Uyini umdlavuza: incazelo, izinhlobo, izimbangela, izimpawu kanye nokwelashwa

I-Cancer ingelinye lamagama adala ukwesaba okukhulu.Kodwa kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi namuhla sazi okwengeziwe ngalesi sifo, ukuthi siqala kanjani, yiziphi izinhlobo ezikhona, nokuthi yini engenziwa ukuze sisivimbele futhi silephe kangcono. Sibonga u amashumi eminyaka ocwaningoNgenxa yokutholwa kusenesikhathi kanye nokwelashwa okusha, abantu abaningi ngokwengeziwe baphila iminyaka eminingi futhi benempilo enhle ngemva kokuxilongwa komdlavuza.

Ukuqonda ukuthi uyini umdlavuza kusiza ekwenzeni izinqumo unolwaziukukusiza ukuthi unqobe ukwesaba kwakho futhi ubone izimpawu ezingase zibe khona kusenesikhathi. Kuso sonke lesi sihloko, uzothola incazelo ecacile neningilizayo yokuthi uyini umdlavuza, ukhula kanjani, yiziphi izici ezandisa ingozi, yiziphi izimpawu ezivame kakhulu nezinkinga, ukuthi zingavinjelwa kanjani, nokuthi yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha ezitholakalayo namuhla.

Yini umdlavuza? Incazelo eyisisekelo kanye nendlela amaseli aziphatha ngayo

Uma sikhuluma ngomdlavuza, asibhekiseli esifweni esisodwa.kodwa kunalokho iqembu elibanzi kakhulu lezinkinga lapho amanye amangqamuzana emzimbeni eyeka ukuziphatha ngendlela evamile. Kunokuba ahlukane futhi afe lapho kufanele, la mangqamuzana aphindaphindeka ngokungalawuleki, angayinaki imingcele yezicubu, futhi angahlasela izindawo ezingomakhelwane noma izitho ezikude.

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, amangqamuzana omzimba alandela umjikelezo ohleleke kakhulu.Amangqamuzana ayazalwa, enze umsebenzi wawo, ahlukanise inani elilinganiselwe lezikhathi, futhi lapho engasasizi noma alimala, azibhubhisa ngomshini okuthiwa i-apoptosis (ukufa kweseli okuhleliwe). Le bhalansi ivumela izicubu ukuthi zizivuselele ngaphandle kokukhula ngokweqile.

Kumdlavuza, lokho kulinganisela kuyaphazamiseka.Amaseli alimele awaqediwe ngendlela okufanele asuswe ngayo, futhi aqala nokuzenzela amakhophi awo ngokungalawuleki. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kunqwabelana kwamaseli angajwayelekile kungakha isigaxa noma inqwaba yezicubu ezaziwa ngokuthi isimila noma i-neoplasm. Izinhlobo eziningi zomdlavuza zibonakala njengezimila eziqinile, nakuba ezinye, njenge-leukemia, zingakhi izixuku kodwa kunalokho zithinta igazi nomnkantsha.

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezimila ezimbi neziyingoziIsimila esiyingozi sakhiwa amangqamuzana okuthi, nakuba ekhula ngaphezu kokuvamile, angahlaseli izicubu eziseduze noma asakazekele kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba. Ngokuvamile zikhula kancane futhi, uma zisusiwe ngokuhlinzwa, azivamile ukuphinde ziphinde. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimila eziyingozi zinamandla okungena ezakhiweni ezingomakhelwane futhi zisakazekele ezindaweni ezikude, futhi yilokho kanye esikubiza ngokuthi umdlavuza.

Ukusabalala komdlavuza kwezinye izindawo zomzimba Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi i-metastasis. Amangqamuzana ayingozi angagqashula esimilanjeni sokuqala, ahambe ngegazi noma i-lymph, futhi anamathele kwesinye isitho, lapho ephindaphindeka futhi akhe izimila ezintsha. Yize lezi zimila zikwenye indawo, zigcina uhlobo lweseli olufanayo lwemvelaphi: isibonelo, umdlavuza webele osuqhamuke wamaphaphu usewumdlavuza webele we-metastatic, hhayi umdlavuza wamaphaphu omusha.

