Amacala abathakathi baseSalem, noma amacala abathakathi baseSalem, yizigameko ezenzeka e-United States ngo-1692 edolobhaneni laseSalem , lapho abantu abaningi bendawo basolwa khona ngomakhelwane babo ngokukhonza udeveli nangokuthakatha.
Namuhla sikhuluma ngalawo mavivinyo kanye necala lokuqala lobuthakathi laseSalem . Njengoba nje lezo zenzakalo zaphefumulela abaculi abahlukahlukene ukuba badale imisebenzi yabo, isibonelo esisodwa yidrama ethi "The Crucible."
Abathakathi base Salem
Uma sikhuluma ngabathakathi baseSalem, sibhekisela emacaleni abathakathi enzeke ngesikhathi sobukoloni baseMelika ngo-1692 edolobhaneni laseSalem (manje eliyiMassachusetts). Kula macala, abantu abayishumi nesishiyagalolunye abasolwa ngokuthakatha bagwetshwa ukufa, abayishumi nane kubo kwakungabesifazane nabesilisa abahlanu. Inani labamangalelwa kulawo macala liphakathi kuka-200 no-300, futhi abaningi babo baboshwa.
Umongo womlando
Uma sicabanga ngamacala abathakathi, cishe sibona abesifazane abagqoke ezimnyama nezigqoko ezicijile, bendiza ngezinti zomshanelo eceleni kwamakati abo amnyama. Akukho okunye okungaba iqiniso. Amacala abathakathi ayevame kakhulu kunalokho ongakucabanga emaKoloni aseBrithani. Icala lokuqala liqala ngo-1647 eConnecticut. Emashumini eminyaka okugcina ekhulu le-17, kwaqoshwa amacala angaba angamashumi amabili eNew England (ikakhulukazi eBoston naseSpringfield). Mhlawumbe kwakunokuhlolwa okukodwa njalo eminyakeni emithathu noma emine, ngakho kwakuyinto engavamile, kodwa kwenzeka.
Singabona-ke ukuthi nakuba kwaziwa ngokuthi "izivivinyo zobuthakathi zaseSalem", empeleni kuyinto eyenzeka kulo lonke elasePuritan America kodwa eSalem yavelela futhi yingakho iye yavezwa ngale ndlela.
Ukuqala kwezivivinyo eSalem
Izilingo zaseSalem zaqala ngokumangalelwa kwendodakazi kaMfundisi uSamuel Parris, uBetty Parris, kanye nomzala wakhe u-Abigail Williams, okwaholela ekuboshweni kwabesifazane abathathu.
Indodakazi kaMfundisi nomzala wakhe bafakaza ukuthi bahlukunyezwe, balunywa, futhi bancinzwa. Bathi imizimba yabo iyaxhuzula, amehlo abo ephenduka futhi imilomo yabo ivulekile. Ngaleso sikhathi, uMfundisi wababuza ukuthi ubani owayebahlupha, baphendula bathi: Tituba, Sarah Osborne, noSarah Good. Lokho kwaba ukuqala kwamacala okuqala okuthakatha aseSalem.
Tibuta
UTibuta wayengowesifazane wokuqala osolwa ngobuthakathi kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "iSalem Trials," kodwa futhi wayengowokuqala ukuvuma ukuthi wayesebenzisa ubuthakathi—isivumo esakhishwa ngokushaywa yinkosi yakhe, uSamuel Parris.
Ecaleni lakhe , wakhuluma ngezinja ezimnyama, izingulube, amagundane abomvu, nendlela ayendiza ngayo esuka kwenye indawo esebenzisa izinduku . Waphinde wathi uSarah Osborne wayenesidalwa esinekhanda lowesifazane, imilenze emibili, namaphiko. Ukuvuma kwakhe kwadala isiphithiphithi eSalem, njengoba kwakusho ukuthi uSathane wayephakathi kwabo.
Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, akagwetshwanga ukufa kodwa wagwetshwa ejele. Wahoxa ekuvumeni kwakhe izono, ethi wayecindezelwe yinkosi yakhe, uParris, okwamenza wamshiya. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngemva kwesikhathi esithile ibheyili yakhe yakhokhwa, futhi othile wathenga yena nomyeni wakhe, base besuka eSalem. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, isiphetho sakhe asaziwa.
