I-Greenhouse Effect umsebenzi wemvelo obangelwa imisebe eshisayo yeplanethi emuncwa amagesi asemkhathini, okuholela ekwenyukeni kwezinga lokushisa elizungezile kanye nomswakama. Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva inhlanganisela yokungcoliswa kwesikhutha namagesi abamba ukushisa kuye kwabangela ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni. Ngezansi sibonisa Izimbangela Nemiphumela Ye-Greenhouse Effect.
Umphumela we-greenhouse
Lesi yisenzakalo semvelo esibangelwa lapho imisebe eshisayo ekhiqizwa umhlabathi imuncwa amaGreenhouse Gases (GHG) emkhathini futhi isakazeke nhlangothi zonke. Umphumela walo msebe ubuyela ebusweni bomhlaba kanye nomkhathi ophansi uwukwanda kwezinga lokushisa eliphakathi komhlaba. Ngaphandle kwalokho izinga lokushisa lobuso bomhlaba belizoba phansi kakhulu.
Iningi lemisebe yelanga ekhishwa emazingeni okukhanya abonakalayo idlula emkhathini bese ishisa indawo yomhlaba, bese ikhipha la mandla elanga ngamaza aphansi emisebe ye-infrared thermal. Le misebe eshisayo imuncwa amagesi abamba ukushisa, lokhu kuphinde kukhiphe futhi kusabalalise la mandla ashisayo ezindaweni ezihlukene ebusweni bomhlaba nasemkhathini ophansi.
Lo mphumela ufana kakhulu nomphumela okhiqizwa imisebe yelanga lapho idlula engilazini futhi yandisa izinga lokushisa lekamelo noma i-greenhouse engadini. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuhluke endleleni umkhathi obamba ngayo ukushisa ngokuphathelene nalokho okwenzeka endaweni yokushisa engadini, kulokhu kuncishiswa imisinga yomoya, ehlukanisa umoya oshisayo ohlala ngaphakathi kwe-greenhouse futhi ngaleyo ndlela kukhona ukulahlekelwa okuncane kokushisa kwe-convective.
Inzuzo enkulu yokuvela kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa emhlabeni, ngoba uma kungenjalo bekungaba cishe ku-18°C. Nokho, izinga lokushisa elivamile lomhlaba licishe libe ngu-14°C, okubonisa ukubaluleka kokuphila kwalesi simo semvelo seGreenhouse Effect. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezinqubo zezimboni kanye nokusheshisa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nokushiswa kwezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi, imisebe eshisayo engaphezulu komhlaba iye yanda, okubangela ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke futhi kuthinte isimo sezulu somhlaba.
Izimbangela
Omunye wemithelela yemvelo yokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni eyasungulwa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX kube ukwanda kokukhipha isikhutha emkhathini nokuncipha kwezimila ngenxa yokufakwa kwezimboni namadolobha. Ukukhishwa kwamagesi e-carbon dioxide emkhathini kwenzeka ngenxa yokwanda kokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi ukuze zisetshenziswe ezinqubweni zezimboni kanye nezindlela ezahlukene zokuthutha.
Kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwephethini yezomnotho, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kwezindawo ezinkulu zamahlathi kwenzeka, okwenza ukuguqulwa kwe-carbon dioxide kwehle futhi ngenxa yalokho kuhlala isikhathi eside emkhathini. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi njengoba kunamahlathi ambalwa, zimbalwa izitshalo ezenza inqubo ye-photosynthesis, eshintsha isikhutha sibe umoya-mpilo okhishelwa emkhathini futhi ube ushukela wokondleka kwezitshalo.
Imiphumela
Ukuncipha kwezindawo zamahlathi kanye nokukhula kwezimboni kwabangela ukuthi izinga lokushisa liyenyuka futhi kanye nemisebe eshisayo yasemhlabeni, amandla okushisa engeziwe akhishelwa emkhathini futhi amuncwa Amagesi Abamba ukushisa emkhathini kamuva awahlakaza ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba. iplanethi yethu, futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu izinga lokushisa liyakhula emhlabeni wonke, lithinta isimo sezulu endaweni yembulunga yonke.
