezokwakha izoshiya umkhondo obonakalayo imodeli enkulu yeBarcelona ngo-2035Ukufakwa kuzotholakala endlunkulu yangaphambili yendlu yokushicilela yaseGustavo Gili eRosselló Street. Lo msebenzi uzosebenza njengethuluzi lokucabanga nokusabalalisa mayelana nokuguqulwa kwamadolobha okungenzeka edolobheni eminyakeni emashumi ezayo.
Ngaphakathi kwaleyo ndawo yemicimbi, labo abaphethe uhlelo loNyaka kaGaudí bagcizelela umqondo we- inhlonipho ehlangene kumakhi wezakhiwo, lapho ukuvakashela imisebenzi yakhe kuhlanganiswa nokuhlaziywa okubucayi kwethonya lakhe kanye nokuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zokwakha zesimanje.
Umndeni Ongcwele: uphawu olungokomoya kanye nokugxila kohlelo
Esinye sezindikimba eziyinhloko zoNyaka kaGaudí, ngaphandle kokungabaza, Sagrada FamiliaIThempeli Lokuhlambulula, elithola izigidi zezivakashi minyaka yonke, libalulekile kulolu hlelo ngenxa yesimo salo njenge umsebenzi wobuciko womklami kanye nenqubekela phambili yokwakha ehlelelwe lesi sikhathi.
Isikhumbuzo seminyaka eyikhulu sihlobene nohlelo olubanzi ngaphansi kwesiqubulo "I-Sagrada Familia 2026. Iphupho lobuhlakani", kumenyezelwe ukuthi intshisekelo yomphakathi ekhethekilePhakathi kwemisebenzi ehleliwe kukhona imisa ehloniphekile, izincwadi ezahlukahlukene, imibukiso ethile, kanye nekhonsathi ka Catalan Choir kanye nokuhlela ingqungquthela yezakhiwo zomhlaba wonke ezothatha isonto lesonto njengesifundo secala.
Ngokombono wezakhiwo, enye yezindawo ezilindelwe kakhulu yi- umvuthwandaba woMbhoshongo kaJesu Kristu, okuzophakamisa ukuphakama kwethempeli kube Amamitha angu-172, okuhlaziya kabusha kakhulu iphrofayili yedolobha laseBarcelona. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuzokwenziwa inqubekela phambili kuphrojekthi ye Ingaphambili Lenkazimulo, lapho ibhodi yokwakha yagunyaza iziphakamiso ezivela kubaculi abathathu abadumile: abaseSpain UMiquel Barceló noCristina Iglesias kanye nomMexico Javier MarínIsixazululo sokugcina sokuqedela ingxenye ephawulekayo kakhulu yale ndawo, okuwumnyango wayo ophakathi ongumsebenzi kaJosep Maria Subirachs, kumele sivele kumaphrojekthi akhe.
Emkhakheni wezenhlalo, inhlangano ephethe ithempeli imemezele Izaphulelo ezingama-50% zezakhamuzi zaseBarcelona Kuwo wonke unyaka, lesi sinyathelo sihlose ukwenza kube lula kubantu bendawo ukufinyelela esikhumbuzweni esithinteke kakhulu yizokuvakasha. Lesi sinqumo siphinde sihunyushwe njengesenzo sokufinyelela emphakathini ngesikhathi esimatasa kakhulu semicimbi.
Impilo ephawulwe ukholo kanye nesiphetho esibuhlungu
Ukugujwa koNyaka kaGaudí akugcini nje ekubukezeni umsebenzi wakhe wobungcweti: futhi kubuyisa ubukhulu bomlando womuntu kanye nobungokomoya ngumakhi wezakhiwo. Wazalelwa e Reus, mhla zingama-25 kuNhlangulana, 1852UGaudí wayeyindoda ethanda inkolo ngokujulile, into eyayingena engxenyeni enkulu yemisebenzi yakhe, ikakhulukazi leyo engcwele.
Emibuthanweni yesonto, isibalo sakhe sithole ukubaluleka okukhethekile ngemva kokumenyezelwa ihlonishwa nguPapa Francis Ngo-Ephreli 14, 2025, kwathathwa isinyathelo esibalulekile enkambisweni eyayingavula imbangela yokugcotshwa kwakhe esikhathini esizayo. Lokhu kuqashelwa kusho ukuthi izenzakalo eziningi ezihlelwe ngomndeni oNgcwele kanye nenkumbulo yawo nazo zinengxenye enamandla kakhulu yenkonzo kanye nengokomoya.
Unyaka kaGaudí uphinde ukhumbule izimo zokufa kwakhe, mhla ziyi-10 kuNhlangulana 1926Washayiswa yi-tram ngesikhathi esendleleni, njengoba ayekwenza nsuku zonke, eya esontweni likaSant Felip Neri ukuyothandaza. Ingozi yenzeke e- Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, phakathi kwemigwaqo yaseGirona neyaseBailén, lapho umakhi, owayesekhulile kakade futhi ecabanga kakhulu, ezama ukugwema enye imoto wagcina eshayiswe yi-tram emgqeni 30.
