El Usuku Lomhlaba Lokusebenzisa KabushaUsuku Lokuphathwa Kwemfucuza Lomhlaba, olugujwa njalo ngoMeyi 17, seluyisikhumbuzo esibalulekile sokuthi ukuphathwa kwemfucuza akuseyona inkinga encane, kodwa kuyindaba ebalulekile yekusasa lomhlaba. Lolu suku lugcizelela ukuthi ukunciphisa, ukusebenzisa kabusha, kanye nokuvuselela kabusha akuzona iziqubulo ezingenalutho, kodwa kuyizingxenye eziyisisekelo zomnotho ohlose ukusebenza kahle kakhulu futhi ungaxhomeki kakhulu ezinsizeni ezilinganiselwe.
Ngaphansi kwesihloko salo nyaka samazwe ngamazwe, "Ungacabangi ngokuchitha imali, cabanga ngamathuba."Ohulumeni, amabhizinisi, izinhlangano zomphakathi, kanye nezakhamuzi babheka ukuvuselelwa kabusha njengensimu lapho kuhlangana khona ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukuncintisana kwezimboni, kanye nokudalwa kwemisebenzi. Lesi simo siholele ezithangamini, imikhankaso yezemfundo, izinhlelo zendawo, kanye namaphrojekthi omnotho ojikelezayo eSpain naseYurophu, okubonisa ukuthi imfucuza ingaguqulwa ibe yizinto zokwakha, amandla, kanye namamodeli ebhizinisi amasha.
Isithombe sokusetshenziswa kabusha eYurophu naseSpain
Ngokwesimo saseYurophu, idatha yakamuva ye-Eurostat ikhombisa ukuthi Isakhamuzi ngasinye se-EU sikhiqize amakhilogremu angu-517 emfucuza kamasipala Ngo-2024, isilinganiso samakhilogremu angu-248 ngomuntu ngamunye sasetshenziswa kabusha, okumelela u-48,1% wenani eliphelele. Nakuba lezi zibalo zibonisa intuthuko uma kuqhathaniswa namashumi eminyaka adlule, kusenendawo yokuthuthuka uma imigomo yesimo sezulu kanye nomnotho ojikelezayo ebekwe yiBrussels izofezwa.
Esimweni saseSpain, ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza kamasipala kwakuphansi kancane: Amakhilogremu angu-456 ngomuntu ngamunyeLokhu kungaphansi kwesilinganiso saseYurophu ngo-11,8%. Kodwa-ke, inselele yangempela ilele kulokho okutholakalayo ngempela. Izinga lokuvuselela imfucuza kamasipala limi ku-43,2% ngo-2022, kude kakhulu nomgomo we-EU wama-55% obekwe ngo-2025 kanye nezinyathelo ezilandelayo ezihlelelwe u-2035.
Enye yezinkinga ezibucayi kakhulu ukupakisha ngepulasitiki, ikakhulukazi amabhodlela asetshenziswa kanye. Ngokusho koMnyango Wezokuguquka Kwemvelo kanye Nenselele Yokubalwa Kwabantu, Amabhodlela epulasitiki angu-41,3% kuphela aqoqwe ngokwehlukana ukuze aphinde asetshenziswe Izinto ezisetshenziswa kanye zizoqedwa ngo-2023, kuyilapho imithetho yaseYurophu ibeka umgomo wama-70%. Leli gebe liholele ekuqalisweni kohlelo lokufaka imali, ukubuyiselwa kwemali kanye nokubuyisela impahla (i-DRS) oluzoqala ukusetshenziswa ngokuvamile ekupheleni kwalo nyaka.
Isisindo sendawo yokulahla udoti sisengenye inkinga engaxazululwanga. Umbiko we-Fórum Ambiental ukhombisa ukuthi Ama-47% emfucuza kamasipala eSpain agcine esezindaweni zokulahla udoti ngo-2022Lokhu kungaphezulu kakhulu komkhawulo ophezulu ongu-10% obekwe yi-European Union ngo-2035. Lo mbhalo uphinde uxwayise ngokuthi ngezindlela ezintsha zokubala zaseYurophu ezihlelelwe u-2027, izinga elisemthethweni lokuvuselela kabusha lingase lehle uma ukuqoqwa okuhlukile, ikakhulukazi ingxenye yezinto eziphilayo, kungathuthuki ngokushesha.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubukhulu benkinga yendawo buyabonakala. Ukuqongelela kwemfucuza, ikakhulukazi ipulasitikiKulimaza imvelo yasemhlabeni kanye neyasolwandle, kuyilapho izindawo zokulahla udoti zikhiqiza ukukhishwa kwamagesi njenge-methane. Ukuhlanganiswa kwengcindezi ezintweni zokusetshenziswa, inkinga yesimo sezulu, kanye nokungcola kuphoqa ukuthi kucatshangelwe kabusha ngokuphelele imodeli endala "yokusebenzisa nokulahla".
Kusukela kumfucuza kuya kuzinsizakusebenza: umnotho ojikelezayo kanye nokususwa kwekhabhoni
Indlela ye- umnotho oyindilinga Kuyanda eYurophu njengempendulo enkingeni yemvelo kanye nokuthembela ezintweni ezingenisiwe. Esikhundleni sokukhipha, ukukhiqiza, ukudla, nokulahla, lo modeli uphakamisa ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza, ukwandisa isikhathi sokuphila kwemikhiqizo, ukusebenzisa kabusha izingxenye, kanye nokuvuselela izinto ukuze ziphinde zihlanganiswe ohlelweni lokukhiqiza.
Izinto ezifana ne-aluminium, insimbi, iphepha, ingilazi, noma ezinye izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ziqukethe izinsizakusebenza zenani eliphezulu leceboUkuvuselelwa kwayo ngezinqubo zokusebenzisa kabusha kuvumela ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingavuthiwe futhi kunciphisa amandla embonini. Izifundo eziningana ze-EU zibonisa ukuthi ukujikeleza okukhulu kungasiza kakhulu ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa ahambisana nezinqubo zezimboni eziqinile.
ESpain, ukwanda kwesitsha esinsundu kanye neqoqo elihlukile lemfucuza yezinto eziphilayo kuyaqhubeka emadolobheni amakhulu nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni amakhulu njengeMadrid, Barcelona, Valencia noma Seville. ukuhlukaniswa kwengxenye yezinto eziphilayo Kwenza kube lula ukukhiqizwa komquba wokusetshenziswa kwezolimo kanye ne-biogas engasetshenziswa njengomthombo wamandla, kunciphisa ukukhishwa komoya ongcolile kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwemfucuza.
Umbono wokusebenzisa kabusha ushintsha usuka esenzweni sasekhaya esilula uye ekuqondweni njengesenzo isivikelo sezomnotho nesamasuEmadolobheni nasezifundeni eziningi, kuhlolwa amamodeli amasha okuqoqwa nokubuyiselwa, kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kabusha kwamakhemikhali kuya ekubuyiselweni kwezinto ezibalulekile, okuhlanganisa amaphrojekthi ahlanganisa ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, ukubandakanywa komphakathi kanye nemisebenzi eluhlaza.
Lo mbono uhambisana nesiqubulo salo nyaka esithi, "Ungacabangi Ngokuchitha, Cabanga Ngethuba," esidume kakhulu ngesiSpanishi ngokuthi "Akukho pienses en residuos, piensa en oportunidades" (Ungacabangi ngokuchitha, cabanga ngamathuba). Umqondo ucacile: imfucuza ayisabhekwa njengenkinga yokuphatha kuphela kodwa iqondwa njengenkinga yokuphatha. impahla ekwazi ukukhiqiza inani ngesimo sokuqashwa, ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokuncika kancane ezinsizeni zangaphandle.
I-Cantabria kanye nenselele yomnotho ojikelezayo
E-Cantabria, impikiswano ngokuguqula imodeli yokukhiqiza ithole ukubaluleka okukhethekile mayelana noSuku Lomhlaba Lokusebenzisa Kabusha. Lesi sifunda sibhekene nenselele yokudlulela ngale kwemodeli "yokusebenzisa nokulahla" nokubeka i- umnotho ojikelezayo uyisisekelo sezinqumo umphakathi kanye nowangasese, kugxilwe kokubili endaweni ezungezile kanye nokuncintisana kwesakhiwo sezomnotho.
