I-Ionic Energy iwumthombo omusha, okuye kwabonisa eminyakeni yamuva nje ukuthi imelela enye yezinsika zophenyo oluningi lwesayensi namaphrojekthi. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngalolu hlobo lwamandla olusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwama-athomu, kanye nobuhle nobubi bayo, sikumema ukuthi uqhubeke ufunda lesi sihloko.
Iyini i-Ionic Energy?
Amandla e-Ionic inani lamandla adingekayo ukujoyina izingxenye ze-athomu. Uma ufuna ukuhlukanisa izinhlayiya ezingezinhle ku-athomu, kufanele unikeze inani lamandla elilingana namandla e-ionic e-athomu eshiwo. I-electron ngayinye inenani elihlobene lamandla e-ionic noma i-ionization, elizoncika ku-orbital ekuyo. I-orbital iyisifunda sesikhala lapho kungenzeka ukuthi i-electron itholakale khona. Ezinqubweni ze-ionization, i-electron eku-orbital engaphandle ngaso sonke isikhathi yenziwa ukuthi igxume, ngoba yiyona enamandla e-ionic aphansi kakhulu.
Indlela esetshenziswa ukukala amandla e-ionic wesici samakhemikhali iyisisekelo kakhulu. I-tube yokukhipha kagesi ivame ukusetshenziswa, lapho i-electron ehamba ngokushesha, ekhiqizwa amandla kagesi, ishayisana ne-athomu yegesi yesici okufanele sinqunywe. I-athomu ene-electron eyodwa ku-orbit, i-hydrogen ngokwesibonelo, idinga amandla e-ionic angu-16,6 ama-electron volts, ukuze abhekane nenqubo ye-ionization, okungukuthi, ukuqeda i-electron ku-orbital yamandla aphansi noma aphansi.
Okubambe i-nucleus nama-electron e-athomu ndawonye inhlanganisela yokusebenzisana kweshaja kagesi ku-nucleus, ukumiswa kwe-electron ye-athomu, nosayizi wayo. Imiphumela yalezi zakhi inquma inani lamandla e-ionic ku-athomu. Amazinga wamandla kuma-elementi amakhemikhali ancike emvelweni yawo, ngakho-ke ubunzima be-ionization buyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi ukuphi kuthebula le-periodic. Isibonelo, kulula ukufaka i-ionize insimbi ye-alkali kunegesi ehloniphekile.
Uma i-athomu ilahlekelwa ama-electron amaningi, kuthatha amandla engeziwe ukuze i-ionize, okusho ukuthi kudingeka amandla e-ionic engeziwe. I-nucleus inamacala amahle kanye namashaji angathathi hlangothi, ukukhokhiswa okuhle akushintshiwe yizinqubo ze-ionization. Njengoba i-nucleus kufanele ihlale ihlangene, isikhathi ngasinye lapho sikhipha i-electron, leyo nucleus ibopha iqine ukuze igcine ukulingana. Uma ufuna ukuchaza amandla e-ionization ngokusekelwe kulolu lwazi, kungaba la mandla adingekayo ukuze kuhlukaniswe inani eliphelele lama-athomu akhona imvukuzane eyodwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imvukuzane yindaba equkethwe entweni ethile enanini lama-athomu noma ama-athomu ahambisana nenombolo ye-Avogadro. Ku-hydrogen, imvukuzane eyodwa yama-athomu ayo inamandla e-ionic angu-1.312 KJ/mol kanye nesisindo se-athomu esiyigremu elingu-1. Ngakho-ke, ikhono le-elementi yokusabela ngamakhemikhali lihlobene namandla ayo e-ionic. Leli yikhono layo lokunikela kanye ne-ionize electron. Kubuye kuncike ohlotsheni lwezakhi ezakhiwe yilezi zinqubo.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6C6OAwrQlc4
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Ion Energy
Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho umuntu ekwazile ukuxhaphaza izinhlobo zamandla, uvula izikhala ukuze zisetshenziswe ezindaweni ezahlukene: imboni, imithi, ngamafuphi, cishe zonke izindawo zokuphila kwansuku zonke zidinga izinhlobo zamandla ukuze zithuthuke. Amandla e-Ion makhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zamandla ngakho-ke anentshisekelo enkulu kubacwaningi, abaklami bezinqubo, nosozimboni. Ngisho nentuthuko yezempi iye yazuza kulokho kushintshwa kwe-athomu. Okulandelayo, sizobalula ezinye zazo:
ukubona ingozi
Izinqubo zamakhemikhali zazo zonke izinhlobo zihlobene nokudlula kwama-electron ukusuka kwelinye i-molecule ukuya kwelinye ukuze enze ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. Ulwazi lwamandla athile e-ionic, asebenzisana ezinqubweni ezithile, luvumele ukwakheka kwezindlela ezikwazi ukubona noma iyiphi into eyingozi. Lokhu kutholwa kwenziwa nge-ionization ye-electrospray. Ngemuva kwe-ionizing izinhlayiya, zidlula nge-spectrometer enkulu futhi kuye ngokuthi i-ion evelayo, ihlola ukuba khona kwezidakamizwa noma iziqhumane.
Amashubhu e-Fluorescent namathelevishini
Iphinde isetshenziselwe ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlobo zamandla kagesi. Enye yazo ukukhanya okubonakalayo, okungeyona into engaphezu kokukhishwa kwama-electron, umkhiqizo wenqubo yokuphumula yama-athomu, etholakala ngokungeza inani elifanele lamandla e-ionic. Lesi simiso sisetshenziswa kumashubhu e-fluorescent. Futhi, inqubo yenzeka kumathelevishini, lezi zenziwa ngento engakhipha uhlobo oluthile lwe-photon. Ngendlela efanayo, ngokuhlinzeka ngezinga elanele lamandla, ama-electron azoqala ukukhululwa futhi kuzoba ama-photons avumela ukuthi sibone isithombe.