Umehluko phakathi kwamaseli avamile namaseli omdlavuza

Amaseli omdlavuza aziphatha ngendlela ehluke kakhulu kumaseli anempilo.Azigcini nje ngokukhula zibe zinkulu, kodwa futhi azinaki izimpawu eziningi ezilawula ukusebenza kwezicubu ezivamile. Lena eminye yemibono efaneleke kakhulu eye yabonwa:

• Ukuqeqesha ngaphandle kwemvumeAmaseli avamile ahlukana kuphela lapho ethola izimpawu ezithile ezitshela ukuthi; amangqamuzana omdlavuza aqala ukwanda ngaphandle kokuthi kube khona “owanikeza umyalo”.
• Bayayishaya indiva imiyalelo yokuthi bayekeAmaseli anempilo ayayeka ukuhlukana lapho esethathe indawo yawo ayabelwe; amangqamuzana anomdlavuza azinaki izimpawu ezibambezela ukukhula kwawo.
• Abakuhloniphi ukufa kwamangqamuzana okuhleliweAmaseli awonakele ngokuvamile avula i-apoptosis futhi anyamalale; amangqamuzana ayingozi avala lo mshini futhi aqhubeke ephila lapho kufanele afe.
• Ziyahlasela zinyakazeAmaseli avamile ahlala ekhona; amangqamuzana anomdlavuza agqekeza izithiyo eziwazungezile, angene ezicutshini ezingomakhelwane, futhi angangena egazini nemithambo ye-lymphatic ukuze athuthele kwezinye izindawo.
• Baduna imithambo yegaziIzimila eziyingozi zingashukumisa ukwakheka kwemithambo yegazi emisha ezungezile (i-angiogenesis) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala okwengeziwe komoyampilo kanye nezakhamzimba.
• Bacasha kumasosha omzimbaUhlelo lokuzivikela lomzimba luvamise ukuqeda amangqamuzana angavamile, kodwa amangqamuzana ethumba afunda ukuzenza afihle noma alawule izivikeli ukuze angahlaselwa, futhi aze avikeleke, ngokwesibonelo ama-exosomes.
• Baqongelela izinguquko zofuzo kanye ne-chromosomalKuvamile ukuthi amangqamuzana omdlavuza abe nama-chromosome anezingxenye eziphindaphindiwe noma ezingekho, futhi ngisho nenani lezakhi zofuzo eliphindwe kabili njengokujwayelekile.
• Basebenzisa amandla ngendlela ehlukileAmaseli amaningi ayingozi ancike kwezinye izindlela ze-metabolic eziwavumela ukuthi athole amandla ngokushesha futhi akhuthaze ukukhula kwawo ngokushesha.

Lezi zici zamaseli wesimila seziphenduke izinhloso zokwelaphaIzidakamizwa eziningi zesimanje zizama ukuvimba ngokuqondile amanye alawa maphuzu abuthakathaka, njengokwakheka kwemithambo yegazi emisha noma ukuguqulwa okuthile kwamangqamuzana engqamuzana lomdlavuza, kulimaze amangqamuzana anempilo kancane ngangokunokwenzeka.

Uqala kanjani umdlavuza: izinguquko kanye nezinhlobo zofuzo ezihilelekile

Umdlavuza, empeleni, isifo sofuzoLokhu akusho ukuthi lihlala liwufuzo, kodwa kunalokho livela lapho izinguquko (ukuguqulwa noma okuhlukile) kwenzeka ezakhini zofuzo ezilawula indlela amangqamuzana akhula ngayo, azihlukanise ngayo, futhi azilungise. Lezi zakhi zofuzo ziyingxenye ye-DNA, “incwadi yeziqondiso” ingqamuzana ngalinye elithwala ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus yalo.

Ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kungenzeka ngenxa yezizathu eziningi.Ngezinye izikhathi lawa amaphutha azenzakalelayo avela lapho i-DNA ikopishwa phakathi nokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli; ngezinye izikhathi zibangelwa ukuchayeka emagciwaneni, emisebeni, noma izifo, noma zitholwa ngofuzo kubazali. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, amaseli athola lawa maphutha futhi awalungise noma enze i-apoptosis isebenze uma umonakalo ungenakulungiseka. Kodwa ngokuya ngeminyaka, nangenxa yokunqwabelana kwemiphumela eyingozi, lezi zindlela zokugada ziba ncane ukusebenza kahle.

Izakhi zofuzo ezivame ukuguqulwa kumdlavuza zihlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• Ama-proto-oncogenesLezi izakhi zofuzo, ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, ezikhuthaza ukukhula kwamangqamuzana ngendlela elawulekayo. Lapho eshintsha okuthile noma esebenza ngokweqile, aphenduka ama-oncogene futhi abangele amaseli ukuthi ahlukane ngokungalawuleki futhi aphile lapho kungafanele.
• Izakhi zofuzo zokucindezela i-tumorLezi zakhi zofuzo zisebenza njengamabhuleki kumjikelezo weseli. Bamisa ukuhlukana kwamaseli lapho bethola izinkinga futhi bangabangela i-apoptosis. Uma lezi zakhi zofuzo zilahlekelwa umsebenzi wazo ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, amaseli ayayeka ukuthola amasignali "stop" futhi ukukhula akulawuleki.
• Izakhi zofuzo zokulungisa i-DNABanomthwalo wemfanelo wokuthola nokulungisa amaphutha ezintweni zofuzo. Lapho zihluleka, ukuguqulwa okuningi kunqwabelana kwezinye izakhi zofuzo, okuhlanganisa ama-proto-oncogene kanye nezakhi zofuzo ezicindezela isimila, kube lula ukukhula komdlavuza.

Isimila ngasinye sinenhlanganisela yaso eyingqayizivele yokuguqulwa kofuzoNgisho nangaphakathi kwesimila esifanayo, ukugcwala kwamangqamuzana anezinguquko ezihlukene kungahlala ndawonye, ​​okuchaza ngokwengxenye ukuthi kungani eminye imidlavuza isabela kahle kakhulu ekwelashweni kanti eminye, ebonakala ifana nayo, yenza okubi kakhulu.

Yini ebangela izinguquko eziholela emdlavuzeni?

Ayikho imbangela eyodwa yomdlavuza, kodwa kunalokho inhlanganisela yezinto. okwandisa amathuba okuqongelela izinguquko eziyingozi. Singazihlanganisa ngezigaba ezinkulu: ifa, imvelo, ehlobene nendlela yokuphila, kanye nezici ezithathelwanayo.

Izinguquko ezizuzwe njengefa zenza ingxenye encane yawo wonke umdlavuza.Nokho, abaluleke kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezithile zomdlavuza, njengezimila zebele, i-ovary, colon, noma i-prostate. Kulezi zimo, umuntu uzalwa enokushintshwa kofuzo oluyisihluthulelo (isibonelo, i-BRCA1 noma i-BRCA2) okungaqinisekisi ukuthi uzoba nomdlavuza, kodwa kuyinyusa kakhulu ingozi empilweni yakhe yonke.

Izinguquko eziningi zitholakala ngemva kokuzalwa.Yilapho ukuchayeka okufana nogwayi, imisebe ye-ultraviolet evela elangeni, amakhemikhali athile (asbestos, benzene, aflatoxins, arsenic), ukunukubezeka kwemvelo, noma imisebe ye-ionizing isetshenziswe ngendlela engafanele.

Indlela yokuphila nayo yenza umehlukoUkuphuza ngokweqile, ukudla okuphansi kwezithelo nemifino kanye nenyama egayiwe eningi, ukukhuluphala ngokweqile noma ukukhuluphala, ukungasebenzi komzimba, nokuchayeka elangeni okungavikelekile kuye kwahlotshaniswa ngokuphindaphindiwe nengozi eyengeziwe yezinhlobo eziningana zomdlavuza.

Ukutheleleka okungamahlalakhona kungesinye isici esiyinhloko emazweni amaningiAmanye amagciwane namagciwane athathwa njengama-oncogenic agents, njenge-human papillomavirus (HPV) yomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho kanye nomdlavuza we-anogenital kanye ne-oropharyngeal, kanye namagciwane e-hepatitis B no-C omdlavuza wesibindi. Helicobacter pylori umdlavuza wesisu noma igciwane le-Epstein-Barr kanye ne-HIV yama-lymphomas nama-sarcomas athile.

Izinto eziyingozi: ubani ongase abe nomdlavuza

Noma ubani angaba nomdlavuza, kodwa akubona bonke abantu abasengozini efanayo.Kunezinto ezingeke zilungiswe kanti ezinye zingasetshenzwa ngokushintsha imikhuba noma ukunciphisa ukuchayeka.

Iminyaka yobudala ingesinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhuluUmdlavuza uvamise ukuthatha iminyaka noma amashumi eminyaka ukukhula ngoba udinga ukunqwabelana kwezinguquko eziningi kanye nokwehluleka ezinhlelweni zokulungisa amaselula. Yingakho ukuxilonga okuningi kwenzeka kubantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-65, nakuba lesi sifo singavela nasebuntwaneni, ebusheni, noma ebusheni.

Umlando womndeni unendima, kodwa akusiyo yonke into.Ukuba nezihlobo eziningana eziseduze ezinohlobo olufanayo lomdlavuza, ikakhulukazi lezo ezitholwe zisencane, kungase kusikisele ukuba khona kwesifo sofuzo. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukuhlolwa kofuzo kwesinye isikhathi kuyanconywa ukuze kuhlolwe ubungozi futhi kusungulwe amasu okuqapha eduze.

Ezinye izifo ezingapheli zandisa ingoziIsibonelo, i-ulcerative colitis nezinye izinhlobo zokuvuvukala kwamathumbu okungapheli zikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa komdlavuza we-colorectal uma kungalawulwa kahle. Okunye ukungalingani kwama-hormone okuhlala isikhathi eside kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nezimila ezincike kuma-hormone, njengamanye umdlavuza webele nowe-endometrial.

Indawo yomsebenzi nekhaya ingase ibe nama-carcinogensIntuthu ebhemayo ezindaweni lapho ukubhema kuvunyelwe khona, i-asbestos ezakhiweni ezindala, izincibilikisi noma ama-hydrocarbon emisebenzini ethile yezimboni, noma ukuchayeka ku-radon ezindlini ezingenawo umoya ohlanzekile yizibonelo ezaziwayo zezingozi zemvelo ezihlobene nomdlavuza.

Izimpawu nezimpawu eziyisixwayiso zomdlavuza

Izimpawu zomdlavuza zincike kakhulu endaweni, uhlobo lwesimila, kanye nezinga laso.Ezigabeni zabo zokuqala, imidlavuza eminingi ibangela ukungakhululeki okuncane, okuchaza ukuthi kungani ivame ukutholwa ngezinhlelo zokuhlola noma ukuhlolwa okwenziwa ngenxa yesinye isizathu.

Noma kunjalo, kunenombolo yezimpawu ezijwayelekile okumele, uma ziphikelela, kufanele kuxoxwe ngazo nodokotela., njengoba zingahlotshaniswa nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zomdlavuza (nakuba isikhathi esiningi zinezimbangela eziyingozi):

• Ukukhathala okukhulu noma ukukhathala okungathuthuki ngokuphumula.
• Ukuncipha kwesisindo okungahlosiwe nokusheshayo, ngaphandle kwezinguquko ekudleni noma emsebenzini.
• Izigaxa ezilulayo noma ukuqina ngaphansi kwesikhumba, isibonelo emabeleni, entanyeni, emakhwapheni noma emasendeni.
• Izinguquko eziphawulekayo esikhumbeni: ukuphuzi, ukufiphala, ububomvu obuqhubekayo, amanxeba angapholi, noma izinguquko kuma-moles akhona.
• Izinguquko emathunjini noma emikhubeni yokuchama: isifo sohudo esiqhubekayo noma ukuqunjelwa, igazi esitulweni noma emchamweni, kudingeka uchame kaningi noma ubuhlungu lapho wenza kanjalo.
• Ukukhwehlela okungapheli, ukuhayiza, noma ukuphefumula kanzima ngaphandle kwesizathu esicacile.
• Ubunzima bokugwinya noma umuzwa wokuthi ukudla kubambekile.
• Ukuqunjelwa noma ukungaphatheki kahle kwesisu okungaxazululwa ngezinyathelo ezijwayelekile.
• Ubuhlungu obuqhubekayo bemisipha noma obuhlangene, ngaphandle kokulimala okusobala.
• Ukushisa isikhathi eside noma ukujuluka okukhulu ebusuku ngaphandle kokutheleleka okubonakalayo.
• Ukopha noma ukulimaza ngaphandle kwencazelo ecacile.

Kukhona nezimpawu eziqondile kakhulu kuye ngesitho esithintekile.Lokhu kufaka phakathi: isigaxa esisha ebeleni, ukushintsha kwemvukuzane, ukopha okungajwayelekile esithweni sangasese, ukukhwehlela igazi, ikhanda elibuhlungu elingapheli elinezimpawu zemizwa, phakathi kokunye. Isihluthulelo siwukunaka izinguquko eziqhubekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi uthintane nodokotela ngaphandle kokulibala.

Akweluleki ukuthi ulinde uze ube sezinhlungwini ukuze ubone uchwepheshe wezempilo.Imidlavuza eminingi ayinabuhlungu ezigabeni zayo zokuqala, futhi kukulezi zigaba impela lapho ukwelashwa okungenzeka kakhulu kwelaphe lesi sifo noma kusilawule iminyaka eminingi.

Izinhlobo zomdlavuza kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwesimila

Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-100 ezahlukene zomdlavuza.Ngokuvamile ziqanjwa ngesitho noma izicubu lapho zivela khona (amaphaphu, ibele, ikholoni, i-prostate, ubuchopho, isikhumba, njll.). Aphinde ahlukaniswe ngokohlobo lwengqamuzana avela kulo nezici zawo ezincane kakhulu namangqamuzana.

Ngokuvamile, zihlelwe zibe izigaba eziningana ezinkulu:

I-Carcinomas

I-carcinoma iwumdlavuza ovame kakhuluBavela kumaseli e-epithelial, amboza ubuso besikhumba kanye nengaphakathi lezitho nemigodi. Ngaphakathi kwaleli qembu, kukhona ama-subtypes kuye ngeseli lemvelaphi:

• I-AdenocarcinomaKuvela kumaseli akhiqiza amafinyila noma uketshezi, okujwayelekile kwezicubu zezindlala. Iningi lamabele, ikholoni, i-prostate, noma umdlavuza we-pancreatic yi-adenocarcinomas.
• I-basal cell carcinoma: Isuka ongqimbeni oluyisisekelo lwe-epidermis, ungqimba olujulile lwesikhumba.
• I-squcinous cell carcinoma: ivela kumaseli asicaba aklelisa ingaphezulu lesikhumba kanye nengaphakathi lezitho ezinjengomphimbo, iphaphu noma esinyeni.
• Transitional cell carcinoma: Iphuma ku-urothelium, i-elastic epithelium ehlanganisa isinye, i-ureters, nengxenye yezinso.

