Iyini i-Absolute Void? Umlando nokunye

El vacío, kubhekwa njengokuntuleka kwendaba endaweni ethile, esingahumusha ngayo ekuntuleni okuthile endaweni. Esihlokweni esilandelayo sizokwazi konke mayelana nokuthi i-Void ikhuluma ngani ngokwesayensi, izinhlobo ze-vacuum, izilinganiso zayo nokunye okuningi.

Iyini i-Void?

I-Void iqukethe ukulahlwa okuphelele kwento engaphakathi, eyaziwa ngokwesayensi ngokuthi "Udaba" endaweni ethile noma endaweni, noma isho nokushoda kolunye uhlobo lokuqukethwe ngaphakathi kwesitsha. Ibuye ibizwe kabanzi ngokuthi i-Vacuum ukuthi iyini isimo sendawo lapho ukushuba kwezinhlayiya kuvame ukuba ngaphansi kwamazinga, isibonelo salokhu kungaba yi-Interstellar Space.

Ngendlela efanayo, kwenzeka esimweni sembobo evalwe ngesigamu lapho i- ingcindezi ye-vacuum kanye namagesi asemoyeni ngokuvamile angaphansi kwasemkhathini. I-Void ingenzeka ngokwemvelo noma yenziwe ngokuzenzakalelayo, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa ezikhathini eziningi kwinani elikhulu lezinto, njengasemikhakheni elandelayo:

• Ezobuchwepheshe
• Izimoto
• Usokhemisi
• Ukudla

Incazelo ye-Void

Ngokomqondo owanikezwa i-American Vacuum Society noma owaziwa nangokuthi "AVS" ngonyaka we-1958, le nkulumo ibhekisela endaweni ethile egcwele inani lamagesi ngomfutho ongaphansi ngokuphelele kunokungafani nomfutho womoya, lokho kusho ukuthi izinga le-vacuum liyakhuphuka ngokuncika okuqondile ekwehleni kokuthi iyini ingcindezi yegesi eyinsalela.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi njengoba amandla ehla, inani le-vacuum elizotholwa lizoba likhulu kakhulu, okuvumela ochwepheshe ukuthi bakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinga le-vacuum futhi balithole. Ngayinye yalezi zigaba inezici zayo.

Ukukala Vacuum

Umfutho we-atmospheric yiwo wonke owenza umkhathi noma umoya osebusweni bomhlaba. Emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni nokucindezela okujwayelekile komkhathi, 1 m³ Umoya yilowo othwala ama-molecule angaphezu kuka-2 x 1.025 anyakazayo ngesivinini esimaphakathi esingamakhilomitha angu-1.600 ngehora (km/h).

Enye indlela yokulinganisa umfutho womkhathi ngokusebenzisa i-mercury barometer; ngokuvamile iveza amanani ngokuya ngokuphakama kwekholomu ye-mercury yeyunithi yesiphambano esihlanganisa ubude obungama-760 mm. Ngalesi sisekelo, kungashiwo ukuthi umoya ojwayelekile ngokuvamile ulingana no-760 mmHg.

Isetshenziselwa ukwenza lula njengesilinganiso sokucindezela kulokho okubizwa nge-Torricelli Unit enophawu oluthi “Torr”; ngakho-ke kungachazwa ukuthi:

I-Torr engu-1 = 1 mmHg

Okunikeza ukuthi: 1 atm = 760 Torr; ngakho 1 Torr = 1/760 womkhathi ojwayelekile, ngamafuphi:

1 Torr = 1,316 x 10 – 3 atm, okusho ukuthi lokhu kube umphumela wokugcina.

Isilinganiso Sokucindezela Okuphansi

Indlela eyakhiwe yi-Pirani iyona esetshenziswa kakhulu futhi ijwayele ukukala izingcindezi eziphansi. Le ndlela efanayo iphathelene kuphela nohlobo lwebhuloho le-Wheatstone lapho amandla ebhuloho evezwa endaweni engenalutho ukuze ikalwe.

Ukumelana kwalolu hlobo lwe-sensor element kuzohluka kuye ngokuthi ingcindezi ishintsha kanjani, ngoba kuma-vacuum aseduze nokucindezela komkhathi i-filament izobe ithintana nama-molecule amaningi, okuzokwenza izinga lokushisa eliphansi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo libangele izinga eliphansi. inani eliphikisayo.

Nakuba i-vacuum izoba ngcono, lolu hlobo lwe-filament luzothola inombolo encane yama-molecule ukuze aqede ukushisa, okuholela ekwandeni kwezinga lokushisa. Lolu hlobo lokwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa yilo oluzophinde lukhiqize ukwanda kwenani eliphikisayo, kukhiqize uhlobo lokungalingani ebhulohweni le-Wheatstone elishiwo ngenhla.

Lolu hlobo lokungazinzi lulinganiswa ngosizo lwe-Microammeter. Ngemuva kwalokho kuzobe kuhlanganisa wonke ama-microamperes akhiqizwe ngenxa yebhuloho le-Wheatstone namanani e-vacuum uqobo.

Lawa manani abuyela kuthebula elingu-1 okudwetshwa ngalo isikali, kulapho, ngokwesibonelo, esimweni se-vacuum gauge ye-CINDELVAC, kuzoba khona ama-microamp angu-"0" lapho lokho okubizwa ngokuthi inzwa ku-vacuum ephezulu futhi "50" ama-microamp atmospheric pressure. Okuqukethwe kwethebula lempendulo yaleli bhuloho elibizwa nge-CINDELVAC Wheatstone liqukethe lokhu okulandelayo:

• 0mV = 0,001mbar
• 2mV = 0,010mbar
• 11mV = 0,100mbar
• 36mV = 1mbar
• 45mV = 9mbar

Izilinganiso ze-ionization

Lezi zinohlobo olufanayo lwesisekelo njengalokho okubizwa ngokuthi amabhomu e-ionization, kangangokuthi zibhekwa njengohlobo lomphumela. Uma kufika isikhathi sokubala ukuqina kwe-vacuum ethile, kusetshenziswa ezinye iziphakamiso ezanikezwa isazi sesayensi yemvelo esaziwayo u-Bayard-Alpert, ongumuntu oyinhloko obhekene nazo zonke lezo zinhlobo zamadivayisi akwazile ukuhlinzeka ngokunembile yonke leyo ngcindezi kuze kube cishe. 10-12 I-Torr.

Izinhlobo eziningi zamandla zisetshenziswa emhlabeni, phakathi kwazo kukhona Amandla Ayisisekelo Emvelo. Umoya esiwuphefumulayo ngokuyinhloko wakhiwe izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zamagesi; phakathi kwazo lezo ezibaluleke kakhulu zihlanganisa umoya-mpilo ne-nitrogen, nokho-ke, ngokuvamile zigcina inqwaba yegesi efana nalokhu:

• Isikhutha
• I-Argon
• Neon
• Helio
• I-Krypton
• Xenon
• IHydrogen
• UMethane
• I-nitrous oxide
• Isitimu samanzi.

Izicelo Vacuum Techniques

Manje kulo mcimbi uzokwethulwa ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwezicelo zobuchwepheshe ze-vacuum olwenziwa ngokuya ngesimo somzimba esikhona njengamanje:

Isimo Somzimba Sokuqala: Ingcindezi ephansi

• Injongo: Umehluko wengcindezi uyafinyelelwa.

• Izicelo: Isetshenziselwa ukwesekwa, ukuphakamisa, ukuthutha ngamathayi, izicoci ze-vacuum, ukuhlunga, kanye nokubumba.

Isimo Sesibili Somzimba: Ukuminyana Okuphansi Kwemolekyuli

• Injongo: Susa izingxenye ezisebenzayo emkhathini.

• Izicelo: Isetshenziselwa izibani, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amashubhu e-incandescent, fluorescent noma kagesi, ekuncibilikeni, ekufakeni, ekupakisheni, ekuhlanganiseni nasekuboneni ukuvuza.

Isimo Somzimba Sesithathu: Ukuminyana Okuphansi Kwemolekyuli

• Injongo: Ukukhishwa kwegesi evalekile noma encibilikile.

• Izicelo: Isetshenziselwa ukomisa, ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, ukugxilisa ingqondo, i-lyophilization, i-degassing kanye nokukhulelwa.

Isimo Sesine Somzimba: Ukuminyana Okuphansi Kwemolekyuli

• Injongo: Ukudluliselwa kwamandla okuncishisiwe.

• Izicelo: Isetshenziselwa ukwahlukanisa okushisayo, ukwahlukanisa ugesi, i-vacuum microbalance kanye nokulingisa isikhala.

Isimo Somzimba Sesihlanu: I-Great Medium Free Course

• Injongo: Gwema Ukuphahlazeka noma Ukushayisana.

