Indaba kaCalisto noMelibea ingenye i-tragicomedy eyaziwa kakhulu nge-Celestina. Umsebenzi okuthiwa uFernando de Rojas futhi wabhalwa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX.
Impumelelo yayo yokunyathelisa yayidlondlobala ekhulwini leminyaka elalandela, ikhulu le-1792, kodwa yaba nezikhathi ezinhle nezinhle kwaze kwaba yilapho ivalwa ngo-XNUMX. Ingxubevange phakathi kwedrama namahlaya enendikimba yothando ehlobene nezwe lasenyuvesi, isiphenduke enye ye ezakudala zemibhalo yeSpanishi. Namuhla sizobona Indaba yayo imayelana nani, kungani yavalwa kanye nokuvela kwayo endaweni yemibhalo.
Celestine
Ukuqanjwa kwalo msebenzi okuqanjwe uFernando de Rojas, izinsuku zasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, ngesikhathi seziNgonyama zamaKhatholika. Umthelela wedrama nenoveli kulo msebenzi uwenza ube yingxubevange futhi usufinyelele ezingeni lapho umuntu engakhuluma khona ngqo ngohlobo lomdlalo. Kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa abalingiswa basezulwini, izindawo noma izingqikithi kweminye imisebenzi.
Ku-"La Celestina" sithola izindikimba ezintathu ezibalulekile: inkohlakalo, ukuvinjelwa kothando oluhlanyayo kanye nomzabalazo phakathi kwezinto eziphikisanayo ezitholakala empilweni.
Inkohlakalo: Kumayelana nokuvimbela abantu ababi “nezinceku ezithophayo” ezehlisa isithunzi samakhosi ezibakhonzayo.
Uthando oluhlanyayo: Ixwayisa ngenhlamba yothando lwasenkantolo lapho abathandanayo bephendulela othandiweyo wabo unkulunkulu wabo othile.
Okuphambene nempilo: Kuyindikimba emangalisa kakhulu futhi ejulile, ngisho nefilosofi, lapho singabona khona ukuthi impilo iyimpi enonya yabantu abaphikisanayo: abasha nabadala, ukungabi nacala ngokumelene nenkohlakalo, abampofu ngokumelene nabacebile, njll. Into ngayinye idala noma ine okuphambene nayo futhi kokubili ukulwa . Konke kubonakala kusukela endaweni yokuziphatha.
Igama lo msebenzi owaziwa ngalo "La Celestina" bekungeke kube igama lakhe langempela kodwa leyo eyasakazeka kuyo yonke iNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia kusukela kwaqala umsebenzi wayo wokushicilela. Lapho umsebenzi ufika e-Italy wenza kanjalo ngaphansi kwesidlaliso esithi "La Celestina", ngo-1519, kanye nesihloko esithi "Tragicomedy of Cesare Arrivabene." Umthelela wale nguqulo yaseVenice uzosabalala ngohlelo lwesiFulentshi nesiFlemish. Izinguqulo zeSpanishi zizogcina igama elithi "Tragicomedy of Calisto and Melibea" okwesikhashana kuze kube yilapho livela nalo. ngefonti encane leyo ebhekisela ku-“La Celestina” kuze kube sekugcineni lawo magama amabili azobonakala kumakhava.
Indaba kaCalisto noMelibea
Ukuze siqonde umlando kumele sizibeke endaweni ekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, njengoba imisila yokugcina yenkathi ephakathi iphawula leyo nkathi, ngesikhathi esifanayo iwukuqala kweRenaissance. Izici lapho singabona khona lolu shintsho yilezi:
- ezincekwini abasebenzela inkosi yabo ukuze bathole isondlo nokuzivikela (i-feudalism) ngeNkathi Ephakathi futhi emdlalweni bacela uCalisto ukuba abakhokhele.
- Izicukuthwane NgeNkathi Ephakathi babekulungele ukuvikela abantu, nokho uCallisto akanalo ibutho lakhe futhi ulinganiselwe empilweni engenzi lutho. Ukuzivikela kuwela enkosini nasebuthweni.
- Ukuhweba kuyavuselela. Uyise kaMelibea usekela ingcebo ezintweni ezibonakalayo, hhayi umhlaba.
Umlando weCalisto neMelibea
Kubhekiselwa esenzweni sika Emsebenzini singahlukanisa indaba kabili ngemva kwesandulela lapho uCalisto noMelibea behlangana khona. Ingxenye yokuqala yayizoba ukungenelela kukaCelestina nezinceku, nokufa kwalaba abathathu; ubusuku bokuqala bothando Ingxenye yesibili isekelwe ekuziphindiseleni; ubusuku besibili bothando: ukufa kukaCalisto, ukuzibulala kukaMelibea kanye neCry of Pleberio.
Isakhiwo somsebenzi
Ukuqala komsebenzi yilapho UCalisto ubona uMelibea engadini yendlu yakhe futhi umthanda ngokujulile, kodwa uyamala.
UCallisto Ngeseluleko senceku yakhe uSempronio uya ku-Celestina, isifebe kanye ne-pimp, osebenza njengomashesi futhi ahlele izinsuku phakathi kwezithandani, ngaphezu kokuqhuba indlu yezifebe nabafundi ababili.
Enye inceku kaCalisto, UPármeno uzama ukumyekisa ngoba unina ubengumfundi kaCelestina futhi uyazi ukuthi kuyiphutha. Kodwa-ke, ugcina edelelekile inkosi yakhe futhi ugcina ngokujoyina uSempronio noCelestina. ukuxhaphaza uthando nenzuzo kaCalisto.