Lokhu kufudumala kwembulunga yonke kubangela ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa emapalini, okuphakamisa izinga lolwandle futhi kunciphise nemithombo yamanzi ahlanzekile kule planethi. Ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa kuthinta izilwane nezitshalo zomhlaba, njengamakhorali, akuthola kunzima ukuzivumelanisa nokwanda kwezinga lokushisa kwamanzi olwandle. Lokhu kuholela ekwehleni kokuhlukahluka kwebhayoloji kanye nokungalingani kochungechunge lokudla kweplanethi. Lokhu kuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kunomthelela ongemuhle, okulandela izigameko ezingalindelekile zomkhathi njengeziphepho kanye nemvula ephezulu engaphelelwa yisikhathi.
Amagesi Abamba Ukushisa
IGreenhouse Effect yenzeka emkhathini ngenxa yokuba khona kwamagesi ahlukahlukene, aqala ngomhwamuko wamanzi, alandelwe yi-carbon dioxide, okuthi nakuba kuyigesi etholakala ngamanani amancane emkhathini, acishe abe ngu-0,035% Lokhu kukhomba, njenge-A encane. iphesenti le-carbon dioxide ingaba nomthelela omkhulu emkhathini. Okuchaza ukuthi kungani ngokwenyusa leli phesenti ngenxa yokungcola okudalwa abantu, kube nomthelela omubi kuGreenhouse Effect womkhathi womhlaba.
Ukuguqulwa kwe-carbon dioxide emkhathini kuhamba kancane, cishe amaphesenti angu-50 ale gesi kuthatha iminyaka engaba ngu-30 ukuba aqedwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-30% asele azothatha amakhulu eminyaka ukubola kanti amanye amaphesenti angama-20 e-carbon dioxide azohlala emkhathini izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Ngaphezu komhwamuko wamanzi kanye ne-carbon dioxide, amagesi e-methane, i-nitrous oxide, i-ozone futhi, kanye nalezi, ama-chlorofluorocarbons, ahilelekile ku-Greenhouse Effect. Lawa magesi e-chlorofluorocarbon angamagesi akhiqizwa imisebenzi yabantu njengoba ingeyona igesi ekhiqizwa imvelo.
Imisebe yelanga
Imisebe yamandla elanga itholwa ebusweni bomhlaba ngendlela yamandla okukhanya namandla okushisa. Kusukela enkosini yenkanyezi "ilanga" ebusweni bomhlaba kufinyelela cishe ama-Watts angu-341 ngemitha yesikwele kanye nangemvamisa yegagasi elifushane. La mandla asatshalaliswa phakathi komkhathi womhlaba cishe kuma-Watts angu-157 kanye nalawo afinyelela ebusweni bomhlaba mayelana nama-Watts angu-184.
emisebeni eshisayo
Ubuso bomhlaba, ngaphezu kokuthola ukukhanya nokushisa noma amandla ashisayo avela elangeni, nawo akhipha amandla okushisa. Lokhu kukhishwa kwamandla ashisayo kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi zonke izidalwa ezinezinga lokushisa elingaphezu kweziro ngokuphelele (okuyizinga lokushisa eliphansi kunawo wonke elilingana no -273°C noma -459,67°F), zikhipha ukushisa noma amandla ashisayo. Ngonyaka amandla ashisayo aphuma ebusweni bomhlaba angaba ngu-396 Watts per square meter futhi ayimisebe ye-infrared. La mandla ashisayo amuncwa umkhathi bese ebuyela emhlabeni.
emisebeni yabonisa
Umkhathi womhlaba kanye nobuso bomhlaba kubonisa amandla athile elanga. Ngenxa yalokhu, amandla elanga asemkhathini isikhathi esifushane abese ehlakazeka aphume kuwo. Khona-ke, isamba samandla atholiwe namandla akhishiwe siyingqikithi yokushisa etholwa umkhathi futhi ukuze kufinyelelwe ukulinganisela kufanele kuqedwe, kube amandla aboniswayo. Inani lamandla abonisiwe ngu-120 Watts/m2, lokhu cishe ingxenye yesithathu noma ngaphezulu yemisebe yelanga etholwa umhlaba. Iningi lemisebe eshisayo ekhishwa wumhlaba (imisebe ye-infrared) idlula emkhathini bese ihlakazeka emkhathini.
Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu
Ngendlela engokwemvelo, ukushintshaniswa kwamandla kukhiqizwa ngenxa yomphumela we-greenhouse womkhathi, lokhu kubangelwa ukuthi imisebe eshisayo (i-infrared) ukuthi indawo yasemhlabeni iphuma njengamandla okukhanya afika nge-radiation yelanga. engahlakazekile, amuncwa umkhathi, ebusweni bomhlaba, izici ze-biotic, ezinye izakhi ze-abiotic, ezisebenzisanayo futhi ezinomjikelezo ongaguquki onguMthelela Wokushisa Womhlaba.
Ukuhwebelana kwegesi namandla okwenzeka emkhathini kuyimbangela yokuhlukahluka kwesimo sezulu ngokujwayelekile. Njengokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, imvula, imimoya ebonakala ngezinkathi zonyaka ezahlukene. Ngenxa yalokhu, nakuba kunokugeleza okungaguquki kokukhanya namandla okushisa, izimo zezulu zizokwenzeka ngezindlela zonyaka nezibikezeleka. Okuphambene kwenzeka lapho i-Greenhouse Effect ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwe-carbon dioxide yenza amazinga okushisa aphezulu emkhathini futhi kuholela ekwakhekeni kweziphepho, iziphepho, ama-tsunami, ama-monsoon, phakathi kwabanye.
Isivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe
Ukuzama ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi e-carbon dioxide emkhathini futhi ugweme ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kanye nokwehluka kwesimo sezulu okubangelwa umphumela we-greenhouse. Amazwe amaningana omhlaba asayine izivumelwano Nezivumelwano ngaphakathi kohlaka lweNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yohlaka Lokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu, yilezi:
- I-Kyoto Protocol: Isivumelwano sasayinwa ngo-1997, sihlanganisa uchungechunge lwezinjongo ezihlobene nomthetho ngenjongo yokuzuza ukuncishiswa kokukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa. Kuze kube kulo nyaka ka-2020, isikhathi sesibili sale protocol siyasebenza.
- Isivumelwano saseParis: Lesi sivumelwano senziwa ngo-2015 futhi sizoqala ukusebenza kusukela kulo nyaka wezi-2020, lapho kuphela iSivumelwano sase-Kyoto. Inhloso yawo ukukhuthaza intuthuko esimeme emhlabeni wonke, ukuzuza ukuthuthukiswa komnotho ngaphandle kokwanda kwegesi ekhishwa yizimboni ethinta isimo sezulu.
Ukwehliswa Komphumela We-Greenhouse
Ngenhloso yokwehlisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa, amanye amazwe asebenza kumaphrojekthi avumela ukushintshwa kwezibaseli ezimbiwa phansi, ngokusebenzisa imithombo yamandla ahlanzekile njengale: ilanga, umoya noma amandla avela kumhlaba oshisayo. Ngokunjalo, emadolobheni amakhulu omhlaba bahlela izinqubomgomo nemithetho okuthi, ngokubulawa kwayo, kunciphise ukungcola okubangelwa izimboni ezinkulu, ezokuthutha ezizimele nokunye.
Umphumela we-greenhouse kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu
Ngokwezazi zemvelo, i-Greenhouse Effect yasemkhathini ithintwa ukukhishwa kwamagesi amaningi ngenxa yentuthuko yezimboni, njenge-carbon dioxide ne-methane. Embikweni ovela ku-Global Climate Report-Okthoba 2018 ngalowo nyaka, ngaphandle kwenyanga eyodwa, zonke ezinye izinyanga ezisele zazifudumele kunesilinganiso kusukela ngo-1977. Uma lokhu kuqhubeka, imiphumela ayikhuthazi kakhulu.
ukuncibilika kweqhwa. Ngenxa yokwanda kwamazinga okushisa kanjalo nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke kweplanethi, ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga ezinkulu zezinguzunga zeqhwa kwenzeka ngesivinini esisheshayo futhi lokhu kuholela ekwandeni kwezinga lemisinga yasolwandle, ukuncipha kwemisebe yelanga emhlabeni. ingaphezulu eliphuma emkhathini kanye nokukhululwa kwe-methane.