• Izicelo: Kulokhu, isetshenziselwa:

-Amashubhu kagesi – Imisebe yeCathode – iTV

-Photocells – Photomultipliers – X-Ray Tubes

-Ama-Particle Accelerators - Ama-Mas Spectrometers - Izihlukanisi ze-Isotope

-Amamicroscopes kagesi – Electron Beam Welding

-Metallization (Ukuhwamuka, I-Cathodic Sputtering) - I-Distillation ye-Molecular

Isimo Somzimba Sesithupha: Isikhathi Eside Sokwakhiwa Kwe-Monolayer

• Injongo: Izindawo ezihlanzekile.

• Izicelo: Ukufunda ukungqubuzana, ukunamathela, ukugqwala kwendawo. Ukuhlolwa kwezinto zokuhlangenwe nakho kwendawo.

historia

Kuyo yonke inkathi yasendulo kuze kube yilapho okwaba yiRenaissance, ukuba khona kokucindezela komkhathi kwakungafakwa. Ngakho-ke, kwakungenakwenzeka ukunikeza uhlobo oluthile lwencazelo mayelana nezenzakalo ngenxa ye-vacuum. Ezifundeni zaseGreece, cishe izinhlobo ezi-2 zemibono zangqubuzana ngenxa yalesi sizathu.

Ku-Epicurus futhi ikakhulukazi ku-Democritus kanye nesikole sakhe sonke somcabango, indaba yayingahlanganisi ukuqhubeka ngokuphelele, kodwa kunalokho yayilungiselelwe izinhlayiya ezincane ezingabonakali ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-athomu ahamba phakathi nendawo engenalutho kanye namalungiselelo ahlukene. lezi zibangele izimo ezihlukahlukene zomzimba.

Ngokungafani nalokho, ngesazi sefilosofi esikhulu u-Aristotle, le ndoda yayinqaba inkolelo-mbono mayelana nokungenalutho futhi ukuze ithethelele inkolelo yayo kanye nesenzakalo ngasinye isayensi yemvelo ka-Aristotle eyayingenakusichaza, yacaphuna isisho esaziwayo esisho lokhu okulandelayo:

“Imvelo izwa ukwesaba lapho kungekho ndawo”

Lokhu kwaba inkolelo-mbono eyaba namandla ngokugcwele phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi futhi yahlala kwaze kwaba yilapho kutholakala ingcindezi. Lolu hlobo lomqondo we "horror vacui" lwaqala ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ngisho nanguGalileo ngokwakhe ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX lapho engakwazi ukuchazela ngamunye wabafundi bakhe iqiniso elilula lokuthi uhlobo oluthile lwekholomu yamanzi ngaphakathi kwepayipi elivaliwe. ekupheleni kwayo akusuki uma ithubhu ihlanekezelwe ngenkathi ukuphela kwamahhala kucwiliswa emanzini.

Nokho, le ndoda yakwazi ukufundisa bonke abafundi bayo mayelana nokukhathazeka kwayo ngokuba nencazelo yeqiniso langaphambili nakho konke okuhlobene nalo, ikakhulukazi ukuthi kungani amaphampu okudonsa - ama-impeller, okuyisitho samanzi angena emanzini esasungulwa ngu-Alejandrino. U-Ctesibius, owayephila ngesikhathi sika-Archimedes, abakwazanga ukwenza amanzi akhuphuke esuka emithonjeni aye ekuphakameni okungaphezu kwamamitha angu-10 ukuphakama.

Ukulandelana Kwezikhathi Zokutholwa Nge-Vacuum Technology

Ake sibheke ukulandelana kwazo zonke izinto ezivunjululwe ngobuchwepheshe be-Void kusukela ngonyaka ka-1643 kuya ku-1953, nakuba kuzokubalulwa ezinye zazo ukuze kunganwetshwa kakhulu kulolu hlu njengoba kuyizehlakalo ezilinganiselwa ku-40:

Okokuqala

• Author: Evangelista Torricelli
• Unyaka: 1643
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Ivacuum kukholomu engu-760 mm ye-mercury

Okwesibili

• Author: Blaise Pascal
• Unyaka: 1650
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Ukuhluka kwekholomu ye-mercury enobude

Okwesithathu

• Author: Otto von Guericke
• Unyaka: 1654
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Amaphampu e-vacuum e-piston. I-Magdeburg Hemisphere

Okwesine

• Author: Robert Boyle
• Unyaka: 1662
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Umthetho womfutho wevolumu yamagesi afanelekile

Okwesihlanu

• Author: U-Edme Mariotte
• Unyaka: 1679
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Umthetho womfutho wevolumu yamagesi afanelekile

Owesithupha

• Author: U-Antoine Lavoisier
• Unyaka: 1775
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Umoya wenziwe ingxube ye-O2 ne-N2

Okwesikhombisa

• Author: UDaniel Bernoulli
• Unyaka: 1783
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Ithiyori ye-Kinetic yamagesi

I-Octavo

• Author: UJacques Charles-J. I-Gay-Lussac
• Unyaka: 1802
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Umthetho kaCharles noGay-Lussac, umthetho wezinga lokushisa levolumu wamagesi alungile

Okwesishiyagalolunye

• Author: UWilliam Henry

• Unyaka: 1803

• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Henry's Law, okungukuthi ezingeni lokushisa elingaguquguquki, inani legesi elihlanjululwe oketshezini lilingana ngokuqondile nengxenye yengcindezi ekhishwa igesi oketshezini olushiwo.

Okweshumi

• Author: medhurst
• Unyaka: 1810
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Iphakamisa umugqa wokuqala we-pneumatic vacuum phakathi kwamahhovisi eposi.

Eyeshumi nanye

• Author: UWilliam Coolidge
• Unyaka: 1915
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: x-ray tube

Okweshumi nambili

• Author: Wolfgang Gaede
• Unyaka: 1915
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Iphampu ye-Mercury diffuser.

Eyeshumi nantathu

• Author: U-Irving Langmuir
• Unyaka: 1915
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Isibani se-incandescent esigcwele igesi ye-inert.

Eyeshumi nane

• Author: U-Irving Langmuir
• Unyaka: 1916
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Iphampu ye-Mercury condensate diffuser

Eyeshumi nanhlanu

• Author: Oliver Ellsworth Buckley
• Unyaka: 1916
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Igeji ye-ionization ye-cathode eshisayo

Eyeshumi nesithupha

• Author: Holweck
• Unyaka: 1923
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: ibhomu lamangqamuzana

Eyeshumi nesikhombisa

• Author: Gaede
• Unyaka: 1935
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Igesi - i-ballast kumaphampu ajikelezayo

Ishumi nesishiyagalombili

• Author: M Penning
• Unyaka: 1937
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: I-Cold Cathode Ionization Vacuum Gauge

Eyeshumi nesishiyagalolunye

• Author: Kenneth Hickmann
• Unyaka: 1936
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Iphampu ye-diffuser kawoyela.

Okweshumi nambili

• Author: J. Schwarz, R.G. Herb
• Unyaka: 1953
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: amabhomu e-ion.

Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, lolu hlu olufushane luyingxenye kuphela yokulandelana kwezikhathi kokutholwe kohlelo lwe-vacuum.

Vacuum izicelo

Ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene, ezindaweni zokucwaninga ezinkulu zanamuhla, kwenzeka ukuthi uhlobo oluthile lwesiqukathi esigcwele igesi kufanele lukhishwe ngokushesha. Ukuphuma kufanele kube isinyathelo sokuqala ekudaleni indawo entsha enegesi.

Phakathi nenqubo yokucwiliswa kwe-distillation, igesi eshiwo kufanele ikhishwe njalo ngenkathi inqubo yokuthulula yenziwa. Ezikhathini ezithile kuyadingeka ukuthi isiqukathi sonke sithululwe ukuze kuvinjwe umoya ofanayo ekungcoliseni ingxenye ethile yendawo ehlanzekile noma ungaphazamisi uhlobo oluthile lokusabela kwamakhemikhali.

Izinhlayiya ze-athomu kufanele zilawulwe endaweni engenalutho ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuthi yini ukulahleka kwe-"Momentum" ngokushayisana phakathi kwayo nama-molecule omoya. Inani elikhulu lemisebe livamise ukumuncwa wumoya ngokwawo futhi lingasakazeka kuphela ezindaweni ezide endaweni engenalutho.

Uhlobo lwesistimu ye-vacuum luqukethe ingxenye ebalulekile yalokho okuyizinto zaselabhorethri, phakathi kwazo i-Mass Spectrometer kanye ne-Electron Microscopes. Ukukhipha amanzi nge-vacuum, i-Simple Vacuum System ivame ukusetshenziswa kanye nokuqandisa kwe-vacuum.

Amanye amathuluzi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi amakhulu noma imishini edinga i-Vacuum System ama-Thermonuclear Devices kanye ne-Nuclear Particle Accelerators. Endabeni yezinqubo ezinkulu zesimanje zezimboni, phakathi kwezivelele kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwama-semiconductors, okudinga ngempela indawo elawulwa ngokugcwele ngaphansi kwe-vacuum ngendlela ecophelelayo nethambile.

