Iyini i-Absolute Void? Umlando nokunye

I- vacuum ibhekwa njengokungabikho kwezinto endaweni ethile, esingayihumusha njengokuntuleka kwento ethile endaweni. Esihlokweni esilandelayo, sizofunda konke okuhlobene nokuthi iyini i-vacuum ngokombono wesayensi, izinhlobo ze-vacuum, izilinganiso zayo, nokunye okuningi.

Iyini i-Void?

I-Void iqukethe ukulahlwa okuphelele kwento engaphakathi, eyaziwa ngokwesayensi ngokuthi "Udaba" endaweni ethile noma endaweni, noma isho nokushoda kolunye uhlobo lokuqukethwe ngaphakathi kwesitsha. Ibuye ibizwe kabanzi ngokuthi i-Vacuum ukuthi iyini isimo sendawo lapho ukushuba kwezinhlayiya kuvame ukuba ngaphansi kwamazinga, isibonelo salokhu kungaba yi-Interstellar Space.

Ngokufanayo, uma kunomgodi ovalwe kancane, ingcindezi ye-vacuum , kanye nengcindezi yamagesi omoya azungezile, imvamisa iphansi kunesemkhathini. I-vacuum ingenzeka ngokwemvelo noma idalwe ngokwenziwa, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni eziningi, njengasemikhakheni elandelayo:

• Ezobuchwepheshe
• Izimoto
• Usokhemisi
• Ukudla

Incazelo ye-Void

Ngokomqondo owanikezwa i-American Vacuum Society noma owaziwa nangokuthi "AVS" ngonyaka we-1958, le nkulumo ibhekisela endaweni ethile egcwele inani lamagesi ngomfutho ongaphansi ngokuphelele kunokungafani nomfutho womoya, lokho kusho ukuthi izinga le-vacuum liyakhuphuka ngokuncika okuqondile ekwehleni kokuthi iyini ingcindezi yegesi eyinsalela.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi njengoba amandla ehla, inani le-vacuum elizotholwa lizoba likhulu kakhulu, okuvumela ochwepheshe ukuthi bakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinga le-vacuum futhi balithole. Ngayinye yalezi zigaba inezici zayo.

Ukukala Vacuum

Umfutho womoya yingcindezi ekhishwa umkhathi, noma umoya, ebusweni boMhlaba. Ezingeni lokushisa legumbi kanye nomfutho womoya ojwayelekile, i-1 m³ ^yomoya iqukethe cishe ama-molecule angu-2 x 10²⁵ ahamba ngesivinini esimaphakathi esingamakhilomitha angu-1.600 ngehora (km/h).

Enye indlela yokulinganisa umfutho womkhathi ngokusebenzisa i-mercury barometer; ngokuvamile iveza amanani ngokuya ngokuphakama kwekholomu ye-mercury yeyunithi yesiphambano esihlanganisa ubude obungama-760 mm. Ngalesi sisekelo, kungashiwo ukuthi umoya ojwayelekile ngokuvamile ulingana no-760 mmHg.

Isetshenziselwa ukwenza lula njengesilinganiso sokucindezela kulokho okubizwa nge-Torricelli Unit enophawu oluthi “Torr”; ngakho-ke kungachazwa ukuthi:

I-Torr engu-1 = 1 mmHg

Okunikeza ukuthi: 1 atm = 760 Torr; ngakho 1 Torr = 1/760 womkhathi ojwayelekile, ngamafuphi:

1 Torr = 1,316 x 10 – 3 atm, okusho ukuthi lokhu kube umphumela wokugcina.

Isilinganiso Sokucindezela Okuphansi

Indlela eyakhiwe yi-Pirani iyona esetshenziswa kakhulu futhi ijwayele ukukala izingcindezi eziphansi. Le ndlela efanayo iphathelene kuphela nohlobo lwebhuloho le-Wheatstone lapho amandla ebhuloho evezwa endaweni engenalutho ukuze ikalwe.

Ukumelana kwalolu hlobo lwe-sensor element kuzohluka kuye ngokuthi ingcindezi ishintsha kanjani, ngoba kuma-vacuum aseduze nokucindezela komkhathi i-filament izobe ithintana nama-molecule amaningi, okuzokwenza izinga lokushisa eliphansi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo libangele izinga eliphansi. inani eliphikisayo.