Ama-Sarcoma

Ama-Sarcomas akha izicubu ezisekelayo zomzimba.njengamathambo, imisipha, izicubu ezinamafutha, imithambo yegazi, imithambo ye-lymphatic, noma imisipha. I-Osteosarcoma iyi-sarcoma yamathambo evame kakhulu, kuyilapho phakathi kwama-sarcomas ezicubu ezithambile, i-leiomyosarcoma, i-liposarcoma, ne-Kaposi's sarcoma igqama.

AmaLeukemias

I-leukemias iwumdlavuza womnkantsha negaziAwenzi amathumba aqinile, kodwa abonakala ngokukhiqizwa okungalawuleki kwamangqamuzana amhlophe egazi athatha indawo yamangqamuzana egazi avamile, abangele i-anemia, izifo ezivamile, noma izinkinga zokopha. Ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa njenge-acute noma engapheli, futhi njenge-myeloid noma i-lymphoid, kuye ngohlobo lweseli elithintekile kanye nezinga lokuqhubeka.

AmaLymphomas

I-Lymphomas ithinta ama-lymphocyteUhlobo lwamangqamuzana amhlophe egazi olubalulekile ekuvikeleni amasosha omzimba. Angaveza njengama-lymph nodes akhulisiwe noma ezinye izixuku ezithweni ze-lymphatic system. Kunamaqembu amabili amakhulu: I-Hodgkin lymphoma (ebonakala ngamaseli e-Reed-Sternberg) kanye ne-non-Hodgkin lymphomas, ehlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ezincane ezikhula kancane noma ezikhula ngokushesha.

I-myeloma eminingi

I-Myeloma eminingi ingumdlavuza wamaseli e-plasmaLawa mangqamuzana, anomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhiqiza amasosha omzimba, anqwabelana emnkantsheni futhi abangele izilonda emathanjeni, okuholela ezinhlungwini zamathambo, ukuphuka, ukuphelelwa igazi, izifo, nezinkinga zezinso.

I-melanoma nezinye izimila ezikhethekile

I-melanoma ivela kuma-melanocyteAmaseli akhiqiza umbala wesikhumba. Nakuba ingavamile kakhulu kuneminye imidlavuza yesikhumba, inolaka kakhulu futhi inamandla amakhulu e-metastasis uma ingatholwa kusenesikhathi. Ingavela nasezindaweni ezinemibala efana neso.

Kukhona futhi ama-germ cell tumors (okuzala amaqanda noma isidoda) kanye nezimila ze-neuroendocrine, ezakheka kumaseli akwazi ukukhiqiza amahomoni esabela kumasignali emizwa. Ezinye izimila ze-neuroendocrine ezikhula kancane, njengezimila ezithile ze-carcinoid ze-digestive tract, zingakhipha izinto ezibangela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-carcinoid syndrome.

Izinguquko ezingezona umdlavuza okufanele ziqashelwe

Akuzona zonke izinguquko zezicubu eziwumdlavuza, kodwa ezinye zingaba izandulela.Izazi zezifo zisebenzisa amagama athile ukuchaza lezi zimo ezimaphakathi lapho zihlaziya ama-biopsies ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu.

I-Hyperplasia ukwanda kwenani lamaseli esicutshini, kodwa ukugcina ukubukeka okuvamile kwamaselula kanye nezakhiwo ezilondoloziwe. Ngokuvamile kuyimpendulo ehlehliswayo ezisusa ezifana nokucasuka noma ukuvuvukala. Nakuba ungewona umdlavuza, kwezinye izimo kungase kudinge ukugadwa ngezikhathi ezithile.

I-Dysplasia isho izinga elikhulu lokungajwayelekileKukhona namaseli amaningi kunokuvamile, kodwa lawa aseshintshiwe kakade, futhi izicubu zilahlekelwa enye yenhlangano yazo. Amanye ama-dysplasia angathuthukela kumdlavuza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngakho-ke avame ukuqashwa noma ukwelashwa. Isibonelo yi-dysplastic nevi (ama-atypical moles), okuthi, ngephesenti elincane lezimo, athuthuke abe yi-melanoma.

I-Carcinoma in situ ibhekwa njengesilonda esithuthuke kakhulu kodwa esasendaweni.Amangqamuzana asevele anezici eziyingozi, kodwa ahlala evalelwe lapho avela khona futhi awazange ahlasele izicubu ezingomakhelwane. Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kuthiwa “isigaba 0,” ngokuvamile silashwa ngokuqhubekayo ngoba singathuthukela kumdlavuza ohlaselayo uma singelashwa.

