Ngezinye izikhathi siye saxoxa ngalokho inkanyezi ekumelelayo nokuthi yakhiwe kanjani. Kodwa-ke, namuhla ngizothola ithuba lokukhuluma ngendlela amandla akhishwa yizinkanyezi akhiqizwa ngayo, ngaleyo ndlela ngithole ukuqonda okujulile ngale ngxenye yendawo yonke.
Amandla akhishwa izinkanyezi akhiqizwa kanjani?
Ukuze kuchazwe ukuthi amandla akhishwa yizinkanyezi akhiqizwa kanjani , kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi ayenzeka ngezindlela ezimbili:
1. Ngokuba khona kwama-photons
Okumelela ama-photon angenasisindo emisebeni kagesi, kusukela emisebeni ye-gamma enamandla kakhulu kuya kumaza omsakazo angasebenzi kahle (ngisho nengxenye ebandayo ikhipha ama-photon; lapho ingxenye ibanda, ama-photon abuthakathaka kakhulu). Ukukhanya okubonakalayo kuyingxenye yalolu hlobo lwemisebe futhi kungabonakala ezithombeni ezahlukahlukene zezinkanyezi , okuthakazelisa ukuqonda ukuthi amandla akhishwa yizinkanyezi akhiqizwa kanjani.
2. Izinhlayiya ezingenasisindo
Ukumelela ezinye izinhlayiya ngaphandle kokuqoqwa, njengoba kunjalo nge-neutrinos nama-gravitons.
3. Izinhlayiya ezigcwele amandla aphezulu
Zimelela izinhlayiya ezishaja amandla aphezulu, kodwa futhi nezibalo ezincane ze-nuclei eziningana zenuzi kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlayiya, lezi yimisebe yasezulwini, esikhumbuza ukubaluleka kwemvula ye-meteor kumongo wendlela amandla akhishwa yizinkanyezi akhiqizwa ngayo.
iqiniso eliyimfihlakalo
Zonke lezi zinto eziveziwe (ama-neutrino, ama-graviton, ama-photon, ama-proton, phakathi kwezinye) ziqinile inqobo nje uma zivalekile endaweni. Zingahamba izigidigidi zeminyaka ngaphandle kokuthola imvume, okungenani ngokwazi kwethu.
Ngakho-ke, lonke lolu thuli olukhishwayo luyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho lushayisana nohlobo oluthile lwento oluyimuncayo. Endabeni yama-photon, cishe noma yiluphi uhlobo lwento luzosebenza. Ama-proton asebenzayo kunzima kakhulu ukuwamisa nokumunca, kanti ama-neutrinos anzima kakhulu ukuwamisa. Ngokuphathelene nama-graviton, kuncane okwaziwayo ngokuqinisekile kuze kube manje. Ukuze singene sijule kulesi sici, kuyathakazelisa ukuqonda ukuthi iyini i-antimatter.
Manje ake sicabange ukuthi i-cosmos yayihlala ezinkanyezini ezifakwe ohlelweni olungaguquki. Noma iyiphi i-athomu evezwa inkanyezi yayihambahamba endaweni ize ishayisane nokuthile (enye inkanyezi) futhi icwile. Izinhlayiya zazizohamba, futhi ekugcineni, ngayinye yazo yayizowathola wonke amandla eyayiwakhiphile. Kubonakala ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi indawo yonke kufanele ingashintshiwe unomphela.
Imiphumela lapho i-cosmos ingenakuguqulwa
Iqiniso lokuthi lokhu akunjalo kuholela ngezindlela ezintathu:
1. Umkhathi awenziwanga ngezinkanyezi kuphela
I-cosmos ayikhiwanga yizinkanyezi kuphela kodwa futhi iqukethe inani elikhulu lezinto ezibandayo, kusukela ezindikimbeni zasezulwini ezinhle kakhulu kuya othulini lwasemkhathini. Uma le nto ebandayo ithinta uthuli, iyalumunca bese ikhiqiza izinhlayiya ezincane ezinamandla. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi, ngokusobala, izinga lokushisa lezinto ezibandayo liyakhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuyilapho izinga lokushisa elinamandla lezinkanyezi lincipha, okungafani nokutholakele emaqenjini ezinto ezikuyo yonke indawo.
2. Izinhlayiya azimuncwa nhlobo izinkanyezi
Ezinye zezinhlayiya (i-neutrinos kanye nama-graviton, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso) ezivezwa izinkanyezi futhi ngokufanayo nangezinye izinto eziwusizo zodaba zinokuthambekela okuncane ukuze zicwiliswe yizo kangangokuthi kusukela umkhathi ukhona zicwiliswe kuphela ikhomishini engabonakali. bona. Okufanelekile ukusho ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla aphelele ezinkanyezi ezihamba endaweni kuyakhula nokuthi ukuqonda okunamandla kwezinkanyezi kunciphisa.
3. I-cosmos iphumule
Kulesi simo, kubhekiselwa kokunye ukuqonda: ukuthi amandla amuncwa yizinkanyezi ayancipha minyaka yonke uma kuqhathaniswa namandla avele ngaphambilini, njengoba kudingeka inani elengeziwe lamandla ukugcwalisa leso sikhala esengeziwe, okubangelwa ukusetshenziswa kothuli olunamandla, olwalungamanzi ngaleso sikhathi. Eqinisweni, indlela imigodi emnyama eyakheka ngayo nayo ibonisa lokhu kuthuthuka kwamandla endaweni yonke, okuyisisekelo sokuqonda ukuthi amandla akhishwa yizinkanyezi akhiqizwa kanjani.
