Njengamanje, umkhathi usaqhubeka nokuba yimpicabadala yabo bonke abantu. Akukhona nje ngezinkanyezi namaplanethi, kudlulela ngalé kweso lomuntu. Zitholele lapha ukuthi yini ama-quasars noma ama-quasars? Izinto ezihlaba umxhwele zomhlaba obungazazi.
Ayini ama-quasars?
I-Los ama-quasars o i-quasar Ziyizindikimba zasezulwini, i-nucleus yazo iveza ukukhanya okunamandla amakhulu. Lezi zakhiwo ziqhele ngezigidi zamakhilomitha ukusuka kwiplanethi enguMhlaba futhi nakuba zibonakala Izinkanyeziabekho ngempela.
Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukwakheka kwawo kungenxa yegalelo lenqwaba yamagesi awela emigodini emnyama ekhona emithala. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nalezi zinto eziyimpicabadala, ungabheka isixhumanisi esiya supermassive black holes.
Mhlawumbe zimelela inqubo yokuqala yokuguqulwa kwemithala. Njengomphumela wokushintshana okuqhubekayo kwamandla ku-gravity, ama-quasars aphenduka abe amandla okushisa nemisebe.
Ngenxa yoguquko oluqhubekayo nokukhululwa kwamandla, idiski noma irediyasi yobukhulu obukhulu iyakhiqizwa, ishajwe ngamandla kazibuthe kagesi, akwazi ukukhiqiza ukukhanya okuphezulu kakhulu.
Uma ufuna ukubona ama-quasars ngezibonakude ezingathuthuki kakhulu, kuzoba nzima kuwe. Ngenxa yebanga lawo ukusuka eMhlabeni, ngisho noma zibhekwa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zezibonakude ezinamandla amakhulu, zizovela njengamaphoyinti amancane akhanyayo esibhakabhakeni.
Ukutholakala kwalokhu kwakheka kwezulu
Kwakuyiminyaka yawo-30, lapho uKarl Jansky, owayengunjiniyela oxhumene nelebhu yenkampani yocingo iBell, ephenya ngezimbangela zokuphazamiseka kwezokuxhumana ngocingo olude.
Ucwaningo lwakhe lwaluhlanganisa ukuqopha, esebenzisa isitsha sesathelayithi azakhele sona. Ngemva kokwenza amarekhodi izinyanga ezimbalwa, wakwazi ukuhlonza i-static evela: ukuduma kwezulu okwakuseduze, kude, nokuphindaphinda kwamakhwela aqhubekayo, angakwazi ukukukhomba.
Ngemva kokuhlaziya izenzakalo ayezirekhodile esebenzisa indlela yesayensi, wakwazi ukuthola ukuthi ukuhlanekezela okumile okwenzeka ezintanjeni zocingo kwakubangelwa amasignali avela ku-Milky Way.
Lapho impi phakathi kwemibuso enamandla kakhulu isiphelile, iqiniso elachazwa ngokuthi iMpi Yezwe II. Kube khona ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kweRadio Astronomy futhi ososayensi bakwazi ukuhlonza umsuka wezimpawu zomsakazo ezazivela emthaleni.
Umsebenzi owaqalwa uKarl Jansky uqhutshwa omunye unjiniyela waseMelika, uGrote Reber. Kodwa ukuze ajule ophenyweni, wakha inguqulo yakhe yesibonakude somsakazo futhi wakwazi ukuthola ukuthi amagagasi abawathwebulayo ayewumkhiqizo wemisebe ekhiqizwa imizimba yabantu abamnyama.
Ukugomela kwemizimba yabamnyama okwenziwa nguReber, kwenza ososayensi baqhubeke nophenyo. Njengomphumela wezifundo, u-Vitaly Ginzburg ngo-1950 wasungula umbono wokuchaza amaza omsakazo we-Milky Way.
Futhi ngawo-1950, uMartin Ryle wakha i-Interferometer yokuqala, ababekwazi ngayo ukubona ngeso lengqondo ukuhlukaniswa kwamaza omsakazo. Okungalungiswa ngayo indlela ukuze kuqhutshekwe nophenyo lwamaquasa.