Ngokumelene nalokhu kwangemuva, u-El Diario Montañés uhlele inkundla "Amasu eCantabria esebenza kahle futhi ejikelezayo"Lo mcimbi, oyingxenye yephrojekthi yabo eqhubekayo, wabanjwa ngesikhathi esifanayo noSuku Lomhlaba Lokuvuselela Izinto futhi wahlanganisa abameleli abavela emkhakheni wokukhiqiza kanye nezinhlangano ezahlukene zikahulumeni ukuze bathuthukise umhlahlandlela wesifunda oguqula imfucuza isuke ekubeni umthwalo wezinto ezisetshenziswayo ibe yimithombo.
Umhlangano uthembele esiqubulweni samazwe ngamazwe esithi "Ungacabangi Ngokuchitha, Cabanga Ngethuba" ukuze kugcizelelwe ukuthi ukusebenzisa kahle izinto zokwakha akuyona nje indaba yokuziphatha, kodwa futhi isinqumo sezomnotho esiphezuluUkuvuselela kabusha kubhekwa njengokuzibophezela okuhlanganyelwe phakathi kwezakhamuzi, izinkampani kanye nezikhungo, lapho isixhumanisi ngasinye ochungechungeni sibalulekile ukuze uhlelo lusebenze.
Isakhiwo seforamu sasizungeze amatafula amabili okuxoxisana. Omunye wahlaziya izinga lezimboni, ngokunaka kakhulu imikhakha yokukhipha kanye neyokukhiqiza, nokuthi ukuzinza kufakwa kanjani njengenzuzo yokuncintisana ngokuguqula imfucuza yangaphambili ibe imikhiqizo eyengeziwe yenani elengeziweNgakolunye uhlangothi, ukuphathwa komasipala kwaxoxwa ngakho, kugxilwe kakhulu kumakhansela endawo, ukuthunyelwa kwebhokisi elinsundu kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezidingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe ukuphinda kusetshenziswe "ezingeni lomgwaqo".
Amaphuzu amaningana abalulekile okuqhubekela phambili avele engxoxweni phakathi kwezikhulumi. iCantabria eyindilinga kakhuluLokhu kuhlanganisa ukunciphisa ukuthembela ezintweni zokusetshenziswa, ukukhuthaza ubudlelwano bomphakathi nezizimele ukuze kuphathwe imfucuza njengemithombo, ukwenza lula imithwalo yokuphatha ukuze kube lula ukutshalwa kwezimali okuluhlaza, kanye nokuhlanganisa ukusimama ezinqumweni zebhizinisi. Konke lokhu kufanele kuhambisane nengqalasizinda efinyelelekayo yezakhamuzi kanye nemikhankaso ekhuthaza ukubandakanyeka kwazo.
Izindwangu kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha komphakathi: isibonelo seLa Rioja kanye neModa re-
ELa Rioja, iphrojekthi I-Chavicar EqhubekayoLesi sinyathelo, esikhuthazwe yiCáritas futhi sahlanganiswa nenhlangano ephethwe nguhulumeni iModa re-, sethule imiphumela yaso njengomdlali obalulekile ekuphathweni kwemfucuza yendwangu. Kusukela ngoJanuwari 1, 2025, ukuqoqwa okuhlukile kwalolu hlobo lwemfucuza kube yimpoqo kubo bonke omasipala baseSpain, ngokuhambisana noMthetho 7/2022 kanye nemithethonqubo yaseYurophu. Kulesi simo esisha, isinyathelo esisekelwe eRioja siqinise indima yaso njengesilinganiso sesifunda.
Phakathi no-2025, i-Chavicar Sostenible yaqoqa 940.287 kilos zezingubo Ngokusebenzisa amakhonteyina angu-131 afakwe komasipala abangu-39, okumele ukwanda okungu-22,6% uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka odlule, iphrojekthi ikhiqize imisebenzi engu-26, eyisishiyagalolunye yayo okwakuyizindawo zabantu abasengozini, ngaleyo ndlela iqinisa isici sayo senhlalo ngaphezu kwesimo sayo semvelo.