Izinkinga ezihlobene nomdlavuza kanye nokwelashwa kwawo

Umdlavuza awubandakanyi kuphela ukuba khona kwesimila noma amaseli angajwayelekilekodwa kungase kubangele izinkinga eziningi emzimbeni, kokubili ezifweni ngokwazo nasezindleleni ezidingekayo zokulwa naso.

Ubuhlungu bungenye yezinkinga ezesatshwa kakhuluNakuba kungezona zonke izinhlobo zomdlavuza ezibangela ubuhlungu, kungase kube ngenxa yokucindezela kwesimila ezinzwa, amathambo, noma izitho zomzimba, noma imiphumela engemihle yokuhlinzwa, ukwelapha ngemisebe, noma imithi ethile. Ngenhlanhla, namuhla kunamasu amaningi e-pharmacological and non-pharmacological ukuyilawula ngokuphumelelayo ezimweni eziningi.

Ukukhathala okukhulu kuvame kakhuluKungahlotshaniswa nesifo ngokwaso, i-anemia, ukungondleki, noma ukwelashwa okufana nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kanye ne-radiotherapy. Nakuba ngokuvamile ithuthuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inganciphisa kakhulu ukuphila kwansuku zonke ngenkathi iqhubeka.

Eminye imiphumela emibi evamile ihlanganisa isicanucanu, isifo sohudo, noma ukuqunjelwa.Lezi zimpawu zibangelwa ukubandakanyeka okuqondile kwesimiso sokugaya ukudla noma ubuthi bemithi. Ukunakekelwa okufanele okusekelayo (imithi, izinguquko zokudla, i-hydration) ngokuvamile kunikeza ukukhululeka okukhulu.

Ezigabeni ezithuthukile, ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali egazini kungase kubonakale.njengokungalingani kwe-calcium, i-sodium, noma amanye ama-electrolyte, okubangela ukudideka, ukoma okukhulu, noma izinkinga zenhliziyo futhi kudinga ukunakwa ngokushesha.

Izimila ezithinta ubuchopho noma umgogodla Zingabangela ikhanda elibuhlungu, ukuquleka, ubuthakathaka ohlangothini olulodwa lomzimba, noma izinkinga zokukhuluma nokubona, phakathi kwezinye izimpawu zemizwa.

Kwezinye izimo, amasosha omzimba ngokwawo asabela ngendlela engavamile kumdlavuza. futhi ikhiqize ama-syndromes e-paraneoplastic, anezimpawu ngezinye izikhathi ezihluke kakhulu (ukuguqulwa kwemizwa, i-hormonal, i-cutaneous) engachazwa kuphela ngokukhula kwesimila, kodwa ngezinto ezizikhiqizayo noma ngokusabela kokuzivikela komzimba.

Ukusabalala (i-metastasis) kanye nokungenzeka kabusha komdlavuza Lezi yizinkinga ezimbili ezibucayi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngemva kokuphela kokwelashwa, ithimba le-oncology ngokuvamile lihlela ukuhlolwa okuvamile ngokuhlolwa ngokomzimba, ukuhlolwa kwegazi, nezifundo zezithombe ukuze kutholwe noma yikuphi ukuphindeka okungenzeka kusenesikhathi.

Ukuvimbela umdlavuza: yini engenziwa ukunciphisa ingozi

Kulinganiselwa ukuthi phakathi kuka-30% no-50% wezigameko zomdlavuza zingavinjelwa Uma izici ezithile zobungozi zehlisiwe futhi kwasetshenziswa amasu okuvimbela asekelwe ebufakazini. Nakuba kungekho muntu ongaqinisekisa ukuthi abasoze bahlakulela umdlavuza, kungenzeka ukwehlisa kakhulu izinkinga.

Ukuyeka ukubhema cishe kuyisinyathelo esiphumelela kakhuluUgwayi awubandakanyi umdlavuza wamaphaphu kuphela, kodwa nasezimila emlonyeni, emphinjeni, emthonjeni, kwesinye, kumanyikwe, ezinso, nakwezinye. Ukuyeka umkhuba, ngisho nangemva kweminyaka eminingi, kunciphisa ngokusobala ingozi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukuzivikela elangeni nakho kubalulekileUkugwema ukushiswa yilanga, ukugqoka izingubo ezimboza isikhumba, nokusebenzisa umuthi ovikela isikhumba elangeni, ikakhulukazi phakathi nasemini, kunciphisa amathuba okuba nomdlavuza wesikhumba, kuhlanganise ne-melanoma.

Landela ukudla okunempilo futhi ugcine isisindo esinempilo Kuyasiza ekuvimbeleni ukugaya ukudla kanye nezimila ezincike kumahomoni. Kunconywa ukubeka phambili izithelo, imifino, okusanhlamvu, okusanhlamvu, namafutha anempilo, futhi unciphise ukudla okugayiwe kakhulu, inyama egayiwe, kanye noshukela oweqile.

Ukuzivocavoca umzimba njalo kungenye insika yokuvimbelaOkungenani imizuzu engu-150-180 yokuzivocavoca okusesilinganisweni ngesonto noma imizuzu engu-75 yokuzivocavoca ngamandla ihlotshaniswa nengozi ephansi yezinhlobo eziningana zomdlavuza kanye nempilo engcono yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi.

Ukuphuza utshwala kufanele kulinganiselwe ngangokunokwenzeka.Ngisho nenani elilinganiselwe lihlotshaniswa nengozi eyengeziwe yokuba nomdlavuza webele, isibindi, umlomo, umphimbo, neminye, ngakho uma incane, iba ngcono.

Imithi yokugomela amagciwane athile inciphisa ngokuqondile ingozi yomdlavuza.Ukugonywa kwe-human papillomavirus (HPV) kunciphisa kakhulu izehlakalo zomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho nezinye izimila ezihlobene ne-HPV. Umuthi wokugomela i-hepatitis B uvikela ezifweni ezingapheli ezingaholela emdlavuzeni wesibindi.

Ukuhlola noma izinhlelo zokuhlonza kusenesikhathi zivumela izilonda ukuthi zitholwe ngaphambi kokuthi zidale izimpawuAma-mammograms omdlavuza webele kwabesifazane beminyaka ethile, ukuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kwe-HPV kanye ne-cytology yomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho, noma ukuhlolwa kwegazi okune-fecal occult kanye nama- colonoscopies omdlavuza we-colorectal yizibonelo zamasu okuthi, uma ehlelwe kahle, anciphise ukufa.

Ukuxilongwa komdlavuza kanye nesiteji

Uma kuvela uphawu olusolisayo noma ukuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kunikeza umphumela ongajwayelekileIsinyathelo esilandelayo ukufunda kabanzi ngokwenzekayo. Inqubo yokuxilonga ngokuvamile iqala ngengxoxo yomtholampilo ephelele, ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba, futhi, kuye ngesimo, ukuhlolwa kwegazi, ukuhlolwa kwezithombe (ama-X-ray, ama-ultrasounds, ama-CT scan, ama-MRIs), noma izifundo ze-endoscopic.

Kodwa-ke, ukuqinisekiswa okuqinisekile komdlavuza cishe njalo kudinga i-biopsy.Kuhilela ukuthola isampula yethishu encane endaweni esolisayo (kusetshenziswa inaliti, i-endoscopy, noma ukuhlinzwa) nokuyihlaziya ngesibonakhulu. Udokotela wezifo uhlola izici zamangqamuzana, anqume ukuthi ayingozi yini noma ayingozi, avela kuluphi uhlobo lwesicubu, kanye nezinga lawo lolaka.

Uma ukuxilongwa sekuqinisekisiwe, umdlavuza ubekwa esigabeni.Ngamanye amazwi, inquma ukuthi lesi sifo sande kangakanani. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokuhlanganisa idatha ngosayizi wesimila, ukubandakanyeka kwama-lymph nodes aseduze, kanye nokuba khona noma ukungabikho kwama-metastases akude. Ngokuvamile, kusetshenziswa izigaba I kuye ku-IV, kanti isigaba sokuqala singesona esibi kakhulu futhi isigaba IV sihamba phambili kakhulu.

Ukwazi isiteji kuyisihluthulelo sokuklama uhlelo lokwelapha futhi ulinganise ukubikezela. Ezigabeni zokuqala, ngezinye izikhathi ukuhlinzwa okwenziwe kahle kwanele ukuze kutholakale ukwelashwa. Ezigabeni ezithuthuke kakhulu, inhlanganisela yezindlela zokwelapha ezimbalwa kanye nokuqapha ngokucophelela kuyadingeka.

Ukwelashwa komdlavuza: izinketho zamanje

Indlela yokwelapha umdlavuza iya ngokuya iqondene nomuntuAkukhona nje kuphela ngokuthi "isiphi isitho esithintekayo," kodwa futhi mayelana noshintsho oluthile lwamangqamuzana olukhona esimila kanye nesimo somtholampilo sesiguli. Ngokusekelwe kulolu lwazi, ithimba le-multidisciplinary (i-oncology yezokwelapha, i-radiation oncology, ukuhlinzwa, ubuhlengikazi, i-radiology, i-pathology, njll.) ichaza isu elingcono kakhulu.

