Indaba kaCalisto noMelibea iyi- tragedy ehlekisayo eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi i-La Celestina . Iwumsebenzi oqanjwe nguFernando de Rojas futhi wabhalwa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15.
Impumelelo yayo yokushicilela yafinyelela esicongweni ngekhulu leminyaka elilandelayo, ele-16, kodwa yabe isibhekana nokwehla nokwehla kwaze kwaba yilapho ivinjelwa ngo-1792. Njengoba iyinhlanganisela yedrama namahlaya anesihloko sothando kanye nokuxhumana nomhlaba weyunivesithi, isibe yincwadi yakudala yeSpanishi. Namuhla sizohlola umlando wayo, ukuthi kungani yavinjelwa, kanye nokuvela kwayo ngaphakathi kwendawo yokubhala.
Celestine
Ukwakheka kwalo msebenzi, oqanjwe ngoFernando de Rojas, kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-15, ngesikhathi sokubusa kwamaKhosi amaKatolika. Ithonya ledrama kanye nenoveli kulo msebenzi kwenza kube yinhlanganisela, kuze kufike ezingeni lapho umuntu angakhuluma khona ngqo ngohlobo lwezincwadi olufana nolwesiCelestina. Kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa abalingiswa, izimo, kanye nezindikimba ezifana nolwesiCelestina kweminye imisebenzi.
Ku-“La Celestina” sithola izingqikithi ezintathu eziyisisekelo : inkohlakalo, ukuvimbela uthando oluhlanyayo, kanye nokulwa phakathi kwezinto eziphikisanayo ezihambisana nokuphila.
Inkohlakalo: Imayelana nokuvimbela abantu ababi kanye "nezinceku ezithophayo" ezilulaza amakhosi eziwakhonzayo.
Uthando oluhlanyayo: luxwayisa ngokuhlambalaza uthando oluhloniphekile lapho abathandi beguqula abathandekayo babo babe unkulunkulu wabo siqu.
Izinto eziphambene nokuphila: lesi yisihloko esiyinkimbinkimbi nesijulile, ngisho nesefilosofi, esiveza ukuthi impilo iyimpi enonya phakathi kwezinto eziphikisanayo: abasha nabakhulu, ubumsulwa nabampofu nabacebile, njll. Konke kudala noma kunokuphikisana nakho, futhi kokubili kuyangqubuzana. Konke kubhekwa ngombono wokuziphatha.
Igama lo msebenzi owaziwa ngalo , elithi "La Celestina," akulona igama lawo lokuqala kodwa yilelo elasakazeka kulo lonke i-Iberian Peninsula kusukela ekuqaleni komlando wawo wokunyathelisa. Lapho lo msebenzi ufika e-Italy, wakwenza lokho ngaphansi kwegama elithi "La Celestina" ngo-1519, kanye nesihloko esithi "Tragicomedia de Cesare Arrivabene." Ithonya lale nguqulo yaseVenice lasakazekela ezinhlelweni zesiFulentshi nezesiFlemish. Izinguqulo zesiSpanishi zagcina igama elithi "Tragicomedia de Calisto y Melibea" isikhathi esithile kwaze kwaba yilapho kukhulunywa nge-"La Celestina" ngombhalo omncane, kwaze kwaba yilapho ekugcineni lawo magama amabili evelela kakhulu ezimbozweni.
Indaba kaCalisto noMelibea
Ukuze siqonde umlando, kumelwe sizibeke ekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, njengoba izinsalela zokugcina ze-medievalism ziphawula lesi sikhathi, esiphawula nokuqala kwe-Renaissance. Izici ezisivumela ukubona lolu shintsho yilezi:
- ezincekwini abasebenzela inkosi yabo ukuze bathole isondlo nokuzivikela (i-feudalism) ngeNkathi Ephakathi futhi emdlalweni bacela uCalisto ukuba abakhokhele.
- Izicukuthwane NgeNkathi Ephakathi babekulungele ukuvikela abantu, nokho uCallisto akanalo ibutho lakhe futhi ulinganiselwe empilweni engenzi lutho. Ukuzivikela kuwela enkosini nasebuthweni.
- Ukuhweba kuyavuselela. Uyise kaMelibea usekela ingcebo ezintweni ezibonakalayo, hhayi umhlaba.
Umlando weCalisto neMelibea
Uma sibhekisela endabeni yomdlalo , singahlukanisa indaba ibe izingxenye ezimbili ngemva kwesandulelo, lapho uCalisto noMelibea behlangana khona. Ingxenye yokuqala kungaba ukungenelela kukaCelestina nezinceku, kanye nokufa kwalaba abathathu; ubusuku bokuqala bothando. Ingxenye yesibili isekelwe ekuphindiseleleni; ubusuku besibili bothando: ukufa kukaCalisto, ukuzibulala kukaMelibea, kanye nokulila kukaPleberio.
Isakhiwo somsebenzi
Indaba iqala lapho uCalisto ebona uMelibea engadini yendlu yakhe futhi emthanda kakhulu, kodwa yena akamfuni.
Ngeseluleko senceku yakhe uSempronio, uCalisto uya esifebeni nakumuntu osebenza naye, uCelestina, osebenza njengomxhumanisi futhi ahlele amadethi phakathi kwabathandi, ngaphezu kokuphatha indawo yokudayisa ngomzimba nabafundi ababili.
Esinye sezinceku zikaCalisto, uPármeno, uzama ukumvimba ngoba unina wayengumfundi kaCelestina futhi uyazi ukuthi kuyiphutha. Kodwa-ke, ugcina edelelwa yinkosi yakhe futhi ujoyina uSempronio noCelestina ukuze basebenzise uthando lukaCalisto ukuze bazuze.