Le nhlangano iphatha izitolo ezintathu ezisetshenzisiwe - ezimbili eLogroño kanye neyodwa eCalahorra - ngemodeli yebhizinisi ye isitolo sesikoleLezi zindawo, lapho abasebenzi abahlanganiswa khona bethola ukuqeqeshwa okusebenzayo ekuphathweni kwebhizinisi kanye nenkonzo yamakhasimende, zisebenza njengezindawo zokufinyelela ubumbano kubantu abasengozini yokukhishwa emphakathini, abangathola izingubo mahhala ngohlelo lokusabalalisa umphakathi olujwayelekile. Ngo-2025 kuphela, izinto ezingu-1.632 zezingubo zanikelwa ngale ndlela.
Usuku Lomhlaba Lokuvuselela Izinto Luphinde lusebenze njengohlaka lwemisebenzi evulekele umphakathi. I-Chavicar Sostenible ihlela ukubamba olunye. "umkhosi wokuvuselela kabusha" ELogroño, kwanikezwa imihlangano yokufundisa ngombala, ukuvuselelwa kwezingubo, nokudala izinto ngezindwangu ezisetshenziswe kabusha, kanye nezikhathi zomculo kanye namathuba okuzithandela. Lezi zinhlelo zihlose ukuletha umqondo womnotho ojikelezayo empilweni yabantu yansuku zonke.
Ezingeni likazwelonke, iChavicar Sostenible iyingxenye ye Imfashini kabusha-Inhlangano yokubambisana yezenhlalo yaseCáritas Española ithumele inethiwekhi yeziqukathi ezingu-9.172 kulo lonke elaseSpain futhi iqoqe amakhilogremu angu-50.925.825 ezingubo. Le nhlangano iphatha wonke umjikelezo wezindwangu ezisetshenzisiwe: ukuhlunga, ukulungiselela ukusetshenziswa kabusha, ukuphinda kusetshenziswe, ukunikela, kanye nokuthengisa okunesibopho ezitolo ezingu-191, okwenza kube enye yamanethiwekhi amakhulu ezingubo ezisetshenzisiwe eNingizimu Yurophu.
Imfashini nayo ivelele ngomthelela wayo emisebenzini: ngo-2025 yayinayo Imisebenzi yokuhlanganisa engu-932Lokhu kungumphumela weminyaka ecishe ibe ngamashumi amane yesipiliyoni ekuqoqweni nasekucutshungulweni kwezindwangu ngezinjongo zomphakathi. Kodwa-ke, lo mkhakha ubhekene nesimo esinzima, esibonakala ngezindleko zokuthutha ezikhuphukile, inqwaba yezingubo ezisezingeni eliphansi, kanye nokubambezeleka ekusebenziseni uhlelo lwe-Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) lwezindwangu, okushiya ingxenye yomthwalo wezezimali kulaba basebenzi bezenhlalo.
Omasipala abasebenza: imfundo yezemvelo kanye nezemidlalo ngemfucuza
Ngale kwezinkomba ezinkulu, uSuku Lomhlaba Lokuvuselela Izinto Kabusha luqala ukusebenza izinhlelo zendawo okuhlose ukusondeza umnotho ojikelezayo empilweni yansuku zonke. Komasipala abaningi, usuku lusetshenziselwa ukuqalisa imikhankaso yokuqwashisa, ukuhlela imisebenzi yesikole, noma ukuhlanganisa ezemidlalo kanye nemvelo.
Edolobheni laseFoios laseValencia, umkhandlu wedolobha uhlele umjaho we-plogging Ngaphansi kwegama elithi RecollintFem, umsebenzi ohlanganisa ukuhamba ngezinyawo okulula nokuqoqwa kwemfucuza, ikakhulukazi ipulasitiki, ezivandeni zikamasipala. Lesi sinyathelo, esigqugquzelwe yiMinyango Yezemidlalo Nezemvelo ngokubambisana nePlàstic Preciós La Safor, siholele ekususweni kwamakhilogremu angu-117,5 emfucuza yepulasitiki ngenkathi kwenziwa imisebenzi yokuqwashisa ngemvelo.