Nakuba i-vacuum izoba ngcono, lolu hlobo lwe-filament luzothola inombolo encane yama-molecule ukuze aqede ukushisa, okuholela ekwandeni kwezinga lokushisa. Lolu hlobo lokwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa yilo oluzophinde lukhiqize ukwanda kwenani eliphikisayo, kukhiqize uhlobo lokungalingani ebhulohweni le-Wheatstone elishiwo ngenhla.

Lolu hlobo lokungazinzi lulinganiswa ngosizo lwe-Microammeter. Ngemuva kwalokho kuzobe kuhlanganisa wonke ama-microamperes akhiqizwe ngenxa yebhuloho le-Wheatstone namanani e-vacuum uqobo.

Lawa manani abuyela kuthebula elingu-1 okudwetshwa ngalo isikali, kulapho, ngokwesibonelo, esimweni se-vacuum gauge ye-CINDELVAC, kuzoba khona ama-microamp angu-"0" lapho lokho okubizwa ngokuthi inzwa ku-vacuum ephezulu futhi "50" ama-microamp atmospheric pressure. Okuqukethwe kwethebula lempendulo yaleli bhuloho elibizwa nge-CINDELVAC Wheatstone liqukethe lokhu okulandelayo:

• 0mV = 0,001mbar
• 2mV = 0,010mbar
• 11mV = 0,100mbar
• 36mV = 1mbar
• 45mV = 9mbar

Izilinganiso ze-ionization

Lezi zinohlobo olufanayo lwesisekelo njengalokho okubizwa ngokuthi amabhomu e-ionization, kangangokuthi zibhekwa njengohlobo lomphumela. Uma kufika isikhathi sokubala ukuqina kwe-vacuum ethile, kusetshenziswa ezinye iziphakamiso ezanikezwa isazi sesayensi yemvelo esaziwayo u-Bayard-Alpert, ongumuntu oyinhloko obhekene nazo zonke lezo zinhlobo zamadivayisi akwazile ukuhlinzeka ngokunembile yonke leyo ngcindezi kuze kube cishe. 10-12 I-Torr.

Izinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zamandla zisebenza eMhlabeni, okuhlanganisa namaMandla Ayisisekelo Emvelo . Umoya esiwuphefumulayo wakhiwe ngokuyinhloko yizinhlobonhlobo zamagesi; phakathi kwawo, umoya-mpilo ne-nitrogen kubaluleke kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile uqukethe ukuqongelela kwamanye amagesi afana nalawa:

• Isikhutha
• I-Argon
• Neon
• Helio
• I-Krypton
• Xenon
• IHydrogen
• UMethane
• I-nitrous oxide
• Isitimu samanzi.

Izicelo Vacuum Techniques

Manje kulo mcimbi uzokwethulwa ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwezicelo zobuchwepheshe ze-vacuum olwenziwa ngokuya ngesimo somzimba esikhona njengamanje:

Isimo Sokuqala Somzimba: Ukucindezeleka Okuphansi

• Injongo: Umehluko wengcindezi uyafinyelelwa.

• Izicelo: Isetshenziselwa ukwesekwa, ukuphakamisa, ukuthutha ngamathayi, izicoci ze-vacuum, ukuhlunga, kanye nokubumba.

Isimo Sesibili Somzimba: Ubuningi Bama-Molecular Obuphansi

• Injongo: Susa izingxenye ezisebenzayo emkhathini.

• Izicelo: Isetshenziselwa izibani, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amashubhu e-incandescent, fluorescent noma kagesi, ekuncibilikeni, ekufakeni, ekupakisheni, ekuhlanganiseni nasekuboneni ukuvuza.

Isimo Sesithathu Somzimba: Ubuningi Bama-Molecular Obuphansi

• Injongo: Ukukhishwa kwegesi evalekile noma encibilikile.

• Izicelo: Isetshenziselwa ukomisa, ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, ukugxilisa ingqondo, i-lyophilization, i-degassing kanye nokukhulelwa.

Isimo Sesine Somzimba: Ubuningi Bama-Molecular Obuphansi

• Injongo: Ukudluliselwa kwamandla okuncishisiwe.

• Izicelo: Isetshenziselwa ukwahlukanisa okushisayo, ukwahlukanisa ugesi, i-vacuum microbalance kanye nokulingisa isikhala.

Isimo Sesihlanu Esingokomzimba: Ibanga Elikhululekile Eliphakathi

• Injongo: Gwema Ukuphahlazeka noma Ukushayisana.