Ngecebo elithile, uCelestina uphumelela ukwenza uMelibea athandane noCalisto , futhi njengomvuzo, uthola iketanga legolide eliba yinto yokuhaha nokungezwani, njengoba enqaba ukulihlanganyela nezinceku zikaCalisto. Bobabili bagcina bebulele uCelestina, okwathi ngenxa yalo baboshwa futhi babulawa.
Izifebe zikaCelestina zihlela ukubulawa kukaCalisto ukuze ziziphindiselele ngokulahlekelwa yikho konke . Kodwa-ke, isiyaluyalu siqala kuphela ngenkathi uCalisto noMelibea bejabulela uthando lwabo. Ezwa ukuphazamiseka futhi esaba ukuthi izinceku zakhe zisengozini, uCalisto ugxumela odongeni lukaMelibea, ashelele, awe afe. UMelibea, ephelelwe yithemba, uyazibulala , futhi umdlalo uphela ngoyise kaMelibea ekhala ngokushona kwendodakazi yakhe.
Kungani uCalisto noMelibea bengabheki ukushada?
Ngaphakathi komdlalo kukhona imfihlakalo engakaxazululwa: ukuthi kungani laba bantu ababili abasebasha abavela emindenini emihle bengazami ukushada. Le mindeni emibili ayixabani, futhi akukho nkinga ekhonjisiwe njengokuvimbela umshado wabo. Omunye umbono ukuthi umndeni kaMelibea kungenzeka ukuthi wawungabantu abaguqula amaJuda ebuKristwini, futhi igama lakhe ngokwalo lisikisela lokhu, okwenza kuqondwe ngabantu besikhathi salo mdlalo, ngaleyo ndlela kususwe isidingo sencazelo eyengeziwe.
UFernando de Rojas
UFernando de Rojas wayengumlobi waseSpain owaphila phakathi nengxenye yokugcina yekhulu le-15 kanye nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-16. Wazalelwa eLa Puebla de Montalbán eToledo futhi washonela eTalavera de la Reina.
Uhlobo oluhlukile lokubhala kwakhe lumholele ekutheni abhekwe njengombhali wemidlalo kunokuba abe ngumlobi wezincwadi izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa . Ukungafi kwakhe emhlabeni wezincwadi kuncike emsebenzini othi "La Celestina," okuwukuphela komsebenzi athi wawenza. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sakhe, wayengummeli obalulekile eToledo.
Umsebenzi we-"La Celestina" uqukethe inani elingapheli lezinkinga ezenza labo abawufundayo bazame ukubona ukuthi ngabe nabo babeyingxenye yokuphila kombhali wawo.
Ubudlelwano bempilo yakhe kanye nalokho okwalandiswa "La Celestina"
Akukho okwaziwayo ngobuntwana bakhe kanye nobusha bakhe, yingakho ababhali abaningi beye bafuna ukuhlola umsebenzi wakhe ukuze baveze le ngxenye engaqondakali yempilo kaRojas. Isibonelo, le noveli ilandisa ngendlela uSempronio noPármeno ababhekisela ngayo esontweni laseSan Miguel, okuwukuhlana ukuthi kwakukhona isonto elinokuzinikela okufanayo ePuebla de Montalbán, lapho uGarci González Ponce de Rojas noCatalina de Rojas babezongcwatshwa khona kamuva. Njengalokhu, okunye ukuhlangana okuningi mayelana nezindawo lapho uRojas ayehlala khona, njengoba kubonakala ku-"La Celestina," kuholela ekuqageleni ngokuthi ngabe zikhona yini nezinye izici zempilo yakhe.
Ngaphambi kokuqala indaba yomsebenzi wakhe, uRojas uzibiza ngokuthi ungummeli . Nakuba lokhu kuyiqiniso, awekho amadokhumenti aziwayo aqinisekisa lokhu. Kucatshangwa nokuthi uRojas waphothula iziqu zeBachelor of Arts ngaphambi kokufunda umthetho.
I-Jurist eTalavera de la Reina
Imibhalo ifakazela impilo yakhe njengommeli eTalavera de la Reina , kokubili ku-Talavera de la Reina Municipal Archive kanye naku-archive yezizukulwane zakhe. Le mibhalo iveza ukuthi wayesevele esungulwe kumasipala ngo-1508 futhi wakhonza njengoMeya wawo izikhathi eziningana, kanye nokubamba isikhundla sokuba nguMeluleki Wezomthetho woMkhandlu Wedolobha kanye nokusingatha izingxabano ezahlukahlukene zemingcele yesifunda neyendawo.
Washada noLeonor Álvarez de Montalbán cishe ngo-1512, athola naye amadodana amane namadodakazi amathathu. Wayejabulela udumo olukhulu emphakathini kanye nokuvikeleka ngokwezimali.
Kodwa kukho konke okwaziwayo ngaye, umhlaba wezincwadi ubonakala uqhelelene kakhulu nomsebenzi wakhe; ngakho-ke, akukho eminye imisebenzi eye yathiwa eyakhe, futhi azikho izinkomba zokuthi kukhona okungenzeka ukuthi ikhona. Kwakungemva kokufa kwakhe, kanye nokuvela kwezinguqulo ezahlukene ze-"La Celestina," lapho inzalo yakhe yaletha khona imibhalo futhi yafuna amalungelo alo msebenzi egameni likaRojas, owayebhale owokuqala.