Ubufakazi bangesikhathi leso buchaza ukuthi UGaudí wasizwa abantu abadlulayo wayiswa eSibhedlela i-de la Santa Cruzlapho angeniswa khona ngaphandle kokutholakala ngokushesha. Ukulimala—ukuphuka kwezimbambo, ukulimala kobuchopho okubuhlungu, kanye nokuqhekeka okuhlukahlukene—kwakukubi kakhulu, futhi naphezu kokungenelela kodokotela, umakhi washona ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva. Umngcwabo wakhe, lapho ibhokisi liyiswa eSagrada Familia, waba umcimbi omkhulu womphakathi.
Izinsalela zakhe ziphumule i-crypt yoMndeni OngcweleNgokukhethekile, eChapel of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. Izivakashi eziningi eziya ethempelini azinalwazi ngale mininingwane, uhlelo lokukhumbula olufuna ukuyiqokomisa ngemisebenzi echazayo kanye nezikhumbuzo zomlando, zigcizelela ukuxhumana okuqinile phakathi komlando womklami kanye nomsebenzi wakhe omkhulu wokuphila.
Indima ka-León, u-Astorga no-Comillas onyakeni we-Gaudí
Ngaphakathi kohlelo oluxhaswe nguhulumeni loNyaka kaGaudí, U-León, u-Astorga no-Comillas badlala indima evelele kakhuluKulezi zindawo, imisebenzi emithathu eyingqayizivele kakhulu yomklami wezakhiwo ngaphandle kweCatalonia igciniwe, ngayinye inohlelo lwayo lwemisebenzi, izinkambo eziqondiswayo kanye neziphakamiso zemfundo ezivumelaniswe nomongo wayo.
ELeón, i Indlu ebhuquza Isizibonakalise njengesici esibalulekile sesimanjemanje enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNhlonhlo yase-Iberia. Lesi sakhiwo, manje esiguqulwe saba imyuziyamu kanye nesikhungo samasikoKulo nyaka, idolobha lilungiselele imizila enesihloko, imibukiso yesikhashana, kanye nemisebenzi yezemfundo ehlola kokubili umklamo wokuqala kaGaudí kanye nokuguqulwa okulandelanayo kwesakhiwo kanye nomsebenzi waso wamanje edolobheni.
E-Astorga, i- Isigodlo se-Episcopal Ivelele njengenye yezakhiwo ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu endaweni yayo yasemadolobheni. Uhlelo lwe-Gaudí Year lapho lugxile ku chaza ukubaluleka okungokomfanekiso nokungokomoya kwale phrojekthikanye nomongo womlando lapho umsebenzi waqalwa khona kanye nobudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi bezikhungo obabumba ukwakhiwa kwawo. Imisebenzi ehloselwe imindeni namaqembu esikole nayo ihlelwe ukwethula ulimi olusemthethweni lukaGaudí ezizukulwaneni ezintsha.
Okwamanje, edolobheni laseCantabrian lase Izimpawu zokucaphunaI-El Capricho iqinisa ukunikezwa kwayo kokuvakasha kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwamasiko ngokuzixhumanisa ngokusobala nomkhosi wokugubha usuku. Umqondo uwukuhlanganisa izivakashi kunethiwekhi ebanzi ye Imizila yohambo eSpain ephefumulelwe nguGaudíukuze labo abanesithakazelo kwesinye sezakhiwo bazobona kancane kancane ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe usakazeke kulo lonke insimu.
Unyaka wokubuka uGaudí futhi
Uhlu lwemicimbi, imibukiso, izingqungquthela, imibukiso kanye nokuvakasha okwakha uNyaka kaGaudí lwakha ikhalenda eliminyene nelihlukahlukene okuhlanganisa ukufinyelela ezingeni eliphezulu kwezemfundo neminikelo ethandwa kakhulu. Isiyonke salezi zenzakalo senza lo mcimbi ube yithuba lokuba ukubukeza isithombe somklami kusuka ezinhlangothini eziningi: ubuciko kanye nobuchwepheshe kuphela, okungokomoya, okuphathelene nokuphila kwabantu kanye nokuphathelene nedolobha.
Ukubandakanyeka kwamadolobha afana Barcelona, Reus, León, Astorga, Comillas kanye nePalmaKanye nezikhungo zamasiko, zesonto, kanye nezezemfundo, lokhu kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lo mkhosi udlula ukuphindaphindwa nje kwamagama avamile. Ukugcizelela ekuhloleni izakhiwo zakhe, ukuchaza kabusha iminikelo yakhe, kanye nokuphikisana ngethonya lakhe ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zanamuhla kubeka umsebenzi kaGaudí engxoxweni nezinselele zamanje ezibhekene namadolobha aseYurophu.
Lo nyaka wokukhumbula uhlose ukukhuthaza izakhamuzi zendawo kanye nezivakashi zakwamanye amazwe ukuthi ziphinde zime ngaphambi kokuba izindonga zangaphakathi, izikhala kanye nezakhiwo eziklanywe nguGaudí ngokubheka ngokucophelela, ukuqonda kangcono umongo lapho zaqanjwa khona kanye nemibuzo ezisayiphakamisa nanamuhla mayelana nobudlelwano phakathi kobuciko, ukholo, ubuchwepheshe kanye nempilo yasemadolobheni.