Vacuum Systems

Kokubili amandla kanye nokwakheka kwawo wonke amagesi avelayo ngaphakathi kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Vacuum System ngokuvamile kuyahlukahluka ngokomlando nokuklama kwayo ngendlela ebalulekile. Kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza inani elincane elimahhadla legesi elilahlwayo eliqukethe izigidi nezigidi zamamolekyuli ngesentimitha ngayinye³ Kuyabekezelelwa ngandlela thize.

Okuthile okuke kwaba nempikiswano enkulu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo sekuyiTheory of Umsuka wendawo yonke okuye kwaphikiswana ngakho kakhulu izazi zefilosofi ezinkulu ze-History of Humanity.

Kwezinye izikhathi eziningi, ama-molecule ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa kuphela cm³ zanele ukwenza i-vacuum eyanele. Ezimweni zokuba khona kwezingcindezi ezingaphansi komkhathi, lezi zihlukaniswa kanje:

Ibanga Lokuqala - elingenalutho: Ukucindezela kwemvelo

• Ingcindezi ku-hPa (mbar): 013
• Ingcindezi ku-mmHg (Torr): 8
• Ama-molecule/cm³: 7 × 10¹⁹
• Ama-molecule/cm³: 7 × 10²⁵
• Isho Indlela Yamahhala: 68 nm¹A

Ibanga lesibili - elingenalutho: i-vacuum ephansi

• Ingcindezi ku-hPa (mbar): 300 - 1
• Ingcindezi ku-mmHg (Torr): 225 - 7.501 × 10^-1
• Ama-molecule/cm³: 10¹⁹- 10¹⁶
• Ama-molecule/cm³: 10²⁵- 10²²
• Isho Indlela Yamahhala: 1 - 100 μm

Ibanga Lesithathu - elingenalutho: Ingxenye ayinalutho

• Ingcindezi ku-hPa (mbar): 1 - 10^-3
• Ingcindezi ku-mmHg (Torr): 501 × 10^-1- 7.501 × 10^-4
• Ama-molecule/cm³: 10¹⁶- 10¹³
• Ama-molecule/cm³: 10²²- 10¹⁹
• Isho Indlela Yamahhala: 1-100 mm

I-Fourth-Void Range: Ivacuum ephezulu

• Ingcindezi ku-hPa (mbar): 10^-3- 10^-7
• Ingcindezi ku-mmHg (Torr): 501 × 10^-4- 7.501 × 10^-8
• Ama-molecule/cm³: 10¹³- 10⁹
• Ama-molecule/cm³: 10¹⁹- 10¹⁵
• Isho Indlela Yamahhala: 10cm - 1km

I-Fifth - Void Range: I-Ultra High Vacuum

• Ingcindezi ku-hPa (mbar): 10^-7- 10^-12
• Ingcindezi ku-mmHg (Torr): 501 × 10^-8- 7.501 × 10^-13
• Ama-molecule/cm³: 10⁹- 10⁴
• Ama-molecule/cm³: 10¹⁵- 10¹⁰
• Isho Indlela Yamahhala: 1km-10⁵km

I-Sixth - Void Range: I-Void Ephakeme Kakhulu

• Ingcindezi ku-hPa (mbar): ^-12
• Ingcindezi ku-mmHg (Torr): <7.501 × 10^-13
• Ama-molecule/cm³: ⁴
• Ama-molecule/cm³: ¹⁰
• Isho Indlela Yamahhala: > 10⁵km

Isakhiwo segesi ngaphakathi kwesistimu ye-vacuum siyashintshwa ngesikhathi uhlelo lukhipha ngoba ukusebenza kahle kwamaphampu e-vacuum kuhlukile kumagesi. Ngamandla aphansi, ama-molecule ezindonga zesitsha esishiwo aqala ukuxoshwa futhi ngaleso sikhathi ukwakheka kwegesi esele kuqala.

Ngokuyinhloko, ukuminyana kwegesi ehlala ezindongeni kubizwa ngokuthi umhwamuko wamanzi nesikhutha; ngezingcindezi eziphansi kakhulu, esimweni seziqukathi eziye zaxoshwa, i-hydrogen ingatholakala.

Ukuze uqedele, sincoma ukuthi ubone ukuthi iyi-a I-Orbit nakho konke okuhlobene nalokhu kulandelwa endaweni yonke.