Ngezinye izikhathi kuye kwavezwa ngalokho inkanyezi ekumelelayo kanye nendlela eyakhiwe ngayo. Nokho, namuhla ngizoba nethuba lokukhuluma Amandla akhishwa izinkanyezi akhiqizwa kanjani? ukuba ngale ndlela ulwazi olwengeziwe olugxile kule ngxenye yecosmos.
Amandla akhishwa izinkanyezi akhiqizwa kanjani?
Ukuze usho ukuthi amandla akhishwa kanjani izinkanyezi Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka ngezindlela ezimbili:
1. Ngokuba khona kwama-photons
Imelela ama-photons amaningi emisebe kazibuthe, kusukela emisebeni ye-gamma enamandla kakhulu ukuya kumaza omsakazo angasebenzi kancane (ngisho nengxenye ebandayo ikhipha ama-photon; uma kubanda kwengxenye, ama-photon aba ntekenteke kakhulu). Ukukhanya okubonakalayo kuyingxenye yalezi zinhlobonhlobo ze-irradiation futhi kungabonwa ngezinhlobonhlobo izithombe zenkanyezi, okuthakazelisayo ukuqonda indlela amandla akhishwa izinkanyezi akhiqizwa ngayo.
2. Izinhlayiya ezingenasisindo
Ukumelela ezinye izinhlayiya ngaphandle kokuqoqwa, njengoba kunjalo nge-neutrinos nama-gravitons.
3. Izinhlayiya ezigcwele amandla aphezulu
Imele izinhlayiya ezishajwe ngamandla amakhulu, kodwa futhi nezibalo ezincane zama-nuclei ambalwa enuzi nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlayiya. Ziyimisebe yasezulwini, esikhumbuza ukubaluleka kwe izikhathi ze-meteor shower kumongo wokuthi amandla akhishwa izinkanyezi akhiqizwa kanjani.
iqiniso eliyimfihlakalo
Zonke lezi zinto eziveziwe (ama-neutrino, ama-graviton, ama-photon, ama-proton, phakathi kwezinye) ziqinile inqobo nje uma zivalekile endaweni. Zingahamba izigidigidi zeminyaka ngaphandle kokuthola imvume, okungenani ngokwazi kwethu.
Ngakho-ke, zonke lezi zintuli ezikhipha imisebe zihlala kuze kube umzuzu (noma ngabe zikude kangakanani) lapho zishayisana nohlobo oluthile lwento olucwilisa khona. Endabeni yama-photons, cishe noma yiziphi izinhlobo zendaba zivumelekile. Ama-proton asebenzayo asevele anzima kakhulu ukuwamisa nokucwiliswa, futhi ama-neutrino anzima nakakhulu. Ngokuqondene nama-gravitons, kuncane okwaziwayo ngokuqinisekile kuze kube manje. Ukuze ujule kulesi sici, kuyathakazelisa ukwazi yini i-antimatter.
Manje ake sicabange ukuthi i-cosmos yayihlala ezinkanyezini ezifakwe ohlelweni olungaguquki. Noma iyiphi i-athomu evezwa inkanyezi yayihambahamba endaweni ize ishayisane nokuthile (enye inkanyezi) futhi icwile. Izinhlayiya zazizohamba, futhi ekugcineni, ngayinye yazo yayizowathola wonke amandla eyayiwakhiphile. Kubonakala ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi indawo yonke kufanele ingashintshiwe unomphela.
Imiphumela lapho i-cosmos ingenakuguqulwa
Iqiniso lokuthi lokhu akunjalo kuholela ngezindlela ezintathu:
1. Umkhathi awenziwanga ngezinkanyezi kuphela
I-cosmos ayikhiwanga izinkanyezi nje kuphela kodwa futhi iqukethe inani elikhulu lezinto ezibandayo, kusukela ezinkanyezini ezimangalisayo kuya othulini lwasemkhathini. Lapho le nto ebandayo ithulisa utshani, buyabucwilisa futhi buveze amasaha anamandla amancane. Okubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi izinga lokushisa lezinto ezibandayo liyakhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuyilapho umkhathi onamandla wezinkanyezi uncipha, okuphambene nalokho okutholakele izici ze-cosmic.
2. Izinhlayiya azimuncwa nhlobo izinkanyezi
Ezinye zezinhlayiya (i-neutrinos kanye nama-graviton, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso) ezivezwa izinkanyezi futhi ngokufanayo nangezinye izinto eziwusizo zodaba zinokuthambekela okuncane ukuze zicwiliswe yizo kangangokuthi kusukela umkhathi ukhona zicwiliswe kuphela ikhomishini engabonakali. bona. Okufanelekile ukusho ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla aphelele ezinkanyezi ezihamba endaweni kuyakhula nokuthi ukuqonda okunamandla kwezinkanyezi kunciphisa.
3. I-cosmos iphumule
Kulokhu, kukhulunywa ngokunye ukuqonda: ukuthi unyaka ngamunye amandla amuncwa izinkanyezi mancane uma kuqhathaniswa namandla abonisiwe, njengoba kudingeka inani elengeziwe lamandla ukuze kugcwaliswe leso sikhala esingeziwe, esitholakala kubumnandi, nge-sawdust enamandla kuze kube yileso sikhathi ayizange ifakwe. Empeleni, imigodi emnyama ikhiqizwa kanjani Iphinde ibonise lokhu kuguquka kwamandla endaweni yonke, okuyisisekelo ekuqondeni Amandla akhishwa izinkanyezi akhiqizwa kanjani?.