Ukubusa kombani
Umbani awuyona into engaphezu kwenani elikhulu lemisebe kagesi, yingakho sibona ukukhanya lapho kwenzeka. Noma yiluphi uhlobo lokukhanya luhlotshaniswa nokukhishwa kwama-photons, avela ngesikhathi senqubo ye-ionization. Endabeni ethile yombani, ama-athomu omoya ane-ionized. Ngokulinganisa la mandla, ukuminyana kombani okungase kushaye indawo ethile kungabikezelwa. Ngalolu lwazi, ungakwazi ukuklama futhi wakhe okuthile okubaheha futhi ubavimbele ukuthi bangawi noma yikuphi, njengoba amazinga abo aphezulu ngokuvamile alimaza kakhulu.
Hlanza
Kukhona indlela yokwenza i-ionize ngokusebenzisa imishayo ye-electron. Inemvamisa yokudosa ephezulu namandla aphansi ahlanganisiwe. Ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu kugeleza kwama-electron, inani elikhulu lamandla e-ionic kufanele lisetshenziswe, elizuzwa ngama-accelerator aklanyelwe lokhu ngokukhethekile. Lapho ucezu noma umkhiqizo ozokwenziwa inzalo udlula kulokhu kwamanje noma umugqa wama-electron, udlula inqubo yokumunca amandla, amandla lawa ma-electron ahlinzeka ngawo nge-ionization. Ngokumunca la mandla, ukucushwa kwamakhemikhali egunjini, amandla okuzala kanye ne-DNA yama-microorganisms akhona kuyashintshwa.
Ngaphandle kokushintshwa kwezingcezu, ayinalo ulaka kunezinye izindlela zokuvala inzalo. Cishe kuzo zonke ezinye izindlela, impilo ewusizo yesici iyancishiswa, kanti ngale ndlela ukuguqulwa akumeleli umphumela omkhulu, ngenxa yezikhathi ezifushane zokuchayeka. Ukwengeza, enye inzuzo ingavezwa, okungukuthi inani elikhulu lama-athikili lingenziwa inzalo ngesikhathi esifanayo, elimele enye yezindlela zokonga kakhulu ngokombono wezimboni.
I-Biotechnology
Ukucwaninga kwamandla e-ionic kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuphelelisa izinqubo eziningi. Ukwazi ukukala amandla ahililekile ezinqubweni zokukhishwa noma ukumuncwa kwama-electron kusivumela ukuthi sinqume lapho kukhona ukuthi iyiphi into. Kunezindlela ezingasetshenziswa ukunquma uchungechunge lwezakhi zamakhemikhali ezifana namaphrotheni asekelwe ekukhishweni noma ekumunceni amandla e-ionic ngendlela yokukhanya okubonakalayo. Lezi zinqubo zisetshenziswa kabanzi embonini nasekunakekelweni kwezempilo.
ucwaningo lwasemkhathini
Okunye okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa okunikezwe yona wukuqhutshwa kwemikhumbi. Injini ye-ion isebenzisa ijethi lama-ion ukuze iziqhubele. Ukusheshisa ama-ion kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa isilinganiso samandla-mass, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kusheshiswe ngesivinini esiphezulu kakhulu. Ama-Ion thruster akhiqiza ama-pulse aphezulu kakhulu, adinga uphethiloli omncane kakhulu kunamarokhethi avamile. Futhi, iziteshi zasemkhathini zisebenzisa amandla e-ionic ukuze zigcine amasistimu amaningi esebenza, zikhiqiza imfucuza encane, azikwazi ukuzwakala, futhi ngokuvamile kulula ukuzisebenzisa.
I-Farmacia
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lolu hlobo lomthombo wamandla, oluhlotshaniswa nemisebe ye-electromagnetic, lunganikeza izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningana ekuhlaziyweni kwemithi. Ukukalwa kokuhluka kwala mandla ngendlela ye-electromagnetic spectrum kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukunquma ukuba khona kwanoma iyiphi ikhemikhali egazini noma inani lomuthi owenziwe ngumuntu. Ibuye isetshenziselwe ukunquma ukugxila kwezidakamizwa. Eqinisweni, imboni yezemithi ithole ukusetshenziswa okuwusizo kakhulu kwamandla e-ionic.
Izinzuzo ze-Ionic Energy
Enye yezinzuzo ezinkulu zamandla e-ionic ukuthi ishibhile ngokombono wezezimali. Uma utshalomali lokuqala lokufakwa selwenziwe, izindleko zehla kakhulu. Ngokombono wamandla, izinqubo ezenziwa ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi zidinga. Ayizwakali ngokuphelele, ngakho ayikhiphi msindo, iyenze ibe uhlobo lwamandla oluqhubekayo nolwemvelo. Ingamandla amsulwa adalwe ngama-athomu nama-electron, angashiyi noma yiluphi uhlobo lwezinsalela.
Ukungalungi kwe-Ionic Energy
Akudingekile ngempela ukusebenzisa noma yimuphi omunye umthombo wamandla njengengxenye yenqubo yokuwakhiqiza. Lokhu kusho ukuthi awekho amandla azinzile okusekela isizukulwane, okwenza kube umthombo wamandla ongathembekile. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwalolu hlobo lwamandla kusekude kakhulu. Naphezu kokulondoloza isikhathi eside, ukufakwa kokuqala kubiza kakhulu. Empeleni, lokhu kwenza ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kube nzima kakhulu, okuholela ezindlekweni zokufakwa eziphezulu.
Uma uthanda le ndatshana mayelana nokuthi iyini i-Ion Energy futhi ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngezinye izihloko ezithakazelisayo, ungabheka izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: