Abathakathi baseSalem noma izivivinyo zeSalem ezinye izenzakalo ezenzeka e-United States ngo-1692 edolobhaneni Salem, lapho izakhamuzi eziningi zamangalelwa omakhelwane bazo ngokuthi zikhulekela udeveli nokuthakatha.
Namuhla sikhuluma ngalezo zivivinyo kanye nezokuqala salem ubuthakathi icala. Njengoba nje lezo zenzakalo zakhuthaza abaculi abahlukene ukuba benze imisebenzi yabo, icala elithile umdlalo othi "The Witches of Salem" noma "The Crucible."
Abathakathi base Salem
Uma sikhuluma ngabathakathi baseSalem, sibhekisela eziqephuni ze- ukuvivinywa kwabathakathi okwenzeka ngesikhathi sobukoloni baseMelika ngo-1692 edolobhaneni laseSalem (okwamanje iMassachusetts). Kula macala, abantu abayishumi nesishiyagalolunye abasolwa ngokuthakatha bazogwetshwa intambo, phakathi kwabo kube ngabesifazane abayishumi nane nabesilisa abahlanu. Inani labamangalelwa kulawo macala laliphakathi kuka-200 no-300, kanti neziboshwa nazo zaziziningi.
Umongo womlando
Uma kukhulunywa ngezilingo zobuthakathi, maningi amathuba okuthi kufike abesifazane abagqoke ezimnyama nezigqoko ezicijile, bendiza ngemishanelo namakati abo amnyama. Akukho okwedlula iqiniso. Izilingo zobuthakathi zazivame kakhulu kunalokho ongase ucabange kumaKoloni aseBrithani. Icala lokuqala lihlehlela emuva ku-1647 e-Connecticut. Emashumini eminyaka asekupheleni kwekhulu le-17, cishe izivivinyo ezingamashumi amabili zabhalwa eNew England (ikakhulukazi eBoston naseSpringfield). Mhlawumbe kwakukhona ukuqulwa kwecala njalo eminyakeni emithathu noma emine, ngakho kwakuyinto eyenzeka ihlukaniswe ngesikhathi kodwa yenzeka.
Singakubona-ke lokho Nakuba yaziwa ngokuthi "izilingo ze-Salem," empeleni kuyinto eyenzeka kulo lonke elasePuritan America kodwa eSalema bagqama yingakho sekusabalele ngale ndlela.
Ukuqala kwezivivinyo eSalem
Ukuqala kwezivivinyo ze-Salem ku- Izinsolo zendodakazi kaMfundisi uSamuel Parris, uBetty Parris, nomzala wakhe U-Abigail Williams ogcine ngokuboshwa kwabesifazane abathathu.
Indodakazi kamfundisi nomzala wakhe bathi bahlukunyezwe, balunywa futhi bancinzwa. Bathi imizimba yabo yavele yaqaqeka, amehlo ewajikijela ekhanda futhi evule umlomo. Ngaleso sikhathi uMfundisi wababuza ukuthi ubani obahluphayo baphendula: Tituba, Sarah Osborne noSarah Good. Lokho kwaba ukuqala kwecala lokuqala le-Salem.
Tibuta
UTibuta wayengum owesifazane wokuqala osolwa ngokuthakatha kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi “Izilingo Ze-Salem”, kodwa futhi waba ngowokuqala ukuvuma ukuthi uyathakatha, ukuvuma izono okwaphoqelelwa ukuba aphume kuye inkosi yakhe uSamuel Parris.
Ecaleni lakhe Wayekhuluma ngezinja ezimnyama, izingulube, amagundane abomvu noma indlela ayendiza ngayo ngezinduku esuka kwenye indawo eya kwenye.. Ubuye wathi uSarah Osborne wayenesidalwa esinekhanda lowesifazane, imilenze emibili namaphiko. Ngokuvuma kwakhe, kwaqubuka isiphithiphithi eSalem njengoba kwavezwa ukuthi uSathane wayephakathi kwabo.
Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, akazange agwetshwe intambo kodwa ijele. Wayezohoxisa ukuvuma kwakhe, ethi wayekusho nge-alibi evela enkosini yakhe uParris, into eyamenza wamshiya eceleni. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi Ibheyili yakhe yakhokhwa futhi kukhona owamthengela nomyeni wakhe base behamba eSalem. Kusukela lapho akwaziwa ukuthi kwenzekeni ngaye.