Lolu lwazi lwakamuva lwanele ngokwalo. Uma nje i-cosmos iqhubeka nokusabalala, izophola njalo. Ngokweqiniso, lapho i-cosmos iqala ukubopha futhi (kucatshangwa ukuthi iyakwenza) isimo sizobe siphambene futhi sizoqala ukuphinde siphile futhi.
Olunye ucwaningo olumayelana nendlela amandla akhishwa izinkanyezi akhiqizwa ngayo
Kule mikhathi kukhona ukungalaleli kwe-athomu okuyiziqinisekiso zokwandiswa kokushisa nezinhlobo ezingalingani zemisebe. Ukuze amasu anjalo abonakale ngaphakathi kwe-eksisi yezinkanyezi, izimo ezithile zokungaguquguquki nezinga lokushisa endabeni yendawo kufanele zinikezwe.
Igesi ye-Hydrogen e-axis yabo kufanele ibe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu (ukungaguquguquki okuphezulu) ukuze amazinga okushisa aphezulu athuthukiswe kulesi sikhala, ekuhleleni amadigri ayizigidi ezingu-10 angenamibandela futhi kusukela kulokhu kuboniswa lapho ukungalaleli kwe-nuclear fusion kuzoboniswa, ngamunye kuzobangelwa ikholi ye-proton-proton chain, ehlala lapho ingxenye ye-hydrogen ihlangana ne-Hydrodrogens kancane kancane ihlanganisa i-Hydrogens i-constitution ye-Hydrogen. Le nqubo ifana nomjikelezo Wekhabhoni, into ethakazelisayo okufanele uyiqonde. yini i-astronomy nobuhlobo bayo ne Amandla akhishwa izinkanyezi akhiqizwa kanjani?.
Kulesi sifinyezo kukhululwe isamba esesabekayo sesenzo esimelela ubuningi bokushiswa kwemisebe; futhi ama-positron abangelwa kulokhu kungalaleli kwe-athomu ahlanganiswe nama-electron e-concurrence emkhathini futhi akha i-quanta eyengeziwe yokukhanya, okungukuthi, i-quanta yokukhanya, ehamba endaweni ye-spatial ngenani lika-300.000 km/sec.
Ezinye izindlela zokwenza i-helium
Kukhona enye indlela ethathelwe esikhundleni esetshenziswa yilezi zindawo zonke ukudala i-Helium evela ku-Hydrogen, kodwa ukuze lokhu kwenzeke, kudingeka amazinga okushisa ayizigidi eziyi-10. Ekuphikiseni, ama-athomu e-carbon, i-nitrogen noma umoya-mpilo asebenza njengama-ferments. Ama-ion e-hydrogen ahlanganiswe nedivayisi yekhabhoni futhi kwenziwa isifinyezo esiyinkimbinkimbi, esingeke sisixoxe ngokuhlonza.
Ikhabhoni, noma ekuwohlokeni kwayo ama-surplus compendiums aseshiwo kakade, ngeke ikubekezelele noma yikuphi ukuhlukahluka, azohambisa kafushane ukuguqulwa kweHydrogen ibe yiHelium, kukhulule, njengasekuqaleni, amandla anele okuba izinkanyezi zibe khona ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka. Ngalolu hlelo lwemibono, ngokufingqiwe, ndawonye, ama-sawdust e-subatomic afana nama-positron nama-neutrinos ayakhiwa: lawa ma-dessert athutha ingxenye yamandla.
Lokhu kuphazamiseka okwenzeka emazingeni okushisa aphakeme kangaka, kubonakala njengomjikelezo weCarbon, isifinyezo esingaceli lesi simo kuphela kodwa esilungele izinkanyezi ezibekezelele inqubekelaphambili ethile, njengoba lezo ezijabulela ngokukhethekile i-Hydrogen ne-Helium phakathi nendawo. ungabi nayo i-renal catalyst compendia ozoyenza ngokuphela kweCarbon.
Ibhondi ye-proton-proton kucatshangwa ukuthi yayingamandla enuzi okuqala eyenzeka endaweni yokuqala yaseMkhathini, lapho amafu kamhwamuko nothuli lwasemkhathini ehlangana noma ehlangana ukuze kuvele izinkanyezi zokuqala, ngoba iHydrogen neHelium kwakungama-athomu afanayo ngaleso sikhathi. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nezikhathi ezibalulekile endaweni yonke, hlola izikhathi zezinkanyezi zobuntu.
Isifinyezo sokuphinda sikhokhiswe ngokwandayo asigcini ngokuqondana kwe-nucleus ye-Helium; lokhu njengoba kuvela, kunqwabelana eksisi yenkanyezi kanye ne-Hydrogen ngokuzungezile kuyo, okwenza i-halo. Lapho inkanyezi isikhathele cishe amaphesenti angu-10 kuya kwangu-20 eHydrogen yayo (iqiniso elincibilikayo lizokwenzeka endabeni yenkosi yethu yenkanyezi cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-7.000), iqala ukubonisa izimpawu zokubola. ehamba kanje Amandla akhishwa izinkanyezi akhiqizwa kanjani?.