Ngesikhathi sokubhekwa ososayensi ngo-1962, ngenkathi beqoqa idatha mayelana nokukhishwa komsakazo okuvela entweni yasezulwini, iNyanga yafika phakathi kwesisekelo sokubuka kanye nephuzu lokukhishwa.
Ngesikhathi somcimbi wokulumba, sibonga iRadio Telescope, eyingxenye yomndeni ka izinhlobo zezibonakude, ezasetshenziswa izazi zezinkanyezi, zakwazi ukubona inkanyezi encane kakhulu. Le nkanyezi ikhipha amaza kagesi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngaphezu kwamaza omsakazo aphumayo.
Izici ze-Quasar
- Ziyizinto ezinokukhanya okukhulu, okungadlula kalula ukukhanya okukhishwa iqoqo lemithala.
- Ama-quasar anokukhanya okuguquguqukayo kakhulu. Ukukwazi ukushintsha ngezinsuku ezimbalwa, okusiza ekunembeni kwesibalo somgogodla wayo wemisebe.
- Bayakwazi ukukhipha isamba esikhulu semisebe ye-ultraviolet, ama-X-ray, phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo zemisebe kagesi.
- Ngenxa yamandla omsakazo wabo, bangabonakala ebangeni elingaphezu kweminyaka yokukhanya eyizigidi eziyi-10.000.
- Ziphakelwa ngamandla akhishwe ezinqubweni zokuhlela kabusha ezihlukene zemithala.
- Zakha kuyi-nucleus yemithala emisha bese zishintsha zibe indikimba yasezulwini ekhanya kakhulu.
- Amagesi azungeze i-quasar angafinyelela amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu.
- Ngaphakathi kwalezi zinto zasezulwini kukhiqizwa ukunyakaza okukhulu kokungqubuzana kanye nezimo zokuyaluza okukhulu.
- Bafinyelela emazingeni aphezulu emisebe.
Ama-Quasars kanye ne-Third Cambridge Catalogue
I-Cambridge Catalogue yesithathu ifana nohlu lohlu lwezinkanyezi lapho izindikimba zasemkhathini amaza azo omsakazo atholwe ebangeni eliphakathi kuka-159 no-178 Megahertz aqoshwa.
Le khathalogi yanyatheliswa ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950 yilabo ngaleso sikhathi ababengamalungu ethimba le-astronomy yomsakazo we-Cambridge University.
Ososayensi bethimba le-radio astronomy bavumile ukusebenzisa i-nomenclature elandelayo:
- Isiqalo se-3C sisho inombolo yekhathalogi futhi sizosekelwa ngenani lamarekhodi noma okufakiwe okwenziwe ohlwini. Wonke amarekhodi aqoshwe kuyo enziwa ngosizo lwe-Interferometer yaseCambridge University.
Ukubuka okwenziwa ku-178 Megahertz frequency ngu-John Caister Bennett ekuqaleni kwawo-60 kwaholela ekulungisweni okuthile kukhathalogi.
Ezinguqulweni ezenziwe kukhathalogi yaseCambridge, kuvela okulandelayo:
- Ibhendi yamaza omsakazo eyamukelwe njengecacile yileyo engu-178 MHZ.
- Okukhishiwe ohlwini yizo zonke lezi zindikimba okugeleza kwazo kungaphansi kuka-9 Jansky noma Jy.
- Ukuze kungabangi ukuphindaphinda kumarekhodi okubuka kwesibhakabhaka, eminye imithombo yafakwa kurekhodi, ehlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwamadesimali.
Ngenxa yemikhawulo yezobuchwepheshe ngeminyaka yawo-60, ngo-1983 izazi zezinkanyezi u-Julia Riley noMalcolm Longair baqala ukwenza okunye ukubuyekezwa kwekhathalogi yaseCambridge.
Lezi zazi zezinkanyezi zaqinisekisa ukuthi zazikhishiwe ohlwini, imithala nayo eyahlangabezana namaphethini okugeleza kwayo kanye nemingcele yokwehla. Nokho, ngenxa yokushoda kwezobuchwepheshe emishinini yokubuka, bashiywa ngaphandle.
I-Cambridge Catalogue Object 273
I-Cambridge Catalogue iwuhlu lwezinto zezinkanyezi lapho imithombo yomsakazo yezindikimba zasemkhathini eyatholwa ekuqaleni yaqoshwa khona.
Umthombo womsakazo wakhonjwa ekuqaleni kwawo-60, futhi ukubhekwa kwenziwa isazi sezinkanyezi uCyril Hazard. Lesi sazi sesayensi yezinkanyezi sithole umthombo womsakazo esawubhala njenge-3C273.
I-Nomenclature Hazard esetshenziselwa ukukhomba into engu-3C273 kwakungenxa yokuthi ihambisana nenombolo yokutholwa engu-273 futhi izofakwa kukhathalogi yesithathu ye-Cambridge.
Le nto yenkanyezi yayihlobene nomlaza we-Virgo, oqhele ngebanga leminyaka yokukhanya eyizigidi ezimbalwa. Ngakho iba yinto yasezulwini eyayikude kakhulu endaweni yonke.
Ama-quasar abangela ukunyamalala kwemithala
Kusukela kwatholakala ama- quasar, izazi zezinkanyezi zazikholelwa ukuthi lapho imithala ifika kulesi sigaba, yayeka ukukhiqiza izinkanyezi ezintsha. Kepha yonke leyo thiyori iyayeka ukusebenza, ngokutholwa kuka-Allison Kirkpatrick.
Lo mcwaningi waseNyuvesi yaseKansas, kanye neqembu elithile lososayensi, bathola isimo sokukhathala okungangena kulo mthala, ngisho nokuba khona kwama- quasars kuyinucleus yawo.
Njengamanje, umphakathi wesayensi ukholelwa ukuthi ngokubonakala kwama-quasars phakathi nendawo yemithala, wonke amagesi nezinye izinto ezikhona zazihudulwa yilo mgodi omnyama. Futhi waxoshwa ukuze enze ezinye izinkanyezi.
Kodwa iqembu eliholwa uKirkpatrick labona ukuthi isigaba se-torpor noma ukuguquka kwenzeka ngaphakathi komthala, lapho i-quasar seyakhiwe. Ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngokuphelele ukuhambisana kwayo kwe-stellar, ngokushesha.
ama-quasars abandayo
Lolu uhlobo olungavamile lomthala, ukutholakala kwawo okwashintsha ngokuphelele umbono wokuthi ukuphela komjikelezo wokuphila kwawo kwakunjani. Njengawo wonke amanye ama-quasars, uhlobo olubandayo luvela emgodini omnyama ozungezwe amagesi e-cosmic nothuli.
Ukuba khona kwamagesi amaningi futhi ngenxa yomphumela wokuhlanganiswa kwe-nucleus yawo, ziba izinto ezikhanyayo kakhulu. Igesi nothuli oluwela engxenyeni engaphakathi ye-quasars kukhishwa emkhathini.
Ukubhekwa kwangaphambilini kwama-quasars, kubhekiselwe ukuthi umthala lapho ususeduze nokuphela kwawo, nawo wangena esimweni sokunganyakazi. Futhi lalahlekelwa ikhono lokukhiqiza izinkanyezi ezintsha.
Kodwa ithimba likaKirkpatrick lithole ukuthi ingxenye encane yama-quasars apholile yahlala ohlelweni lokwakha izinkanyezi ezintsha.
Ngemva kokuqaphela kwakhe okukhulu okwenziwe umcwaningi uKirkpatrick kanye nenkulumo yakhe yokuba khona kwesigaba sokudlula, ngaphambi kokuba umthala ucishwe ngokuphelele. Kuphakama umbuzo:
Ingabe umthala wethu usengozini yesiphetho esifanayo, kuma-quasars abandayo?
Ngokwethiyori yebo, umthala ungaba nesiphetho esifanayo. Kodwa ngokokuqagela okwenziwe abacwaningi, lo mcimbi uzokwenzeka cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine.
Luselude ukhalo olusazohanjwa ngaphambi kokuba basho ngokunembile konke okungenzeka emhlabeni wethu, lapho nje ukubhidlika kwemithala kwenzeka.
Iyiphi i-quasar ekude kakhulu?
Iqembu lososayensi bamazwe ngamazwe likwazile ukuthola i-quasar ekude kakhulu nezindawo zokubuka eMhlabeni.
Into yasezulwini yaqanjwa ngokuthi i-ULAS J futhi ingama-light-year cishe ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-13 ukusuka eMhlabeni. Abacwaningi balinganisela ukuthi ubukhulu bomgodi omnyama okhona ku-quasar buphindwe izikhathi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili kuneLanga.
Ingabonwa ithimba labacwaningi, ngenxa yemishini yokubuka etholakalayo e-European Southern Observatory. LOKHO. Nakuba izinto ezikude kakhulu ziye zabonwa, i-ULAS J1120 inomfutho omkhulu ekukhanyeni kwayo.
Isici sale quasar esanda kutholwa ukuthi ngenxa yokukhanya kwayo, iziphatha njengendlu yesibani esikhulu esikwazi ukukhanyisa izindawo eziseduze nayo ngaphandle kwenkinga.
Izimbobo ezimnyama
Kuthiwa umgodi omnyama uwukwakheka okwenzeka endaweni ye-Universe nokuthi ukusuka kuyo, akukho lutho olungenayo olungaphuma. Ngenxa yokumuncwa okukhiqizwa ngaphakathi komgogodla wayo.
Ukube bekunjalo ukuthi isisindo sawo sikhulu ngokwedlulele, amandla adonsela phansi ngabe anda ngesilinganiso esifanayo, abangele ukukhanga kwayo yonke into.
Uma isizikhangile, iyaqhubeka nokumunca noma yini efika eduze nomgogodla wayo. Amandla ayo okumunca anamandla kangangokuthi iyakwazi ukucupha futhi ihlanganise ukukhanya. Umnyombo womgodi wondliwa yikho konke okuwela kuwo futhi kubangela ukwanda kwesisindo namandla adonsela phansi.
Ukuziqeqesha
Inqubo yokuqothulwa kwezinkanyezi ezinkulu, iqala ukwakheka kwezimbobo ezimnyama. Ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphezulu akhona kunkanyezi esebenzayo, ukwanda kwenkanyezi kwenzeka, kulinganisa amandla ayo adonsela phansi nalokhu.
Kodwa lo mphumela uyahlehliswa, lapho umnyombo usuphole. Okusho ukuthi, inkanyezi yenza izinkontileka.
Sazi nini ukuthi siphambi komgodi omnyama?
Kunzima kakhulu ukuzibona, ngenxa yokubonakala kwazo okuphansi noma okungekho. Ngenxa yokuthi ukukhanya okungatholakala eduze kwabo kuyamuncwa. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokwazi ngobukhona bawo ngomthelela amandla adonsela phansi anawo endaweni eyizungezile:
- Imizimba ethintwa amandla ayo adonsela phansi, ibhekana noshintsho ekuhambeni kwayo okujwayelekile.
- Ukuba khona kwayo kungase futhi kubikezelwe ngama-X-ray, akhishwa lapho indaba yayo, ngenxa yomphumela ofanayo wokukhanga, yanda.
Izici zemigodi emnyama
Ezinye zezici ezifanele kakhulu zalezi zinto zasemkhathini zibalulwe ngezansi:
- Amandla amakhulu adonsela phansi. Iqine kangangokuthi ngisho nokukhanya akukwazi ukuphunyuka kuyo.
- Isisindo sikhulu kakhulu kunokweLanga.
- Azinayo indawo eqinile.
- Ukukhishwa kwemisebe yayo kwaziwa nangokuthi imisebe ye-Hawking.
- Ngaphandle ayinazo izimpawu ezihlukile. Banesisindo kuphela, ukushaja kanye nomfutho we-angular.
- Zingaba maphakathi nemithala.
Izinhlobo
Njengamanje, ososayensi bakwazile ukunquma ukuthi zikhona izinhlobo ezintathu zezimbobo ezimnyama:
- I-Stellar: iyizimbobo ezimnyama, ezavela ekunyamaleni kwezinkanyezi ezinkulu.
- Amakhulu kakhulu: abonakala ngokuba nezixuku ezinkulu kunezeLanga, izikhathi eziyizigidi eziyi-10.000.
- I-Primordial: yilezo zimbobo ezivela ekukhuleni kwe-Universe.
izingxenye zomgodi omnyama
- umkhathizwe womcimbi.
- i-ergosphere.
- ISCO noma I-Innermost Stable Circular Orbit.
- i-accretion disk.
- Amajethi noma amajethi.