• Izicelo: Kulokhu, isetshenziselwa:

-Amashubhu kagesi – Imisebe yeCathode – iTV

-Photocells – Photomultipliers – X-Ray Tubes

-Ama-Particle Accelerators - Ama-Mas Spectrometers - Izihlukanisi ze-Isotope

-Amamicroscopes kagesi – Electron Beam Welding

-Metallization (Ukuhwamuka, I-Cathodic Sputtering) - I-Distillation ye-Molecular

Isimo Sesithupha Somzimba: Isikhathi Eside Sokwakheka Kwe-Monolayer

• Injongo: Izindawo ezihlanzekile.

• Izicelo: Ukufunda ukungqubuzana, ukunamathela, ukugqwala kwendawo. Ukuhlolwa kwezinto zokuhlangenwe nakho kwendawo.

historia

Kuyo yonke inkathi yasendulo kuze kube yilapho okwaba yiRenaissance, ukuba khona kokucindezela komkhathi kwakungafakwa. Ngakho-ke, kwakungenakwenzeka ukunikeza uhlobo oluthile lwencazelo mayelana nezenzakalo ngenxa ye-vacuum. Ezifundeni zaseGreece, cishe izinhlobo ezi-2 zemibono zangqubuzana ngenxa yalesi sizathu.

Ku-Epicurus futhi ikakhulukazi ku-Democritus kanye nesikole sakhe sonke somcabango, indaba yayingahlanganisi ukuqhubeka ngokuphelele, kodwa kunalokho yayilungiselelwe izinhlayiya ezincane ezingabonakali ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-athomu ahamba phakathi nendawo engenalutho kanye namalungiselelo ahlukene. lezi zibangele izimo ezihlukahlukene zomzimba.

Ngokungafani nalokho, ngesazi sefilosofi esikhulu u-Aristotle, le ndoda yayinqaba inkolelo-mbono mayelana nokungenalutho futhi ukuze ithethelele inkolelo yayo kanye nesenzakalo ngasinye isayensi yemvelo ka-Aristotle eyayingenakusichaza, yacaphuna isisho esaziwayo esisho lokhu okulandelayo:

“Imvelo izwa ukwesaba lapho kungekho ndawo”

Lokhu kwaba inkolelo-mbono eyaba namandla ngokugcwele phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi futhi yahlala kwaze kwaba yilapho kutholakala ingcindezi. Lolu hlobo lomqondo we "horror vacui" lwaqala ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ngisho nanguGalileo ngokwakhe ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX lapho engakwazi ukuchazela ngamunye wabafundi bakhe iqiniso elilula lokuthi uhlobo oluthile lwekholomu yamanzi ngaphakathi kwepayipi elivaliwe. ekupheleni kwayo akusuki uma ithubhu ihlanekezelwe ngenkathi ukuphela kwamahhala kucwiliswa emanzini.

Nokho, le ndoda yakwazi ukufundisa bonke abafundi bayo mayelana nokukhathazeka kwayo ngokuba nencazelo yeqiniso langaphambili nakho konke okuhlobene nalo, ikakhulukazi ukuthi kungani amaphampu okudonsa - ama-impeller, okuyisitho samanzi angena emanzini esasungulwa ngu-Alejandrino. U-Ctesibius, owayephila ngesikhathi sika-Archimedes, abakwazanga ukwenza amanzi akhuphuke esuka emithonjeni aye ekuphakameni okungaphezu kwamamitha angu-10 ukuphakama.

Ukulandelana Kwezikhathi Zokutholwa Nge-Vacuum Technology

Ake sibheke ukulandelana kwazo zonke izinto ezivunjululwe ngobuchwepheshe be-Void kusukela ngonyaka ka-1643 kuya ku-1953, nakuba kuzokubalulwa ezinye zazo ukuze kunganwetshwa kakhulu kulolu hlu njengoba kuyizehlakalo ezilinganiselwa ku-40:

Okokuqala

• Author: Evangelista Torricelli
• Unyaka: 1643
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Ivacuum kukholomu engu-760 mm ye-mercury

Okwesibili

• Author: Blaise Pascal
• Unyaka: 1650
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Ukuhluka kwekholomu ye-mercury enobude

Okwesithathu

• Author: Otto von Guericke
• Unyaka: 1654
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Amaphampu e-vacuum e-piston. I-Magdeburg Hemisphere

Okwesine

• Author: Robert Boyle
• Unyaka: 1662
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Umthetho womfutho wevolumu yamagesi afanelekile

Okwesihlanu

• Author: U-Edme Mariotte
• Unyaka: 1679
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Umthetho womfutho wevolumu yamagesi afanelekile