Ngesethi U-Celestina wenza u-Melibea athandane no-Calisto futhi njengomvuzo uthola iketanga legolide eliyoba isici sokuhaha nokungezwani njengoba enqaba ukwabelana ngalo nezinceku zikaCalisto. Bobabili bagcina ngokubulala uCelestina, ngakho bazoboshwa babulawe.
Izifebe zikaCelestina, Bahlela ukubulala uCalisto ukuze baziphindiselele ngokulahlekelwa yikho konke.. Nokho, kwakheka isiphithiphithi kuphela ngenkathi uCalisto noMelibea bejabulela uthando lwabo. Ezwa ukuyaluza nokwesaba ukuthi izinceku zakhe zisengozini. UCalisto weqa udonga lukaMelibea, uyashelela futhi uyafa. U-Melibea ophelelwe yithemba uyazibulala futhi umsebenzi uphetha ngokukhala kukayise kaMelibeya elilela ukufa kwendodakazi yakhe.
Kungani uCalisto noMelibea bengabheki ukushada?
Ngaphakathi emsebenzini Kunempicabadala engaxazululeki, yokuthi laba bantu abasha ababili abavela emndenini omuhle abazami kanjani ukushada. Asibhekani nemindeni emibili ebingaboni ngaso linye, futhi akukho okukhomba ukuthi kukhona inkinga yokuthi ngeke bashade. Omunye umbono uwukuthi umndeni kaMelibea ungase ube yi-conversos futhi igama lawo laliwubonisa futhi wawenza waqondakala kubantu ababephila ngesikhathi somsebenzi ngakho-ke kwakungasadingeki olunye ulwazi.
UFernando de Rojas
UFernando de Rojas wayengum Umlobi waseSpain owaphila engxenyeni yesithathu yokugcina yekhulu le-XNUMX nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-XNUMX. Wazalelwa eLa Puebla de Montalbán eToledo futhi uzofela eTalavera de la Reina.
Isici sokubhala kwakhe senziwe Izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa wayebhekwa njengombhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi esikhundleni sombhali.. Ukungafi kwakhe emhlabeni wezinhlamvu kulele emsebenzini othi "La Celestina", okuwukuphela komsebenzi okuye kwashiwo kulo mlobi. Nokho, ngesikhathi sakhe, wayengummeli obalulekile waseToledo.
Umsebenzi we "La Celestina" Kuhlanganisa nenani elingenakuqedwa lezinkinga ezenza labo abayifundayo bazame ukuphosa amehlo uma nabo bebeyingxenye yempilo yombhali.
Ubudlelwano bempilo yakhe kanye nalokho okwalandiswa "La Celestina"
Akukho okwaziwayo mayelana nobungane bakhe nobusha bakhe, yingakho ababhali abaningi befuna ukuhlola lokho umsebenzi wakhe usitshela khona ukuze baxazulule leyo ngxenye yokuphila kukaRojas ehlala ingaziwa kithi. Ngokwesibonelo, umsebenzi utshela ukuthi uSempronio noPármeno babhekisela kanjani esontweni laseSan Miguel, okuhambisana neqiniso lokuthi ePuebla de Montalbán kwakunesonto elinokuzinikela okufanayo nalapho uGarci González Ponce de Rojas noCatalina de Rojas babezongcwatshwa khona. Njengalokhu, abanye Ukuhlangana okuningi kwezindawo lapho uRojas ahlala khona okubonakala ku- "La Celestina" kuholela ekuqageleni uma ezinye izinto nazo. Zazikhona empilweni yombhali.
Ngaphambi kokuqala umlando womsebenzi wakhe, U-Rojas uziveza njengommeli. Nakuba kuyiqiniso, awekho amaphepha aqinisekisa lokho. Kuphinde kubhekwe ukuthi uRojas wake wafundela umthetho futhi waphothula iBachelor of Arts.
I-Jurist eTalavera de la Reina
Kusukela empilweni yakhe eTalavera de la Reina njengesazi somthetho uma kukhona imibhalo efakazela lokho, kokubili Kungobo yomlando kaMasipala yase-Talavera de la Reina kanye nengobo yomlando yenzalo yombhali. Ngenxa yalokhu, siyazi ukuthi ngo-1508 wayesevele ezinzile kulo masipala futhi izikhathi eziningana wayeyiMeya efanayo, futhi ebambe isikhundla soMmeli woMkhandlu Wedolobha futhi ephethe izingxabano ezihlukahlukene mayelana nemingcele kanye nemingcele yezindawo.
Wayezoshada noLeonor Álvarez de Montalbán cishe ngo-1512 ayezoba naye amadodana amane namadodakazi amathathu. KANYE Ingajabulela ukuvelela okukhulu emphakathini kanye nomnotho omuhle.
Kodwa kukho konke okwaziwayo ngaye, umhlaba wezinhlamvu ubonakala ukude, yingakho kungekho omunye umsebenzi okuke kuthiwe wenziwa nguye, futhi abukho ubufakazi bokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukhona. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe kanye nezinguqulo ezahlukene "La Celestina", kuyoba lapho inzalo yakhe inikeza imibhalo futhi ifuna amalungelo. womsebenzi egameni lika-Rojas owayeqambe umsebenzi wokuqala.
