Amadamu ayingxenye yesimo sansuku zonke saseSpain, yize evame ukunganakwa kuze kube yilapho... isomiso eside noma imvula enkulu Futhi baphinda baba yizindaba ezisematheni. Ngemuva kwawo wonke amanzi abanjwe yidamu kukhona ubunjiniyela, ukuphathwa kwemithombo yamanzi, ukuphepha, kanye nomlando omkhulu, kusukela ezakhiweni zamaRoma kuya kumaphrojekthi amakhulu ekhulu lama-20.
Kulolu hambo sizobona ngokuningiliziwe Amadamu asatshalaliswa kanjani eSpain, okuyiwona amakhulu kunawo wonke, asetshenziswa kanjani, futhi yiziphi izinkinga abhekene nazo? nokuthi ungahlola kanjani amazinga awo ngesikhathi sangempela. Sizophinde sibukeze eminye imiqondo eyisisekelo yesimo samanzi kanye namaqiniso athakazelisayo ngamadamu adumile, asebenzisa ulimi olufinyeleleka kalula olwenzelwe ukuqondwa yinoma ubani, kusukela kulabo abalungiselela ukuhlolwa kwesimo samanzi kuya kulabo abafuna nje ukwazi ukuthi kwenzekani ngamanzi abo ompompi.
Iyini ichibi futhi lihluke kanjani echibini, ethangini noma echibini?
Olimini lwansuku zonke, sivame ukusebenzisa amagama afana ne-reservoir, i-swamp, noma ichibi elenziwe ngokushintshana, kodwa kwezezwe kanye nobunjiniyela kunezimo ezihlukile. Kalula nje, i-a Idamu liyiqoqo lamanzi agcinwa yidamu elakhiwe emfuleni. noma umfudlana, ukuvala isigodi ngokuphelele noma ingxenye yaso ukuze kugcinwe lowo mthombo.
Ngokusho kwencazelo ye-National Geographic Institute, ichibi liyi- "ukuqongelela kwamanzi okukhiqizwa isakhiwo esisembhedeni womfula wamanzi"Lokhu kuhlale kuhilela isakhiwo esenziwe umuntu (idamu) kanye nomfula noma umhosha ongaphambi kwawo. Amanzi agcinwa phezulu kwedamu, akha ichibi lokwenziwa elinobukhulu obuhlukahluka kuye ngomthamo wedamu, indawo yalo, kanye nomthamo wamanzi agciniwe.
Leli gama lisetshenziswa kakhulu eSpain. ixhaphoziNgobuchwepheshe, ixhaphozi lihlotshaniswa ne- ukucindezeleka lapho amanzi ehlala khona ngokwemvelo, enezinsini ezinodaka kanye nokujula okungajulileKodwa-ke, olimini oludumile, igama elithi "amaxhaphozi" lisetshenziswa ngokushintshana ukubhekisela ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi zokwenziwa, yingakho kudideka okuvamile.
Ngaphansi kwamachibi, ngobukhulu kanye nokusebenza kwawo, sithola amachibi okugcina amanzi namachibiAmadamu okugcina amanzi ngokuvamile agcina amanzi okuphuza anele ukusetshenziswa kosuku olulodwa noma ezimbili kubantu. Asebenza ukulawula ukusebenza kwamaphampu futhi avimbele amanzi ukuthi ageleze ngqo esuka emthonjeni aye kunethiwekhi yamaphayiphi.
Amadamu aphakeme yiwona abonakala kakhulu: akhiwe ezindaweni ezisicaba ukuze phakamisa amanzi bese unikeza ingcindezi kunethiwekhiKuwo wonke amamitha ayi-10 okuphakama, cishe umoya owodwa wokucindezela uyanda, futhi inethiwekhi evamile yasemadolobheni idinga phakathi kwemimoya emibili nemithathu ukuze isebenze ngokujwayelekile. Yingakho kungavamile ukubona amathangi amanzi angaba amamitha angamashumi amabili ukuphakama emadolobheni nasemadolobheni.
Ama-raft, ngokwawo, anjalo amadamu amanzi avulekile, ngokuvamile amancane noma aphakathi nendawoLawa matanki asetshenziswa kakhulu ukulawula ukunisela kwezolimo. Ngokuvamile anamakhono angavamile ukudlula i-cubic hectometer eyi-1 (hm³) futhi avumela ukuphathwa kwamashejuli okunisela noma ukugcinwa kwamanzi avela ekudlulisweni noma emithonjeni.
Umthamo wokugcina amanzi eSpain kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwendawo
ISpain ingenye yamazwe aseYurophu anenani elikhulu lamadamu namachibi. Kuyo yonke izwe kukhona amadamu amakhulu angaphezu kuka-350ikwazi ukugcina cishe ama-cubic hectometer angu-54.000-56.000 amanzi (hm³), okulingana cishe ne- 50% wokugeleza komfula egeleza emifuleni yaseSpain.
Lo mthamo omkhulu wokugcina izinto awuyona into eyenzeka ngenkani. Ezweni elinomthamo omkhulu wokugcina izinto isimo sezulu saseMedithera esingajwayelekile kakhuluNgeminyaka emanzi neyomile eshintshashintshayo, amadamu okugcina amanzi ayi-"storage" enkulu evumela inani labantu ukuthi linikezwe, izitshalo ziniselwe, izimboni ziqhubeke, kukhiqizwe amandla kagesi kanye neziqongo zezikhukhula.
Uma sibheka ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo, umphakathi onekhono elikhulu lokugcina amanzi eSpain yilona Extremadura, cishe nge-14.225 hm³. Ilandelwa eduze yi I-Andalusia, cishe i-11.385 hm³, kanye UCastile noLeonenomthamo ongaba ngu-8.305 hm³. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umphakathi onekhono elincane kakhulu ledamu La Rioja, okungafinyeleli ku-136 hm³.
Ezingeni lesifundazwe, kuvelele ikakhulukazi Badajoz, okuyisifundazwe esinamanzi agcinwe kakhulu eSpain, cishe angu-6.939 hm³. Ilandelwa yiCáceres, cishe engu-5.890 hm³, kanye neCórdoba, engaphezu kuka-3.200 hm³. Ngokuphambene nalokho, Valladolid Iqoqa kancane ama-hm³ angu-6 omthamo wayo, okubonisa ukungalingani okukhulu ngokwendawo maqondana nengqalasizinda yokugcina izinto.
Sekukonke, uhlelo oluthi Ihlanganisa cishe ingxenye yokugeleza komfula futhi okuvumele ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo ezinkulu eziniselwayo kanye namanzi okuphuza aqinisekisiwe kubantu abaningi, ngaphandle kwala machibi, ababezobhekana nokuncipha njalo ngesikhathi sesomiso.
Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwamachibi: amanzi, amandla kanye nokulawula izikhukhula
Amadamu okugcina amanzi asebenza imisebenzi eminingana ngesikhathi esisodwa, evame ukuhlanganiswa ngaphakathi kohlelo olulodwa. Ukusetshenziswa okusobala kakhulu yi- ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi okuphuza emadolobheni nasemadolobheni amancaneAmadamu amaningi amakhulu axhunywe kumanethiwekhi okusabalalisa amanzi anikeza izigidi zabantu amanzi okuphuza.
Okunye ukusetshenziswa okubalulekile yi- ukuchelela kwezolimoIzinhlelo zokunisela zanamuhla zincike ekuhlinzekweni kwamanzi okuzinzile, okungenzeka kuphela uma ukugeleza kwemvelo kwemifula kulawulwa amadamu nemisele. Ezindaweni eziningi zangaphakathi naseningizimu yeNhlonhlo yase-Iberia, ezolimo eziqinile bezingeke zibe khona ngaphandle kwalolu nethiwekhi lwamachibi.
Okwesithathu, izindawo eziningi zokugcina amanzi ziyasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza amandla kagesi wamanziUkwehla kwezinga lamanzi phakathi kwedamu kanye nesitshalo sikagesi kuvumela ama-turbine ukuthi aqhutshwe, akhiqize ugesi ovuselelekayo. Kwezinye izimo, amadamu amaningana alandelanayo emfuleni ofanayo akha "izinyathelo" zangempela zikagesi wamanzi.
Akufanele sikhohlwe umsebenzi we ukuzivikela kwezikhukhulaAmadamu amaningi aklanyelwe ukulawula izikhukhula: lapho kwenzeka ukwenyuka okungazelelwe kwamanzi, idamu ligcina ingxenye enkulu yokugeleza kwamanzi aphezulu futhi liyikhiphe kancane kancane. Ngale ndlela, ingozi yokugcwala kwamanzi emfuleni incishisiweukuvikela abantu, ingqalasizinda kanye namasimu alinyiwe.
Okokugcina, amanye amadamu adlala indima ebalulekile ukupholisa isitshalo samandla enuziIsibonelo, izindawo zokugcina amanzi ezipholisa isitshalo samandla enuzi i-Almaraz eMfuleni iTagus zisebenza njengamaphaphu amakhulu amanzi amunca ukushisa okuvela esifundeni sokupholisa. Ngokuphambene nalokho, iVandellós II ihlukile eSpain, njengoba ipholiswa ngqo ngamanzi olwandle hhayi yidamu langaphakathi.
Indlela yokuhlola izinga lamanje lamachibi eSpain
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukuhlola amazinga edamu sekuthandwa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sesomiso. Uma ufuna ukwazi Yimaphi amaphesenti amanzi atholakala echibini ngalinye noma endaweni ngayinye yamanziKunemithombo eminingana esemthethweni kanye nama-portal akhethekile lapho ungabona khona ulwazi ngokucacile.
Inkomba eyisisekelo ithi Idatha.gob.esIngosi yedatha evulekile kahulumeni waseSpain ishicilela, phakathi kwamanye amasethi amaningi edatha, lawo ahlobene namachibi kazwelonke. Iwumthombo ophelele kakhulu futhi oqinile, owenzelwe abasebenzisi abanamakhono athile okuphatha idatha noma intshisekelo yobuchwepheshe, ngakho-ke ingaba yinkimbinkimbi uma ufuna ukubuka konke okusheshayo.
Iwebhusayithi nayo iwusizo kakhulu. RTVE, enikeza imibiko ngezikhathi ezithile ene- Amamephu asebenzisanayo wamazinga edamuLokhu kufaka phakathi amashadi abonisa izitayela kanye nokuqhathaniswa nesilinganiso seminyaka yamuva. Ngokuvamile zibonakala futhi kulula ukuzifunda, zilungele ukuqonda isimo sonke ngokushesha.
Enye i-portal eyaziwayo yile Izindawo zokugcina amanzi.netLe webhusayithi igxile ekuqoqeni nasekuboniseni isimo samachibi aseSpain. Iveza idatha ngesigodi somfula, umphakathi ozimele, kanye nedamu ngalinye, okuhlanganisa amaphesenti okugcwalisa, amavolumu kumagrafu e-hm³ kanye nokuvela kwemveloKungenye yezinketho ezicacile kumsebenzisi ojwayelekile.
Isayithi iAgua.es Iphinde inikeze ulwazi oluhlanganisiwe ngesimo samachibi eSpain, yize ngendlela ebanzi kakhulu. Ngokuvamile igxila ekuhlaziyeni nasezindabeni ezivela emkhakheni wamanzi, kufaka phakathi izifinyezo zesimo samanzi kanye nemithombo yamanzi etholakalayo.
Isinyathelo ngesinyathelo: isibonelo esisebenzayo nge-Embalses.net
Nakuba kunamakhasi amaningana awusizo, elinye lamakhasi alula kakhulu emphakathini jikelele yileli Izindawo zokugcina amanzi.netUma ungena ekhasini labo eliyisiqalo, uzobona, phakathi nendawo, isifinyezo esikhulu esine- amanzi aphelele agcinwe emachibini eSpain, ivezwa kokubili ku-hm³ kanye nanjengephesenti lomthamo omkhulu.
Ngakwesobunxele kukhona iphaneli enamamenyu okwandisa ulwazi, kodwa udinga nje ukuskrola phansi kancane ukuze uthole Imephu yeSpain ngemiphakathi ezimeleUmphakathi ngamunye unombala ngokwephesenti lamanzi owagcinile ngaleso sikhathi, ngakho-ke uthola umbono osheshayo: imibala emnyama ikhombisa izindawo zokugcina amanzi ezigcwele, imibala ekhanyayo ikhombisa ukuntuleka okulinganiselwe.
Uma uchofoza emphakathini ozimele onentshisekelo kuwo, ikhasi elino- idatha eningiliziwe evela kuleso sifunda: iphesenti lamanzi agciniwe, uma kuqhathaniswa nesonto eledlule, ngesilinganiso seminyaka eyi-10 edlule, ngisho nangenani lonyaka odlule kulezi zinsuku ezifanayo.
Ukusuka lapho ungaya phansi kancane bese uthola uhlu ngezifundazwe ngaphakathi kwaleso sifunda. Ukuchofoza esifundazweni kuvula ikhasi elisha elinemephu ethile ekhombisa amachibi ahlukene kanye namageyiji emvula endaweni. Amachibi amelelwa yizithonjana ezimise okweconsi.
Ukuchofoza ethonsini ledamu elithile kuvula ikhadi eline- iphesenti eliqondile lokugcwalisa, umthamo wamanzi, kanye namagrafu ethrendi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedluleNgokuphinda le nqubo ngezifundazwe noma amadamu ahlukene, ungathola umbono onembile kakhulu ngesimo samanzi kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yezwe.
Isimo sakamuva sendawo yokugcina amanzi: ukwanda kanye nokungafani
Uma kuvela izimvula eziningana, noma uma kunentwasahlobo enemvula, umphumela emadamini uba mkhulu kakhulu. Kube nezimo lapho, nje amasonto amathathu emvula eqhubekayoIndawo yokugcina amanzi ithole ukusimama okucishe kube “yisimangaliso”.
Kwesinye salezi ziqephu zakamuva, izinga lilonke lamachibi eSpain lalicishe libe 71,2% wamandla ayo onkeNgemva kokuthola amaphuzu angu-5,4% ezinsukwini eziyisikhombisa nje. Uma sibheka kuphela izindawo zokugcina amanzi ezisetshenziswa ngokudla (lezo ezenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ngabantu kanye nezolimo), indawo yokugcina amanzi ifinyelele cishe ku-66,6% wamandla ayo.
Leyo datha yayibaluleke kakhulu ngoba yayitholakala Amaphuzu ayi-12 ngaphezu kwesilinganiso seminyaka eyishumi edluleokwakucishe kube ngu-54,4%. Uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esifanayo sonyaka odlule, umehluko wawumangalisa nakakhulu: izindawo zokugcina amanzi ngaleso sikhathi zazicishe zibe ngu-46,5%, okungukuthi, cishe amaphuzu angu-20 ngaphansi.
Phakathi nesikhathi semvula eningi, nxazonke kwe- Ama-68% ezindawo zokugcina amanzi ezingama-374 kule nhlonhlo Babonise amazinga aphezulu kunesilinganiso seminyaka eyishumi edlule. Endabeni yamadamu anikezelwe ekuhlinzekweni kwabantu (amadamu angaba ngu-281), iphesenti elalingaphezu kwesilinganiso sangaphambilini lenyuke laya ku-71%.
Lesi simo savumela ukuncishiswa kwemingcele ezindaweni eziningana. Isibonelo, I-Segura Hydrographic Confederation Yanquma ukunciphisa kakhulu ukuncishiswa kwamanzi okunisela ngemva kokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthamo wamanzi agcinwe ezindlini zokugcina amanzi ukhuphuke cishe ngama-100 hm³. Imikhawulo yokunisela kwendabuko isuke cishe ku-40% yaya ngaphezu kwama-20%, kanti ekuniseleni okungeyona eyendabuko yehlisiwe kusukela cishe ku-57% yaya cishe ku-33%.
Izibonelo ezithile: kusukela ku-Entrepeñas naseBuendía kuya eSeville nase-Iznájar
Phakathi kwamachibi adonsela ukunaka okukhulu kulezi zimo, ichibi le- Ama-EntrepeñasEGuadalajara. Ngesinye salezi zikhathi zemvula eningi, yagcina cishe ama-hm³ angu-691 ku-813, okusho ukuthi yayikhona Amaphuzu angu-45 ngaphezu kwezinga layo elijwayelekile leminyaka eyishumi edluleUshintsho olukhulu kusukela eminyakeni yesomiso, lapho isithombe saso sasikhathaza kakhulu.
Izinga e-Entrepeñas lifinyelele eqophelweni eliphezulu kangangokuthi, okokuqala cishe cishe iminyaka 28Umsele oxhumanisa nedamu wavulwa Usuku oluhleokuvame ukudinga kakhulu izinsiza. Ukudluliswa phakathi kwalezi ezimbili kwakucishe kube yi-3,5 hm³ yamanzi ngosuku, okungukuthi, ngaphezu kwe-100 hm³ ngenyanga, okwasiza ekulinganiseni isimo phakathi kwamachibi amabili amakhulu ohlelo olwaziwa ngokuthi "ULwandle lwaseCastile".
Esinye isibonelo esiphawulekayo senzeka ku- ingxenye esentshonalanga ye-Andalusiaikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezihlinzeka ngeSeville. Kusukela maphakathi noFebhuwari, lezi zindawo zokugcina amanzi ziqongelele cishe ama-hm³ angu-623,6 amanzi, umthamo olingana no- ukusetshenziswa kwendawo yonke yedolobha phakathi nonyaka ogcwele, ngokusho kwenkampani yomphakathi i-Emasesa.
Ngenxa yalezo zimvula, amadamu ahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo eSeville kanye nomasipala abayishumi nanye abaxhunywe kunethiwekhi yayo afinyelele cishe ku- 97% womthamo wayo omkhuluLe nkampani ilinganisele ukuthi, ngalawo manzi, ukutholakala kwawo kungaqinisekiswa iminyaka engaba yisithupha, isimo esihluke kakhulu kunonyaka odlule, lapho ngaleso sikhathi inani eligciniwe lalicishe lifinyelele ku-48%.
Kodwa-ke, isimo asifani kulo lonke isigodi saseGuadalquivir. IznajarIdamu elikhulu kunawo wonke e-Andalusia kanye nelesithupha ngobukhulu eSpain ngokusetshenziswa kwamanzi, lalicishe libe ngu-28,2% wamandla alo, cishe ngamaphuzu ayisithupha ngaphezu konyaka odlule kodwa namanje cishe amaphuzu ayi-16 ngaphansi kwesilinganiso sawo eminyakeni eyishumi edluleIsigodi saseSegura siphinde sabonisa umehluko, lapho amadamu anjengeCenajo engaphansi kwamazinga angalindelwa ngonyaka ojwayelekile.
Amadamu anokuntuleka kwamanzi kanye nezindawo ezisengozini kakhulu
Naphezu kokuthuthuka ngezikhathi ezithile, ngisho nangezikhathi zemvula kuvame ukuba neziziba ezingaphezu kwekhulu ezisele isimo sokuntuleka kwemaliUkubalwa kwamuva nje kwembule ukuthi kunezindawo zokugcina amanzi ezingaphezu kwe-100 ezingaphansi kwesilinganiso sangaphambilini, lapho ezingama-81 kuzo zazisetshenziswa kakhulu emanzini okuphuza.
Izindawo ezinezinkinga eziningi zivame ukugxila kakhulu ingxenye esempumalanga ye-Andalusia (kufaka phakathi izigodi zaseGuadalquivir eziphezulu kanye nezigodi zaseSegura) kanye nase- izitsha zangaphakathi zaseCataloniaKulesi sifunda sokugcina, yize amanye amadamu ethuthukile uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka odlule, asekude kakhulu namazinga ajwayelekile ale minyaka eyishumi.
Isibonelo esichazayo yichibi lase- I-SusquestaIsifunda esikhulu kunazo zonke sangaphakathi saseCatalan, esinomthamo ongaba ngu-233 hm³, ngesinye isikhathi safinyelela cishe ku-42,9% womthamo waso, okuphindwe kabili inani lamanzi esasiwaphethe ngesikhathi esifanayo ngonyaka odlule, kodwa sasalokhu... amaphuzu angaphezu kwama-24 ngaphansi kwesilinganiso sayo somlando yeminyaka eyishumi edlule.
Lokhu kungalingani kugqamisa ukuthi, yize ibhalansi kazwelonke ingaba yinhle, Ukuphathwa kwamanzi akungalingani kakhulu kuye ngokuthi indawo ikuphi kanye nesimo sezulu sendawo ngayinye. Yingakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba namathuluzi okuqapha kanye nezinqubomgomo zokonga kanye nokusebenza kahle, ngisho noma amamephu ebonakala "eluhlaza" ezweni lonke.
Amadamu amakhulu ayishumi eSpain
Uma sigxila ezikhulwini ezinkulu zesimiso, iSpain inezindawo ezimbalwa zokugcina amanzi ezivelele ngaphezu kwezinye. Ziyizilwandle zangaphakathi ezweni, ngenxa yobukhulu bazo kanye namandla azo, ezidlala indima ebalulekile ekuphathweni kwamanzi kanye namandla.
Idamu le- La Serena[Okungacacile] esifundazweni saseBadajoz (Extremadura) kuhamba phambili ohlwini. Yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1989 futhi ingagcina cishe yonke indawo Amanzi angu-3.220 hm³Lokhu kwenza kungabi nje kuphela ukuthi ibe yidamu elikhulu kunawo wonke eSpain kodwa futhi libe ngelinye lamakhulu kunawo wonke eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ukuze sikunike umbono, lelo nani linganikeza sonke isifunda sase-Extremadura iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30.
Iseduze kakhulu ngomthamo wayo i-reservoir I-AlcantaraFuthi e-Extremadura, kodwa esifundazweni saseCáceres. Yaqedwa ngo-1969 futhi inamandla okuthwala cishe 3.162 hm³Ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwayo, yayiyidamu lamanzi lesibili ngobukhulu eYurophu, futhi iseyisici esibalulekile ekulawulweni koMfula iTagus kanye nasekukhiqizweni kukagesi ngamanzi.
I-colossus yesithathu enkulu iyisitsha se- I-almondeSalamanca. Ngaphezu komthamo wayo omkhulu, oseduze 2.648 hm³Kuyaphawuleka ngoba idamu layo liphakeme kunawo wonke eSpain, cishe ngamamitha angu-202 ukuphakama. Leli chibi lihlanganisa amahektha angaba ngu-8.650, okuhlanganisa nomzila wemvelo woMfula iTormes kanye nezindawo ezinkulu ezigcwele amanzi.
Ngemva kwalokhu, sithola idamu le- Usuku oluhle, eGuadalajara, idamu layo elavulwa ngo-1958. Lingagcina yonke indawo Amanzi angu-1.638 hm³ futhi, kanye ne-Entrepeñas, iBolarque, iZorita kanye ne-Almoguera, yakha ingxenye yesistimu eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi "uLwandle lwaseCastile", oluyisisekelo sokudluliselwa kwamanzi eTajo-Segura kanye nokusetshenziswa kwendawo.
Isikhundla sesihlanu sivame ukuhlala echibini le- I-Mequinenza, esifundazweni saseZaragoza, esaziwa nangokuthi "ULwandle lwase-Aragon"Yakhiwa ngo-1966, umthamo wayo ungaba ngu-1.530 hm³, futhi isibe yindawo ebalulekile yokudoba ezemidlalo kanye nezokuvakasha zasekhaya.
Ngemuva kwazo kuza amanye amagama amakhulu: ichibi le- i-cijara, emngceleni ophakathi kweCáceres neBadajoz, cishe i-1.505 hm³; ichibi lamanzi AmaValdecaña, eCáceres, enendawo engaba amahektha angu-7.300 kanye nomthamo ongu-1.446 hm³; I-Ricobayo, eZamora, yaqedwa ngo-1935 cishe nge-1.200 hm³; kanye I-AlarconE-Cuenca, engama-1.112 hm³ futhi ngemuva kwayo kunomsele lapho amanzi e-Tagus-Segura ehlangana khona nalawo ase-Júcar.
Idamu livala lolu hlu IznajarLeli chibi eliseCórdoba, elaqedwa ngo-1969 futhi elinamandla angaba ngu-981 hm³, liphethe igama lechibi elikhulu kunawo wonke e-Andalusia. Ngaphandle kohlu, ukuqoqwa kwala machibi amakhulu kubonisa i-geography yaseSpain iguqulwe ngezinga elingakanani ngokwakhiwa kwamadamu ekhulwini elidlule.
Amadamu ngokwezifunda: i-Extremadura, iMeseta, i-Andalusia kanye ne-peninsula esenyakatho
Uma sibheka izindawo ezithile, imephu yamachibi eSpain iba mnandi nakakhulu. ExtremaduraIsibonelo, amanzi amachibi ayisici esiyinhloko somnotho. Ngaphezu kweLa Serena neCijara, lesi sifunda sine [idama/idama] elishiwo ngenhla. AmaValdecaña, enye yezindawo zokugcina amanzi ezinkulu kakhulu esigodini saseTagus enamahekthare angu-7.300 omhlaba wamanzi, asetshenziselwa ukunisela, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezokuzijabulisa.
Esifundeni saseMeseta, ngaphezu kweBuendía, amanye amachibi aphawulekayo afaka phakathi elase- I-Alarcon, etholakala esifundazweni saseCuenca. Umthamo wayo ungama-1.112 hm³, futhi ekugcineni kwayo okude kakhulu nedamu kulapho Umsele wokudlulisa amanzi waseTagus-Segura Ixuba amanzi ayo nokugeleza koMfula iJúcar, okuyindawo ebalulekile ekuphathweni kwamanzi phakathi kwezizinda.
Uma siqhubeka eduze kweMeseta, sithola ichibi le- I-NavacerradaItholakala eMphakathini waseMadrid, endaweni ephakeme cishe ngamamitha ayi-1.200 futhi iseduze kakhulu nendawo yokushushuluza edume kakhulu enegama elifanayo. Nakuba ingeyona enkulu kunazo zonke ngobukhulu, ibaluleke kakhulu ku- ukuhlinzekwa kwezintaba kanye nengxenye yenhloko-dolobhakanye nokuba yindawo evame ukuhanjelwa abantu abahamba ngezinyawo nabathandi bemvelo.
Engxenyeni esenyakatho yeNhlonhlo yase-Iberia, ichibi le- I-Ullíbarri-GamboaIchibi elise-Álava lingenye yezindawo eziphawulekayo kakhulu. Lihlinzeka ngamanzi kokubili eVitoria-Gasteiz kanye, ngokwengxenye, endaweni yaseBilbao. Ngaphezu kwalokho, seliyindawo yokuzilibazisa ethandwa kakhulu, ene amabhishi amaphakathi nezwe eLanda naseGaraio kanye nezindawo eziningi zemvelo zokubhukuda nezemidlalo zasemanzini.
Uma sibheka enyakatho-mpumalanga, eCatalonia, inxusa lase-Ulldecona (eMfuleni iSénia) esinye isibonelo esithakazelisayo. Idamu layo liqanjwe ngokuthi ukwakhiwa kwalo kwaxhaswa ngabalimi basedolobheni lase-Ulldecona, futhi indawo ezungezile isibe yindawo enokuthula kakhulu, enezindawo zokuhlala ezindala njengedolobhana laseMangraner elahliwe ogwini lwalo olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga.