Owesithupha

• Author: U-Antoine Lavoisier
• Unyaka: 1775
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Umoya wenziwe ingxube ye-O2 ne-N2

Okwesikhombisa

• Author: UDaniel Bernoulli
• Unyaka: 1783
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Ithiyori ye-Kinetic yamagesi

I-Octavo

• Author: UJacques Charles-J. I-Gay-Lussac
• Unyaka: 1802
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Umthetho kaCharles noGay-Lussac, umthetho wezinga lokushisa levolumu wamagesi alungile

Okwesishiyagalolunye

• Author: UWilliam Henry

• Unyaka: 1803

• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Henry's Law, okungukuthi ezingeni lokushisa elingaguquguquki, inani legesi elihlanjululwe oketshezini lilingana ngokuqondile nengxenye yengcindezi ekhishwa igesi oketshezini olushiwo.

Okweshumi

• Author: medhurst
• Unyaka: 1810
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Iphakamisa umugqa wokuqala we-pneumatic vacuum phakathi kwamahhovisi eposi.

Eyeshumi nanye

• Author: UWilliam Coolidge
• Unyaka: 1915
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: x-ray tube

Okweshumi nambili

• Author: Wolfgang Gaede
• Unyaka: 1915
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Iphampu ye-Mercury diffuser.

Eyeshumi nantathu

• Author: U-Irving Langmuir
• Unyaka: 1915
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Isibani se-incandescent esigcwele igesi ye-inert.

Eyeshumi nane

• Author: U-Irving Langmuir
• Unyaka: 1916
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Iphampu ye-Mercury condensate diffuser

Eyeshumi nanhlanu

• Author: Oliver Ellsworth Buckley
• Unyaka: 1916
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Igeji ye-ionization ye-cathode eshisayo

Eyeshumi nesithupha

• Author: Holweck
• Unyaka: 1923
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: ibhomu lamangqamuzana

Eyeshumi nesikhombisa

• Author: Gaede
• Unyaka: 1935
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Igesi - i-ballast kumaphampu ajikelezayo

Ishumi nesishiyagalombili

• Author: M Penning
• Unyaka: 1937
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: I-Cold Cathode Ionization Vacuum Gauge

Eyeshumi nesishiyagalolunye

• Author: Kenneth Hickmann
• Unyaka: 1936
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: Iphampu ye-diffuser kawoyela.

Okweshumi nambili

• Author: J. Schwarz, R.G. Herb
• Unyaka: 1953
• Umsebenzi noma Ukutholwa: amabhomu e-ion.

Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, lolu hlu olufushane luyingxenye kuphela yokulandelana kwezikhathi kokutholwe kohlelo lwe-vacuum.

Vacuum izicelo

Ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene, ezindaweni zokucwaninga ezinkulu zanamuhla, kwenzeka ukuthi uhlobo oluthile lwesiqukathi esigcwele igesi kufanele lukhishwe ngokushesha. Ukuphuma kufanele kube isinyathelo sokuqala ekudaleni indawo entsha enegesi.

Phakathi nenqubo yokucwiliswa kwe-distillation, igesi eshiwo kufanele ikhishwe njalo ngenkathi inqubo yokuthulula yenziwa. Ezikhathini ezithile kuyadingeka ukuthi isiqukathi sonke sithululwe ukuze kuvinjwe umoya ofanayo ekungcoliseni ingxenye ethile yendawo ehlanzekile noma ungaphazamisi uhlobo oluthile lokusabela kwamakhemikhali.

Izinhlayiya ze-athomu kufanele zilawulwe endaweni engenalutho ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuthi yini ukulahleka kwe-"Momentum" ngokushayisana phakathi kwayo nama-molecule omoya. Inani elikhulu lemisebe livamise ukumuncwa wumoya ngokwawo futhi lingasakazeka kuphela ezindaweni ezide endaweni engenalutho.

Uhlobo lwesistimu ye-vacuum luqukethe ingxenye ebalulekile yalokho okuyizinto zaselabhorethri, phakathi kwazo i-Mass Spectrometer kanye ne-Electron Microscopes. Ukukhipha amanzi nge-vacuum, i-Simple Vacuum System ivame ukusetshenziswa kanye nokuqandisa kwe-vacuum.

Amanye amathuluzi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi amakhulu noma imishini edinga i-Vacuum System ama-Thermonuclear Devices kanye ne-Nuclear Particle Accelerators. Endabeni yezinqubo ezinkulu zesimanje zezimboni, phakathi kwezivelele kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwama-semiconductors, okudinga ngempela indawo elawulwa ngokugcwele ngaphansi kwe-vacuum ngendlela ecophelelayo nethambile.

Vacuum Systems

Kokubili ukuqina kanye nesakhiwo sawo wonke amagesi avelayo ngaphakathi kwesistimu ye-vacuum ngokuvamile kuyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngomlando wayo kanye nomklamo wayo. Kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, inani elincane legesi esele eliqukethe izigidi zama-molecule nge-cm³ ^liyamukeleka kancane.

Into ebilokhu iphikisana kakhulu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo yiTheory of the Origin of the Universe, okuye kwaphikiswana kakhulu ngayo yizazi zefilosofi ezinkulu zoMlando Wesintu.

Kwezinye izimo eziningi, ama-molecule ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa nge-cm³ ^anele ukudala i-vacuum efanelekile. Izingcindezi ezingaphansi kwengcindezi yomoya zihlukaniswa kanje:

Uhla Lokuqala Lwe-Vacuum: Ukucindezela Okuzungezile

• Ingcindezi ku-hPa (mbar): 013
• Ingcindezi ku-mmHg (Torr): 8
• Ama-molecule/cm³: 7 × 10¹⁹
• Ama-molecule/cm³: 7 × 10²⁵
• Isho Indlela Yamahhala: 68 nm¹​

Uhla Lwesibili – I-Vacuum: I-Vacuum Ephansi

• Ingcindezi ku-hPa (mbar): 300 - 1
• Ingcindezi ku-mmHg (Torr): 225 - 7.501 × 10^-1
• Ama-molecule/cm³: 10¹⁹- 10¹⁶
• Ama-molecule/cm³: 10²⁵- 10²²
• Isho Indlela Yamahhala: 1 - 100 μm

Ibanga Lesithathu - I-Vacuum: Isigamu Esingenalutho

• Ingcindezi ku-hPa (mbar): 1 - 10^-3
• Ingcindezi ku-mmHg (Torr): 501 × 10^-1- 7.501 × 10^-4
• Ama-molecule/cm³: 10¹⁶- 10¹³
• Ama-molecule/cm³: 10²²- 10¹⁹
• Isho Indlela Yamahhala: 1-100 mm

Uhla Lwesine – I-Vacuum: I-Vacuum Ephakeme

• Ingcindezi ku-hPa (mbar): 10^-3- 10^-7
• Ingcindezi ku-mmHg (Torr): 501 × 10^-4- 7.501 × 10^-8
• Ama-molecule/cm³: 10¹³- 10⁹
• Ama-molecule/cm³: 10¹⁹- 10¹⁵
• Isho Indlela Yamahhala: 10cm - 1km

Ibanga Lesihlanu - I-Vacuum: I-Vacuum Ephakeme Kakhulu

• Ingcindezi ku-hPa (mbar): 10^-7- 10^-12
• Ingcindezi ku-mmHg (Torr): 501 × 10^-8- 7.501 × 10^-13
• Ama-molecule/cm³: 10⁹- 10⁴
• Ama-molecule/cm³: 10¹⁵- 10¹⁰
• Isho Indlela Yamahhala: 1km-10⁵km

Ibanga Lesithupha - I-Vacuum: I-Vacuum Ephakeme Kakhulu

• Ingcindezi ku-hPa (mbar): ^-12
• Ingcindezi ku-mmHg (Torr): <7.501 × 10^-13
• Ama-molecule/cm³: ⁴
• Ama-molecule/cm³: ¹⁰
• Isho Indlela Yamahhala: > 10⁵km

Isakhiwo segesi ngaphakathi kwesistimu ye-vacuum siyashintshwa ngesikhathi uhlelo lukhipha ngoba ukusebenza kahle kwamaphampu e-vacuum kuhlukile kumagesi. Ngamandla aphansi, ama-molecule ezindonga zesitsha esishiwo aqala ukuxoshwa futhi ngaleso sikhathi ukwakheka kwegesi esele kuqala.

Ngokuyinhloko, ukuminyana kwegesi ehlala ezindongeni kubizwa ngokuthi umhwamuko wamanzi nesikhutha; ngezingcindezi eziphansi kakhulu, esimweni seziqukathi eziye zaxoshwa, i-hydrogen ingatholakala.

Okokugcina, sincoma ukuthi ubheke ukuthi iyini i -orbit kanye nakho konke okuhlobene nalolu hambo endaweni yonke.