Ukubamba iqhaza kwezikhulu zikamasipala, njengamakhansela ezemidlalo kanye nezendawo, kuye kwasiza ekudluliseni umyalezo ocacile: nakekela imvelo futhi uphathe kahle imfucuza Akuyona into engahambisani nokujabulela ukuzijabulisa nemidlalo, futhi ingahlanganiswa ngokwemvelo nemisebenzi yomphakathi. Lolu hlobo lwezinhlelo luqinisa umqondo wokuthi ukuphinda usebenzise akugcini nje ebhodleleni lokuphinda usebenzise, kodwa luhlanganisa indlela esisebenzisa futhi silahla ngayo imikhiqizo.
Esinye isibonelo somsebenzi ojwayelekile singatholakala eDaimiel, lapho iSavia Water Center kanye noMnyango Wezemvelo beqalise khona uchungechunge lwemisebenzi izinkulumo ezihloselwe abafundi Abafundi bebanga lesi-3 nelesi-4. Inhloso ukukhuthaza imikhuba yokuphatha imfucuza ngendlela efanele, ukuchaza indlela yokuhlukanisa kahle imifudlana ehlukene yemfucuza, kanye nokwazisa isikhungo esisha sendawo sokuvuselela kabusha esifakwe edolobheni.
Lezi zifundo zemfundo yezemvelo zisebenzisa ithuba lokugqanyiswa kwabezindaba ngoSuku Lomhlaba Lokusebenzisa Kabusha Izinto ukuze kuqiniswe imiyalezo mayelana nokubaluleka nciphisa, sebenzisa kabusha futhi ugaywe kabushaFuthi ukukhombisa izingane ukuthi imfucuza ephethwe kahle ingaguqulwa ibe yizinsizakusebenza namathuba. Umqondo uwukuthi lo mkhosi uzoba yisisusa sezinguquko zokuziphatha ezihlala njalo.
Umthelela kwezomnotho, imisebenzi eluhlaza kanye namathuba amasha
Ukuvuselela kabusha akugcini nje ngokuba nemiphumela emvelweni; ubukhulu bayo bezomnotho bubaluleke kakhulu. Kwabanye omasipala, kuboniswe ukuthi ukuhleleka okungcono kokuqoqwa nokuhlukaniswa kwezinto kuholela ekutheni imali engenayo ephezulu evela ekulinganisweniEzindaweni ezifana ne-Alcoy, isibonelo, ukwanda kokutholwa kwephepha, amakhadibhodi kanye nengilazi kuvumele ukwanda okungaba ngu-9% emalini engenayo ehlobene nokusetshenziswa kabusha ngonyaka owodwa nje.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imithetho yaseYurophu naseSpain icindezela omasipala bendawo ukuthi basebenzise amazinga amasha emfucuza Lezi zimali zixhunyaniswe nokuphathwa okusimeme kakhudlwana, ngokuhambisana noMthetho 7/2022 mayelana nodoti kanye nenhlabathi engcolisiwe yomnotho ojikelezayo. Izilinganiso ezivela kwi-National Association of Local Public Finance Inspectors zibonisa ukuthi lezi zimali zingakhiqiza ama-euro ayizigidigidi eziningana ngonyaka, izinsiza okufanele ziqondiswe ekuthuthukiseni ingqalasizinda, ukuqoqwa okukhethiwe, kanye nokuvimbela.
Umkhakha wokusebenzisa kabusha kanye nomnotho ojikelezayo nawo uhlanganiswa njenge imisebenzi eluhlazaAmaphrojekthi afana neModa re- kanye namabhizinisi ayo ezenhlalo abonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuhlanganisa ukusebenza kahle kwemvelo nomthelela emphakathini, okunikeza amathuba emisebenzi kubantu abasengozini yokukhishwa emphakathini. Ngokufanayo, ukuthunyelwa kwezitshalo ezintsha zokwelashwa, ukuthunyelwa kwezinto ezihambisana nokuqoqwa kwemfucuza ekhethiwe, kanye nezinsizakalo zokulungisa nokusebenzisa kabusha kudala amathuba ezinhlobonhlobo zamaphrofayili obuchwepheshe.
Ezingeni laseYurophu, ukuzibophezela ekujikelezeni kubhekwa njengenye yezindlela zokuqinisa ukuzimela kwamasuukunciphisa ukuthembela ekungenisweni kwempahla ebalulekile nokuthuthukisa ukususwa kwekhabhoni kwezimboni. Imikhakha efana nokubaluleka kwemfucuza yezinto eziphilayo, ukubuyiswa kwezinto ezibalulekile, kanye nokuvuselelwa kabusha kwepulasitiki okuthuthukisiwe kuvula amasimu okusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe okungaphezu kokuphathwa kwemfucuza okulula.
Lonke lolu hlelo lusekelwe esimisweni esihlanganyelwe: umthwalo wemfanelo owabiwe phakathi kohulumeni, abakhiqizi kanye nezakhamuziIzikhungo kumele ziqinisekise izinhlaka zomthetho ezicacile kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali okuzinzile; izinkampani kumele zithwale izindleko ezivela ekudotizeni ezikukhiqizayo kulo lonke umjikelezo wokuphila kwemikhiqizo yazo; futhi abantu ngabanye banganikela ngezinqumo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokusebenzisa kanye nokuhlukana okufanele ekhaya.
Ukuqwashisa izakhamuzi kanye nemikhuba yansuku zonke
Imikhankaso ehlobene noSuku Lomhlaba Lokusebenzisa Kabusha igcizelela ukuthi ushintsho luqala ekhaya. Ukuhlukanisa amaphakheji, iphepha, ingilazi, izinto eziphilayo, kanye nemfucuza ekhethekile sekuyinto exakile umthwalo wemfanelo wansuku zonke Emindenini eminingi yaseYurophu, imfundo yezemvelo kanye nengqalasizinda yokuqoqa ethuthukisiwe kuye kwavumela ukwanda kancane kancane kokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi ekusetshenzisweni kabusha.
Kodwa-ke, ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kwemfucuza kanye nokuba khona okukhulu kwepulasitiki esetshenziswa kanye kubonisa ukuthi Kusekude indlelaUmnotho ojikelezayo awugcini nje ebhodleleni lokusebenzisa kabusha: uhilela ukudla okuncane, ukukhetha imikhiqizo eqinile, ukulungisa lapho kungenzeka, nokusebenzisa kabusha izinto ngaphambi kokuzilahla. Ama-"4Rs" adumile - ukunciphisa, ukusebenzisa kabusha, ukuphinda usebenzise, nokulungisa - afingqa lolu shintsho endleleni yokucabanga.
Ukuphathwa kahle kwemithombo ethile yemfucuza efana namabhethri, imithi, amadivayisi kagesi, noma izindwangu nakho kudinga ukunakwa. Yonke yale mithombo idinga... ukwelashwa okukhethekile, futhi ukuzibeka ezindaweni ezifanele kuyisimo esincane kakhulu sokuthi izinto ezisetshenziswayo zisetshenziswe futhi kugwenywe ukungcola okwengeziwe.
Indima yomthengi isibe yinto enqumayo. Ukukhetha ukuthenga kungavuza imikhiqizo ngezinqubomgomo zemvelo ezifuna kakhulu futhi kujezise labo abagcina amamodeli angazinzile. Kusukela ekudleni kuya emfashinini, kanye nemikhiqizo yezobuchwepheshe, ithikithi ngalinye lokuthenga Iqondisa uhlobo lomkhiqizo oluhlanganisiwe, kanye nomthamo kanye nohlobo lwemfucuza ekhiqizwayo.
Ekugcineni, lolu Suku Lokusebenzisa Kabusha Lomhlaba luphinde luqokomise umqondo owamukelwa kabanzi: indlela esiphatha ngayo imfucuza yethu isho lukhulu ngohlobo lomphakathi esiwufunayo. buyisa izinto zokwakha, nciphisa imfucuza futhi wandise impilo yemikhiqizo Akusizi nje kuphela ukunciphisa ingcindezi emhlabeni, kodwa futhi kuvula umnyango wemisebenzi emisha yezomnotho, kuqinisa ubumbano lomphakathi, futhi kunikeza izizukulwane ezizayo indawo elungele ukuhlalwa.