Amadamu ase-Andalusia kanye nezindawo ezihlukile
I-Andalusia inohlu olude lwamachibi, ngaphezu komsebenzi wawo wamanzi, aguqulwe aba izindawo zomhlaba ezisezingeni eliphezuluEziningi zazo ziphinde zahlolwa njengezindawo zokuvakasha zasekhaya, ezemidlalo zasemanzini kanye nemisebenzi yangaphandle.
Enye yezinto eziphawuleka kakhulu yi- I-NegratínLeli chibi, elitholakala esifundazweni saseGranada, ngaphakathi komasipala waseFreila, linendawo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka emangalisayo evelele endaweni ewugwadule enezigodi nezindawo ezimbi, okwenza kube indawo ekhangayo kakhulu. Izivakashi zingajabulela ukuhamba ngezikebhe, ukuhamba ngezikebhe ezincane, noma ukuphumula nje ezindaweni zalo zokubona kanye nezindawo zokubhukuda ezikhethiwe.
Esifundeni saseMalaga, ichibi le- I-La Viñuela Yadalwa maphakathi nawo-80 ngemuva kokuba imifula iGuaro, iVélez, kanye neSeco ivinjiwe. Iyindawo ebalulekile yokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi kanye nokunisela esifundeni sase-Axarquía. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isithandwa njengendawo phola ehlobo futhi uzijwayeze imidlalo yasemanziniI-Carp yafakwa emanzini ayo ukusiza ukugcina ukhula lwasemanzini lulawulwa, isibonelo sokuphathwa kwezinto eziphilayo okuphikiswana ngakho kodwa okuvamile kulezi zinhlobo zezindawo.
Lokhu okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla Idamu lase-IznájarIhamba phakathi kweCórdoba, iMálaga, neGranada, yize ingaphansi kwesifundazwe saseCórdoba, iyona enkulu kunazo zonke e-Andalusia. Ubukhulu bayo nendawo yayo eMfuleni iGenil kuyenza ibe yingxenye ebalulekile yesigodi saseGuadalquivir, ngaphezu kokunikeza amabhishi angaphakathi nezwe nezindawo zokuzijabulisa kugcwele kakhulu ehlobo.
Esifundazweni saseZamora, nakuba singaphandle kwesifunda sase-Andalusia, ichibi lase- I-Ricobayo Inikeza esinye isibonelo sedamu lomlando. Laqedwa ngo-1935, lingagcina cishe ama-hm³ ayi-1.200, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwalo kwamandla kagesi kwaphawula intuthuko yamandla yalesi sifunda ingxenye enkulu yekhulu lama-20, kanye nendawo eguqulwe kakhulu ubuso bamanzi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, omncane Idamu laseCerveraNjengoba inomthamo ongama-10 million m³ (0,01 hm³), ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi incane kunazo zonke ohlwini lwamachibi aseSpain. Lokhu kuhluke kakhulu kuma-giants afana neLa Serena noma i-Alcántara, futhi kubonisa lokho. Akuwona wonke amadamu ahloselwe ukuba amaphrojekthi amakhulu obunjiniyela be-hydraulic.Eziningi zifeza imisebenzi yendawo kodwa ebaluleke ngokulinganayo.
Umlando kanye nezinto ezimangalisayo zamadamu afanekisayo
Ngale kwezinombolo, amadamu amaningi aseSpain afihla izindaba eziyingqayizivele. Esinye sezimangalisa kakhulu yileso sedamu lase I-Proserpina, eMérida (Extremadura), ebhekwa njengenye ye Amadamu okugcina amanzi asebenzayo amadala kunawo wonke eYurophuYakhiwa amaRoma eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-2.000 eyedlule ukuze ihlinzeke idolobha lasendulo lase-Augusta Emerita futhi isasetshenziswa nanamuhla, ihambisana nemithetho yesimanje, njengomthombo wamanzi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi lomugqa wesikhathi, amadamu afana La Serena, Alcántara noma Almendra Zimelela igagasi elikhulu lamaphrojekthi obunjiniyela be-hydraulic eSpain yekhulu lama-20. Eziningi zazo zakhiwa maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, zihambisana nezinhlelo zokunisela kanye nokufaka ugesi. IDamu lase-Almendra, elinokuphakama kwalo okungaphezu kwamamitha angu-200, liwuphawu lwalobu bunjiniyela obukhulu.