Lolu lwazi lwakamuva lwanele ngokwalo. Uma nje i-cosmos iqhubeka nokusabalala, izophola njalo. Ngokweqiniso, lapho i-cosmos iqala ukubopha futhi (kucatshangwa ukuthi iyakwenza) isimo sizobe siphambene futhi sizoqala ukuphinde siphile futhi.
Olunye ucwaningo olumayelana nendlela amandla akhishwa izinkanyezi akhiqizwa ngayo
Kule mikhathi kukhona ukungalaleli kwe-athomu okuyiziqinisekiso zokwandiswa kokushisa nezinhlobo ezingalingani zemisebe. Ukuze amasu anjalo abonakale ngaphakathi kwe-eksisi yezinkanyezi, izimo ezithile zokungaguquguquki nezinga lokushisa endabeni yendawo kufanele zinikezwe.
Igesi ye-hydrogen esembindini wayo kumele ihlanganiswe ngokuqinile (ubuningi obukhulu) ukuze kukhiqizwe amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu kulesi sikhala, afinyelele kuma-degree ayizigidi eziyi-10. Kungaphansi kwalezi zimo kuphela lapho imiphumela yokuhlanganiswa kwe-nuclear izobonakala khona. Le nqubo izoqala ukusabela kwe-proton-proton chain, lapho i-hydrogen ihlangana khona kancane kancane namanye ama-ion e-hydrogen ukuze ekugcineni yakhe i-nucleus ye-helium. Le nqubo ifana nomjikelezo wekhabhoni, into ethakazelisayo yokuqonda izinkanyezi kanye nobudlelwano bayo nendlela izinkanyezi ezikhiqiza ngayo amandla.
Kulesi sifinyezo kukhululwe isamba esesabekayo sesenzo esimelela ubuningi bokushiswa kwemisebe; futhi ama-positron abangelwa kulokhu kungalaleli kwe-athomu ahlanganiswe nama-electron e-concurrence emkhathini futhi akha i-quanta eyengeziwe yokukhanya, okungukuthi, i-quanta yokukhanya, ehamba endaweni ye-spatial ngenani lika-300.000 km/sec.
Ezinye izindlela zokwenza i-helium
Kukhona enye indlela ethathelwe esikhundleni esetshenziswa yilezi zindawo zonke ukudala i-Helium evela ku-Hydrogen, kodwa ukuze lokhu kwenzeke, kudingeka amazinga okushisa ayizigidi eziyi-10. Ekuphikiseni, ama-athomu e-carbon, i-nitrogen noma umoya-mpilo asebenza njengama-ferments. Ama-ion e-hydrogen ahlanganiswe nedivayisi yekhabhoni futhi kwenziwa isifinyezo esiyinkimbinkimbi, esingeke sisixoxe ngokuhlonza.
Ikhabhoni, noma ekuwohlokeni kwayo ama-surplus compendiums aseshiwo kakade, ngeke ikubekezelele noma yikuphi ukuhlukahluka, azohambisa kafushane ukuguqulwa kweHydrogen ibe yiHelium, kukhulule, njengasekuqaleni, amandla anele okuba izinkanyezi zibe khona ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka. Ngalolu hlelo lwemibono, ngokufingqiwe, ndawonye, ama-sawdust e-subatomic afana nama-positron nama-neutrinos ayakhiwa: lawa ma-dessert athutha ingxenye yamandla.
Lokhu kuphazamiseka okwenzeka emazingeni okushisa aphakeme kangaka, kubonakala njengomjikelezo weCarbon, isifinyezo esingaceli lesi simo kuphela kodwa esilungele izinkanyezi ezibekezelele inqubekelaphambili ethile, njengoba lezo ezijabulela ngokukhethekile i-Hydrogen ne-Helium phakathi nendawo. ungabi nayo i-renal catalyst compendia ozoyenza ngokuphela kweCarbon.
Kukholelwa ukuthi isibopho se-proton-proton sasiyisibopho sokuqala senuzi eNdaweni Yokuqala, lapho amafu omhwamuko wesikhala nothuli ahlangana khona ukuze akhe izinkanyezi zokuqala, ngenxa yokuthi i-hydrogen ne-helium kwakuyizinto eziyinhloko ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngezikhathi ezibalulekile endaweni yonke, hlola izikhathi ezinhle emlandweni wesintu.
Isifinyezo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu sokufingqa asipheli ngokuqondana kwenhliziyo ye-helium; njengoba iphuma, iqoqana ku-axis yenkanyezi, bese i-hydrogen iyizungeza, yakhe i-halo. Lapho inkanyezi isiqede cishe amaphesenti ayi-10 kuya kwangu-20 e-hydrogen yayo (inqubo ezokwenzeka endabeni yeLanga lethu, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-7.000), iqala ukubonisa izimpawu zokwehla. Lokhu kuchaza indlela amandla akhishwa yizinkanyezi akhiqizwa ngayo.