Ukuhlinzwa kungenye yezindlela zokwelapha eziyinhloko zamathumba amaningi aqinile.Kuhilela ukususa isimila esiyinhloko futhi ngokuvamile ezinye zezicubu ezinempilo ezizungezile kanye nama-lymph nodes aseduze, ngenhloso yokuqeda zonke izifo ezibonakalayo. Ezimweni ezikhethiwe, kungaba ukwelapha uma kungekho metastasis.

Ukwelapha ngemisebe kusebenzisa imisebe enamandla amakhulu ukubhubhisa amangqamuzana omdlavuza endaweni ethile. Ingasetshenziswa ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa ukuze kwehliswe usayizi wesimila, ngemva kwalokho kuqedwe noma yimaphi amaseli amancane asele, noma njengokwelashwa okuyinhloko lapho ukuhlinzwa kungenzeki.

I-Chemotherapy isebenzisa izidakamizwa ezijikeleza umzimba wonke Ngokukhethekile bahlasela amaseli ahlukanisayo ngokushesha, njengamaseli amaningi esimila. Zisetshenziswa ngomjovo noma ngomlomo futhi zivame ukuhlanganiswa nezinye izindlela zokwelapha. Imiphumela yabo emibi ibangelwa ukuthi iphinde ithinte amangqamuzana anempilo, ahlukanisa ngokushesha (umnkantsha, izinwele, ulwelwesi lwamafinyila), nakuba lezi zilawulwa kangcono kakhulu namuhla kuneminyaka edlule.

Izindlela zokwelapha ezihlosiwe kanye nemithi enembile imele ukuqhubekela phambili kwekhwalithi.Le mithi iklanyelwe ukuvimba ama-molecule athile isimila esincike kuwo ukuze sikhule noma siphile. Ngaphambi kokuzisebenzisa, kuyadingeka ukukhomba ukuthi umdlavuza unokuguquguquka yini noma uguquko umuthi okuhloswe ukukukhomba.

I-Immunotherapy ihlose "ukukhulula" amasosha omzimba ukuze ibone futhi ibhubhise amaseli wesimila. Lokhu kufaka phakathi, isibonelo, i-immune checkpoint inhibitors, evimba amabhuleki okwenziwa umdlavuza uwabeke ezivikelweni zomzimba, noma izindlela zokwelapha ezithuthukisiwe njengamaseli e-CAR-T kwezinye izimila ze-hematological.

Kweminye imidlavuza encike kumahomoni, njengamathumba amaningi webele noma wendlala yesinyeUkwelashwa ngama-hormone kubalulekile. Isekelwe ekuqedeni noma ekuvimbeleni ama-hormone ondla lezi zinhlobo zamangqamuzana, ngaleyo ndlela abambezele ukukhula kwawo.

Ngomdlavuza wegazi, i-lymphomas, neminye imidlavuza yegaziNgezinye izikhathi, i-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (kusuka emnkantsheni noma egazini le-peripheral) isetshenziswa. Umnkantsha onesifo ucekelwa phansi ngemithamo ephezulu yokwelapha ngamakhemikhali kanye/noma ngeradiotherapy futhi esikhundleni salokho kufakwe amaseli anempilo esiguli (autologous) noma amnikeli ohambisana nawo (allogeneic).

Ukunakekelwa kwe-Palliative kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokwelashwa komdlavuza.hhayi kuphela ezigabeni eziphambili kakhulu. Inhloso yawo ukudambisa izimpawu ezingokomzimba, ezingokomzwelo nezingokomoya, ukuthuthukisa izinga lempilo nokusekela kokubili umuntu othintekile nendawo ahlala kuyo, ukuhlanganisa kusukela ekuxilongweni lapho kudingekile.

Ngenxa yenhlanganisela efanele yawo wonke la mathuluziIzinhlobo eziningi zomdlavuza ezivame kakhulu (webele, wendlala yesinye, we-colorectal, womlomo wesibeletho, amanye ama-lymphomas kanye ne-leukemia) manje zithola amazinga okwelapha aphezulu kakhulu noma isikhathi eside sokulawula, ikakhulukazi uma sitholwa ekuqaleni.

Umdlavuza usalokhu ungenye yezinselelo ezinkulu kwezokwelapha.Kodwa siya ngokuya siqonda ukuthi ikhula kanjani, yini eyibangelayo, indlela yokuyibona kusenesikhathi, nokuthi yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha ezisebenza kangcono esimweni ngasinye. Ukuqonda izindlela zayo, ukwamukela imikhuba yokuphila enempilo, ukubamba iqhaza ezinhlelweni zokuhlola ezinconyiwe, kanye nokubonana nochwepheshe bezokunakekelwa kwempilo ukuze uthole izimpawu eziqhubekayo kuyizinyathelo ezibalulekile zokunciphisa umthelela wazo futhi, uma kunesidingo, ukubhekana nazo ngezinketho eziningi kanye nokwesaba okuncane.