Izikhukhula. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuye kwabangela ukwanda kwamagagasi namagagasi awo, okubeka engozini abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezisogwini. Embikweni owethulwe kuMbiko Wokuhlola Wesihlanu Wephaneli Yohulumeni Kahulumeni Ephathelene Nokuguquka Kwesimo Sezulu, ngowezi-2014, lapho kwatholakala khona ukuxilongwa phakathi kweminyaka ye-1901 kuya ku-2010, okubonisa ukuthi isilinganiso solwandle sikhuphuke cishe ngamasentimitha ayi-19. Isibikezelo siwukuthi ngo-2100 izokhuphuka enye i-15 noma 90 amasentimitha futhi abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-92 bazoba sengozini.
Iziphepho Ezinamandla. Nakuba i-Greenhouse Effect ingeyona imbangela eqondile yokwenzeka kwalezi zimo zezulu, ngokuqondile, nakuba kwandisa ubukhulu bazo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba izivunguvungu zakhiwe izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lolwandle elikhuphuka libheke emkhathini.
Ukwanda kokufuduka. Ngenxa yokwanda kwezinga lokushisa ezindaweni ezihlukene zomhlaba, okushintsha izimo zezulu zalezi zindawo, izilwane eziningi zihambela kwezinye izindawo lapho izimo zemvelo zizivumela khona ukuba zenze umjikelezo wazo wezinto eziphilayo. Ngokwemininingwane yeBhange Lomhlaba ngonyaka wezi-2050, babalelwa ezigidini eziyi-140 abantu okuye kwadingeka ukuthi basuke ezindaweni abahlala kuzo ngenxa yesomiso nezikhukhula.
umhlabathi ogwadule. Ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kuye kwaphumela ekubeni umhlaba omningi ube ugwadule, okukhiqiza ukungalingani kwemvelo kanye neketango lokudla. Lokhu kuba wugwadule ukungondleki kwenhlabathi evundile ezindaweni ezimpofu nezingakhiqizi, Ngokusho kweNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene (UN), cishe u-30% womhlabathi wokulima emhlabeni wonakele.
Ilahlekile kwezolimo nemfuyo. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kusho ukuthi ubude bezinkathi zonyaka ezahlukene bushintshile ngakho-ke isikhathi somjikelezo wokukhula kwezitshalo nezilwane sishintshile. Kuhambisana nokubukeka kwezinambuzane nezifo ngenxa yokungalingani ochungechungeni lokudla. Ngokunjalo, izilwane zasemapulazini ziye zashintsha imetabolism yazo, impilo kanye nokuzala, phakathi kokunye.
Indlala emphakathini. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokulahlekelwa kwenhlabathi yezolimo kanye nesomiso semithombo yamanzi, kuthinta ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo, okubangela ukwehla kokulethwa kokudla okulinyiwe kanye nesidingo esikhulu salokho okuhlangatshezwana nayo, ngaleyo ndlela kwande ukusweleka kokudla. Inhlangano ye-Food and Agriculture Organisation ye-United Nations (FAO) ikhathazekile ngomthelela omubi wokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ekukhiqizeni ukudla.
izifo eziwubhadane nezifo. Ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa emhlabeni kungasheshisa ukuvela kwezifo zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi. Kanye nokuvela kwezifo ezithathelwanayo ezaziqedwe njengomalaleveva, ikholera noma zasakazekela ezindaweni emhlabeni lapho zingazange zenzeke khona.
Ukuze kuxazululwe umthelela wentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe nezimboni esimweni sezulu kanye ne-Greenhouse Effect yomoya, ngamunye wethu kufanele azibophezele ekuguquleni isimo sethu maqondana nemvelo, futhi ngokwezinga lamathuba ethu, afake isandla oguqukweni. isimo sengqondo futhi sibe izakhamuzi ezinomthwalo wemfanelo, ezibamba iqhaza namaqembu emvelo emikhankasweni yokuthobela izivumelwano ezisayinwe ohulumeni bethu zokunciphisa uMthelela Ogcina Imvelo.
Ngiyakumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokwazi imvelo emangalisayo nokufunda ukuyinakekela. Funda lokhu okuthunyelwe:
- Izinyathelo zokugwema Ukungcola Kwe-Atmospheric
- Ukubaluleka Kwamanzi Ezidalwa Eziphilayo
- Izitshalo zokwelapha nokuthi zisetshenziselwa ini