Sarah Osborne
Indodakazi kaMfundisi nomzala wakhe kwakungebona bodwa abamangalela u-Osborne; u-Elizabeth Hubbard wathi wayemhlupha ngokumcindezela nangokumhlikihla ngezinaliti zokuluka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uSarah wayengayi esontweni iminyaka emithathu edlule, ecaphuna ukugula isikhathi eside.
Kukholakala ukuthi umndeni wakwaPutnam wawunento enkulu yokwenza nokumangalelwa kwakhe ngobuthakathi. USarah washada noRobert Prince, umfowabo wowesifazane owayeshade nelungu lamaPutnams, umndeni onamandla ayebhekene nawo ngezindaba zomthetho.
U-Osborne wahlala ejele ngesikhathi icala liqhubeka futhi ekugcineni wayezofela lapho mhla ziyi-10 kuMeyi ngonyaka ofanayo.
USarah Okuhle
Echazwa ngabantu bendawo njengongcolile, othukuthele kabi, futhi ohlukanisiwe ngendlela exakile nomphakathi wonke, wasolwa ngokufa kwemfuyo yalabo abenqaba ukumnika izipho. Lapho lokhu kwenzeka, kuthiwa uSarah washiya ukukhononda ngaphansi komoya wakhe. Ecaleni lakhe, wathi ukukhononda ayekusho kwakuyiMiyalo Eyishumi hhayi okunye. Ukuze afakazele iphuzu lakhe, wacelwa ukuba asho imiyalo ecaleni, futhi uSarah wayengenakukwazi ukusho ngisho nowodwa.
Icala lokuthakatha lavela ekumboneni eqabula owesifazane ngoMashi 6, 1692, futhi ngoba indodakazi kaMfundisi nomzala wakhe bathi bathakathiwe nguye.
USarah wayevela esigabeni esiphansi senhlalo, ehlushwa ubumpofu ngenxa yesikweletu somyeni wakhe wokuqala. Izilingo zazivame ukushukunyiswa umona; endabeni kaGood, ukuthembela kwakhe kwabanye abantu basemakhaya kwabonakala kuyisici esinqumayo, njengoba kwenza nomyeni wakhe, owayebonakala ethi ungumthakathi owayemphatha kabi.
Isizathu sezivivinyo ze-Salem
Izazi-mlando eziningi ziye zazama ukuchaza amacala abathakathi baseSalem. Incazelo eyamukelwa kabanzi ukuthi amaPuritan aseMelika, ayebusa lesi sifunda ngaphandle kokulawulwa yinkosi kusukela ngo-1630 kuze kube yiMassachusetts Royal Charter ka-1692, ayebhekene nesikhathi sokushisekela okukhulu kwenkolo.
Iphuzu, njengoba izazi-mlando eziningi zisho, ukuthi ukubiza lezo zenzakalo ngenxa yokushisekela inkolo kuyinto elula. Ezinye izinto kumele zicatshangelwe, njengokuhlukunyezwa kwezingane, izingxabano ngezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene, ubuthi obuvela kusinkwa se-rye esibilisiwe, imizamo yomndeni wakwaPutnam yokususa izimbangi zawo, amaPorters, nezinye izinto eziningi ezahlangana ukudala isiphepho esifanele ukuze kuqhume izilingo.
Kukho konke lokhu, kumelwe sengeze ukushisekela inkolo ngokweqile, noma kunalokho ukuziphatha okuqinile kwenkolo okwabekwa eSalem, yingakho omakhelwane babeqapha omunye nomunye. Uma amazwi, ukuziphatha, noma izenzo zingavumelani nalokho okwakubhekwa njengokwamukelekayo noma okuvunyelwe ngokwenkolo ngokwezindinganiso zamaPuritan, kwakukhala izinsimbi zokuxwayisa. Abesifazane, ikakhulukazi, kwakulindeleke ukuba bakhonze abayeni babo futhi babengenamalungelo. Izingane zaziqeqeshwa ngokuqinile imisebenzi yabantu abadala esikhundleni sokuvunyelwa ukuba ngabantwana.
Futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, kwakubalulekile ukugwema ulaka lukaNkulunkulu, olwalungaletha izinkinga ngesimo sezulu, izitshalo, kanye nemfuyo. Uma kwenzeka into embi, kwakungenxa yokuthi othile wenze okungalungile, futhi uNkulunkulu wayethumela izimpawu zentukuthelo yakhe. Amakati eNkathini Ephakathi nawo ayeshushiswa, okubonisa umongo wokwesaba nokungazi ofana nowaseSalem.
Umphumela Wezilingo Ze-Salem
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17, amakhulu abesifazane ayeseboshiwe ngamacala okuthakatha. Lezi zinsolo azizange zilethwe ngokusemthethweni enkantolo yesifunda. Kuyaziwa ukuthi okungenani abahlanu babamangalelwa bafela ejele, njengoba kwenzeka kuSarah Osborne. Abantu abangamashumi amabili nesithupha balahlwa yicala, kwathi abangamashumi amabili kubo, iningi labo ngabesifazane, babulawa, kuhlanganise noSarah Good.
Isici esithakazelisayo salezi zivivinyo ukuthi zazisekelwe kumahemuhemu; akukho bufakazi bezenzo zobudemoni noma zobuthakathi obuveziwe. Abahluleli bashukunyiswa yintukuthelo yenkolo eyaqala futhi yasakazeka njengomlilo wasendle, futhi eyayingavuselelwa ukuphawula nje. Ukucindezela kwamaPuritan kokulahla abathakathi abasolwa nakho kwakuyisici okufanele sicatshangelwe.
Kuyo yonke indawo, izivivinyo zaba nethonya elikhulu futhi zaba negalelo ekunciphiseni ithonya lamaPuritan eNew England kanye nokwanda kwenkolo kwabantu basemakhaya.
Uhlu lwabagwetshiwe nababulewe
- UBridget Bishop, ngoJuni 10, 1692
- Umhlengikazi kaRebecca, ngoJulayi 19, 1692
- USarah Good, ngoJulayi 19, 1692
- Elizabeth Howe, July 19, 1692
- USusannah Martin, ngoJulayi 19, 1692
- USarah Wildes, ngoJulayi 19, 1692
- Umfundisi uGeorge Burroughs, Agasti 19, 1692
- UGeorge Jacobs, Agasti 19, 1692
- UMartha Carrier, Agasti 19, 1692
- UJohn Willard, Agasti 19, 1692
- UJohn Proctor, Agasti 19, 1692
- UMartha Corey, Septhemba 22, 1692
- UMary Eastey, Septhemba 22, 1692
- UMary Parker, Septhemba 22, 1692
- U-Alice Parker, Septhemba 22, 1692
- U-Ann Pudeator, Septhemba 22, 1692
- Wilmot Redd, Septhemba 22, 1692
- UMargaret Scott, Septhemba 22, 1692
- USamuel Wardweel, Septhemba 22, 1692
Izivivinyo zepanorama yobuciko
Izenzakalo ezizungeze amacala abathakathi baseSalem ziboniswe ngezindlela eziningi zobuciko, okuhlanganisa ukudweba, ukuphrinta, amafilimu, amanoveli, kanye nemidlalo yeshashalazi, njengoba kunjalo lapha. Mhlawumbe omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yi- The Crucible , umdlalo ka-Arthur Miller owabhalwa ngo-1952 futhi wakhishwa okokuqala ngonyaka olandelayo.
UMiller ngokwakhe, indodana yamaJuda asePoland, wayeyisisulu sesikhathi sikaMcCarthy ngawo-1950 , lapho esolwa ngokuba ngumsekeli wobukhomanisi futhi enqaba ukubiza amagama amalungu eqembu lezincwadi elalisolwa ngokuba nobudlelwano neQembu LamaKhomanisi. Naphezu kwengcindezi abhekene nayo, eyamvimbela ngisho nokuya emidlalweni yokuqala yeminye yemidlalo yakhe, akazange abize muntu. Watholakala enecala lokudelela iCongress ngokwenqaba ukubiza amagama abo, kodwa iNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala yase-United States yaguqula leso sigwebo ngo-1958. Phakathi nalolu vivinyo, wabhala i- The Crucible.