Futhi akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi, ngaphezu kwendima yazo yokusebenza, kunezindawo eziningi zokugcina amanzi ezibambayo. iziqhingi, amadolobhana angaphansi kwamanzi kanye nezinsalela zefa Eziye zacwiliswa. Ngezikhathi zesomiso esibi kakhulu, ezinye zalezi zinsalela ziyavela futhi, izinyanga ezimbalwa, zibe izindawo ezingalindelekile kubabukeli nabathwebuli bezithombe abanelukuluku, yize futhi zivusa impikiswano mayelana nenkumbulo yomlando kanye nefa.
Emkhakheni wezemfundo, amadamu okugcina amanzi asephenduke umthombo ovamile emakilasini. I-Geography yaseSpain ye-ESO ne-BachilleratoAmamephu kanye nezithombe ezichazayo zichaza imiqondo efana nokukhukhula, ukunciphisa ukukhukhula, ukugcwala, isigodi somfula, kanye nokudluliswa kwamanzi. Kuze kwavela nezicelo, njengokuthi I-APPangea, igxile ekufundeni ukuthola imifula, izimo zomhlaba, amazwe noma izinhloko-dolobha, ngamayunithi athile ngezihloko ezinjengamanzi (SDG 6), umlando waseRoma noma iNkathi Ephakathi eSpain.
Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe, indawo, umlando, kanye nemfundo kwenza izindawo zokugcina amanzi zibe okungaphezu nje "kwamatangi amanzi amakhulu." Empeleni, zakha enye yengqalasizinda ebaluleke kakhulu yokuqonda ukuthi indawo yaseSpain isebenza kanjanikusukela ezintweni ezisetshenziswa nsuku zonke kuya ekuphenduleni izimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu.
Uhlu olusemthethweni lwamadamu kanye nokuphathwa kokuphepha
Ngemuva kwedamu ngalinye kunenqwaba yolwazi lobuchwepheshe olungavami ukufinyelela emphakathini kodwa olubalulekile ekuphathweni kwalo ngokuphephile. ESpain, kukhona Uhlu lwamadamu namachibi okugcina amanzi lapho, ngengqalasizinda ngayinye, indawo yayo, izici zesitsha, amandla okugcina, isimo semibhalo yokuphepha, idatha yomklamo, izithombe kanye namapulani kuqoqwa khona.
Lolu hlu lwezinto ezigciniwe, oluphethwe ezingeni likahulumeni, lusebenza njengethuluzi ukulawula nokuhlelaIkuvumela ukuthi wazi ukuthi yimaphi amadamu adinga ukuhlolwa, ukuthi yimaphi amadamu anemikhawulo yokusebenza, ukuthi asatshalaliswa kanjani emigodini yemifula, noma ukuthi agcina amandla angakanani asebenzayo ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yokwakheka kwenhlabathi.
Kubasebenzisi abavamile, iningi lale datha lihunyushwa libe amamephu alula, amashadi, kanye nezifinyezo, kodwa kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ngemuva kwenani ngalinye lamaphesenti okugcwalisa, kunokuningi kulo. izinqubo zokuphepha, izinhlelo eziphuthumayo kanye nemithethonqubo eqinile kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amadamu asebenza kahle ngisho nasezimweni ezimbi kakhulu.
Uma kubhekwa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, njengoba kunezimvula ezingajwayelekile kanye nezimo zemvula ezinamandla kakhulu, lolu lwazi luba lubaluleke kakhulu. Amandla ezindawo zokugcina amanzi okunciphisa izikhukhula nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izindawo zokugcina amanzi zigcinwa ngesikhathi sesomiso azoncika kakhulu ku ukuthi lezi zingqalasizinda zivuselelwa futhi zinakekelwa kanjani nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuhlanganiswa kanjani nezinyathelo zokonga nokusebenza kahle kuzo zonke izinhlaka.
Lonke lolu chungechunge lwamadamu, amachibi, amachibi kanye namathangi ludweba isithombe seSpain lapho amanzi ekhona yonke indawo. ilawulwa ngokucophelela, igcinwe futhi ithuthwe ukuzama ukuvala isikhala sesimo sezulu esingaguquki kanye nezidingo ezikhulayo. Ukwazi ukuthi amachibi amakhulu akuphi, ukuthi angakanani amandla awo, ukuthi angahlolwa kanjani izinga lawo ngesikhathi sangempela nokuthi yiziphi izinkinga abhekene nazo ezitsheni ezahlukene kusenza siqonde kangcono ukuthi kungani amanye amamephu ebonakala enombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanti amanye, ngokuphambene nalokho, agcina amathoni athulisiwe kakhulu naphezu kweziqephu zemvula, futhi kusiza ukukhulisa ukuqwashisa ngokuthi yonke imitha eyi-cubic egciniwe ingumphumela wenhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi yemvelo, ubuchwepheshe kanye nezinqumo zezepolitiki.