Sarah Osborne
Indodakazi kaMfundisi nomzala wakhe kwakungeke kube yibona kuphela ababengamangalela u-Osborne, U-Elizabeth Hubbard uthe wamhlukumeza ngamaphini nangezimpiko ngezinaliti zokuluka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uSarah wayengazange aye esontweni eminyakeni emithathu edlule, esho ukugula isikhathi eside.
Kukholakala ukuthi umndeni wakwaPutnam uhlobene kakhulu nezinsolo zakhe lokuthakatha USarah washada noRobert Prince, umfowabo wowesifazane owashada nabakwaPutnam, umndeni onamandla ayesebenza nawo ngezindaba zomthetho.
U-Osborne wahlala ejele ngenkathi ukuqulwa kwecala kusaphikiswana futhi Wayezogcina eshonele khona ngoMeyi 10 wonyaka ofanayo.
USarah Okuhle
Ichazwe izakhamuzi njengezingcolile, ezinenhliziyo emifushane, futhi ezihlukanisiwe ngokuyinqaba nazo zonke ezinye izakhamuzi. Yena Bathe ukufa kwezinkomo lalabo abangazange bamnike lapho ecela usizo. Lapho lokhu kwenzeka, kuthiwa uSara wahamba evungazela. Ecaleni wathi izinkulumo ayezisho yiMithetho Eyishumi hhayi okunye. Ukuze asuse noma ikuphi ukungabaza, wacelwa ukuba asho le mithetho ekuqulweni kwecala, kodwa uSara akakwazanga ngisho nowodwa ukuwusho.
Icala lokuthakatha liqhamuke ekumboneni eqabula owesifazane ngoMashi 6, 1692 nangenxa yokuthi indodakazi kaMfundisi nomzala wayo. Babethi bathakathiwe ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe.
USarah wayevela esigabeni esiphansi senhlalo, wehliswa waba mpofu ngenxa yesikweletu somyeni wakhe wokuqala. Amacala ayevame ukusekelwe emonaneni kaGood, ukuncika ayenakho kubo bonke abantu basesigodini kwakubonakala kuyisici esinqumayo, kanjalo nokuncika kwakhe kubo bonke abantu basemaphandleni. Umyeni wakhe kwakungathi uthi umkakhe uyathakatha. owayeziphethe kabi kuye.
Isizathu sezivivinyo ze-Salem
Kukhona izazi-mlando eziningi eziye zazama ukuphendula ukuthi Salem ukuzingela izangoma. Okusakazeke kakhulu noma okwamukelekayo ukuthi amaPuritan aseMelika ayebusa leyondawo ngaphandle kokulawula kobukhosi kusukela ngo-1630 kwaze kwaba seRoyal Charter yaseMassachusetts ngo-1692. umzuzu ogcwele wokushisekela inkolo.
Iphuzu, njengoba izazi-mlando eziningi zisho, liwukuthi ukuhlobanisa lezo zenzakalo ukushiseka ngokweqile kwenkolo kulula ngandlela-thile. Kumele inakwe ezinye izenzo ezinjengokuhlukunyezwa kwezingane, ukulwa nezindawo ezahlukene, ukudlisa ushevu ngesinkwa se-rye esivutshelwe, umndeni wakwaPutnam uzama ukukhulula umndeni wezimbangi zabo i-Porters nezinye izici eziningi ebeziyi-cocktail efanelekile ukuze kuqubuke amacala.
Kukho konke lokhu, kumele sengeze ukushiseka kwezenkolo noma kunalokho ukuziphatha okuqinile kwenkolo lokho kwabekwa eSalema, yingakho Omakhelwane babebukana noma bayalawulana. Uma amagama, ukuziphatha noma izenzo zingafani nalokho okwamukelekayo noma okubhekwa njengokwamukelekayo ngokwenkolo amapharamitha amaPuritan, ama-alamu ayekhala. Abesifazane, ikakhulukazi, kwakufanele bakhonze abayeni babo futhi bengenawo amalungelo. Izingane zazifundiswe ngokuqinile ukwenza imisebenzi yakusasa yabantu abadala kunokuba zivunyelwe ukuba izingane.
Futhi, okubaluleke kunakho konke, ulaka lukaNkulunkulu kwakumelwe lugwenywe, olwalungaletha izinkinga esimweni sezulu, izitshalo, nemfuyo. Uma kwenzeka into embi kwakungenxa yokuthi othile wenze kabi futhi uNkulunkulu wayethumela izimpawu zentukuthelo yakhe. Amakati ngeNkathi Ephakathi Futhi babengaphansi kokushushiswa, okubonisa umongo wokwesaba nokungazi ofana nowaseSalema.
Umphumela Wezilingo Ze-Salem
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17 amakhulu abo ayeseboshelwe amacala okuthakatha. Konke lokhu bekungamacala angakasemthethweni enkantolo yesifunda. Kuyaziwa ukuthi okungenani abahlanu kubasolwa bazofela ejele, njengoba kwenzeka kuSarah Osborne. Kwagwetshwa abantu abangamashumi amabili nesithupha, Abangamashumi amabili kubo, iningi labo kungabantu besifazane, babulawa, kuhlanganise noSarah Good.
Okuthile okuthokozisayo ngalezi zilingo ukuthi Zazisekelwe emahlebeni, Abukho ubufakazi bobudemoni noma ubuthakathi obanikezwayo. Abahluleli babeyokhungathekiswa isiyaluyalu senkolo eyayithuthuke futhi yabhebhetheka njengomlilo wequbula futhi ngaphambi kwalokho, ukuphawula okukodwa kuphela okwakwanele ukuba iqale ukuvutha. Ukucindezela kwamaPuritan ukuba alahle kulaba okuthiwa bayathakatha nakho kwakuyinto okufanele inakwe.
Kuyo yonke indawo, izilingo zaba nethonya elikhulu futhi kwaba nengxenye ekuwohlokeni kwethonya lamaPuritan yaseNew England kanye nokuza kwezakhamuzi zasemakhaya.
Uhlu lwabagwetshiwe nababulewe
- UBridget Bishop, ngoJuni 10, 1692
- Umhlengikazi kaRebecca, ngoJulayi 19, 1692
- USarah Good, ngoJulayi 19, 1692
- Elizabeth Howe, July 19, 1692
- USusannah Martin, ngoJulayi 19, 1692
- USarah Wildes, ngoJulayi 19, 1692
- Umfundisi uGeorge Burroughs, Agasti 19, 1692
- UGeorge Jacobs, Agasti 19, 1692
- UMartha Carrier, Agasti 19, 1692
- UJohn Willard, Agasti 19, 1692
- UJohn Proctor, Agasti 19, 1692
- UMartha Corey, Septhemba 22, 1692
- UMary Eastey, Septhemba 22, 1692
- UMary Parker, Septhemba 22, 1692
- U-Alice Parker, Septhemba 22, 1692
- U-Ann Pudeator, Septhemba 22, 1692
- Wilmot Redd, Septhemba 22, 1692
- UMargaret Scott, Septhemba 22, 1692
- USamuel Wardweel, Septhemba 22, 1692
Izivivinyo zepanorama yobuciko
Izehlakalo ezenzekile mayelana nezilingo zabathakathi baseSalem sezisabalele kwezobuciko obuningi obunjengokudweba, ukuqopha, icinema, amanoveli noma yaseshashalazini, njengoba kunjalo manje. Mhlawumbe omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu Abathakathi base Salem o I-crucible, idlalwe ngu-Arthur Miller eyabhalwa ngo-1952 futhi yakhululwa ngonyaka olandelayo.
UMiller ngokwakhe, indodana yamaJuda asePoland, wayenjalo isisulu sokuzingela abathakathi ngeminyaka yawo-1950, lapho esolwa ngokuba umlandeli wamakhomanisi futhi enqaba ukunikeza amagama amalungu eqembu lezincwadi okusolwa ukuthi lihlobene neQembu LamaKhomanisi. Phezu kwengcindezi abenayo yokuthi akakwazanga ngisho ukuhambela umbukiso wokuqala weminye yemisebenzi yakhe, akadalulanga amagama. Watholakala enecala lokwedelela uKhongolose ngokungawasho lawo magama, kodwa iNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala yase-United States yayizosichitha leso sigwebo ngo-1958. Kulolo hambo lwakhe wayezomnikeza ukuphila. Abathakathi base Salem.
