Akukhona nje ukuthi iplanethi yethu inezinyanga, izindikimba eziningi zasemkhathini ezakha isimiso sonozungezilanga zinenyanga engaphezu kweyodwa, kunjalo nangeMars, enamasathelayithi amabili anesici esacwaningwayo. Funda kulesi sihloko konke mayelana amasathelayithi e-Mars.
Ziyini Izinyanga ze-Mars?
Iplanethi iMars inamasathelayithi emvelo amabili, abuye abizwe ngezinyanga, mancane futhi amagama awo yiPhobos kanye neDeimos, kucatshangwa ukuthi angama-asteroid aboshwe amandla adonsela phansi eplanethi ebomvu, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi aqhamuka emhlabeni. ibhande le-steroid ukuthi baphakathi kwe-Mars ne-Jupiter noma bangavela futhi emikhawulweni ye-Solar System.
Lezi ziphuphutheki zatholwa ngonyaka ka-1877 ngu-Asaph Hall, isazi sezinkanyezi saseMelika. Yaqanjwa ngokuthi amadodana ka-Ares, uNkulunkulu Wempi wamaGreki, okusho ngesiRoma ukuthi uNkulunkulu iMars: Phobos isho ukwesaba kanti iDeimos isho ukwethuka noma ukwethuka.
Ngaphambi kokutholwa kwangempela kwe- izinyanga ze-mars, kwakukhona imibono mayelana nokuba khona kwayo. UJohannes Kepler wabikezela inani lamasathelayithi kule planethi ngekhulu le-XNUMX, nokho, lokhu wakwenza kuphela ngezibalo zezibalo, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngaleso sikhathi kwakucatshangwa ukuthi Iziphuphutheki zeJupiter babenezinyanga ezi-4, umhlaba munye kuphela futhi ngokudonswa kukaKepler wathi iMars inezinyanga ezi-2.
Lezi zinyanga ngezinye zezincane kakhulu esimisweni sonozungezilanga.
Njengoba zinjalo?
I-Phobos iyinyanga enkulu kunazo zonke, efana ngempela ne-cratered asteroid. Ama-Phobos namaDeimo ahlala ebonisa ubuso obufanayo lapho eya khona iplanethi yawo. Zombili zicwile othulini, edwaleni elixegayo futhi zivela ezindaweni ezimnyama kakhulu zesimiso sonozungezilanga.
Isazi sezinkanyezi u-Asafa Hall saphenya kanzima ngezinyanga zeMars, kwaze kwaba sebusuku benyanga ka-August wonyaka ka-1877 lapho eyeka khona, kwaba ngenxa yomkakhe owamkhuthaza ukuba aqhubeke, owaqala kabusha uphenyo. Ngobusuku obulandelayo wathola uPhobos kwathi ngobusuku obuyisithupha kamuva wembula uDeimos.
Ngemva kweminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nane, i-Mariner 9 yakwazi ukubona womabili amasathelayithi kangcono kakhulu emzileni wayo ozungeza i-Mars, ithola umgodi kuPhobos cishe u-10 km ububanzi.
Indlela yokuhamba kwe-Phobos ne-Deimos yehlukile kuleyo yenyanga yasemhlabeni:
- Phobos: ihamba ngokushesha futhi izinze eMpumalanga futhi iyanda eNtshonalanga ngemva kwamahora ayishumi nanye.
- Ithi: uma isuka eMpumalanga futhi ithatha izinsuku ezingu-2,7 ukuze izinze ngenxa yokujikeleza kwayo, okuhamba kancane kakhulu kunaleyo ye-Mars, kuthatha amahora angu-30 kuphela ukudlulisa umjikelezo wayo.
Deimos
Ngo-1977, i-Deimos yathwetshulwa okokuqala yi-UKing 1. Ukubukeka kwayo kungokunye kakhulu futhi itholakala ixutshwe namadwala anothe ngeqhwa nekhabhoni.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi i-asteroid futhi ngokuzungeza kwayo yashintsha insimu yamandla adonsela phansi e-Jupiter futhi kamuva yamiswa yi-Mars. Ilingana kakhulu ngobukhulu kunePhobos futhi inobubanzi obungamakhilomitha angama-30.
Inyanga encane kunazo zonke esimisweni sonozungezilanga iDeimos, inengxenye eyodwa kuphela yenkulungwane yamandla adonsela phansi omhlaba. Umuntu ongamakhilogremu angama-80 angacabanga kuphela ngamagremu angama-80 wesathelayithi. Le nto ebomvu nemnyama (i-Deimos) ithatha amahora angu-30 ukuqedela ukuzungeza kwayo i-Mars.
Uma siyibona siyi-Mars, i-Deimos iyiphuzu nje esibhakabhakeni, okunzima ukulihlukanisa phakathi kwezinkanyezi. Uma siyibona kuDeimos, iMars iyisici esiphakeme ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziyinkulungwane futhi ikhanya ngokuphindwe kangamakhulu amane kunenyanga egcwele ngokwayo ebonakala iseMhlabeni.
Kunemigqa emibili kuphela ebizwa ngokuthi i-geologic ku-Deimos. UVoltaire, endabeni yakhe ethi Micromegas, ukhuluma ngezinyanga ezimbili zeMars. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi enye yemigodi ye-Deimos ithatha igama layo kanye nelinye elithi Swift, ngenxa yobudlelwane bayo namasathelayithi aseMartian, ekulandiseni kwakhe i-Gulliver's Travels.
Ngesikhathi laba bacwaningi bezokhuluma ngenyanga ye-Mars, babengakayivezi noma bengakayitholi, uDeimos wayeyindodana ka-Ares no-Aphrodite, onkulunkulu bothando nempi.
Phobos
Ithe ukudlula i-Deimos futhi ukuzungeza kwayo kungamakhilomitha angama-6000 kuphela ukusuka phezulu, asikho esinye isathelayithi esiseduze neplanethi yayo njengePhobos. Izungeza iMars cishe kathathu ngosuku.
Njalo ngekhulu leminyaka i-Phobos isondela kule planethi ngamamitha amabili, ngakho eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-50 izoshayisana ne-Mars noma izobhujiswa futhi izingxenye zayo zizokwenza indandatho ezungeze iplanethi. Ohlangothini olumnyama lwale nyanga kukhona ama-craters amaningi ayindilinga namasongo e-crater.
I-Geological Lines of Phobos ithatha igama layo ekulandiseni kuka-Jonathan Swift kwe-Gulliver's Travels, lapho ezinye izazi zezinkanyezi zithola khona amasathelayithi amabili ku-Mars, ngaphandle kwe-Kepler Dorsum yakamuva, eqanjwe ngokuhlonipha uJohannes Kepler.
Ngo-2014, abaseRussia bathumela uphenyo olubizwa ngokuthi i-Phobos-Grunt, ukuze bathole amasampula ebusweni be-Phobos. Mhlawumbe lapho kutholakala ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana nalezi zinyanga eziyinqaba, kuyodingeka ziqanjwe kabusha.
Zakheka kanjani Izinyanga ze-Mars?
I-Mars inezinyanga ezimbili ezikhethekile, ezifana ne-asteroid kunenyanga yoMhlaba. ukwakheka komhlaba. I-Phobos kanye ne-Deimos yaqala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4000 edlule, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-600 ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwesimiso sonozungezilanga, kodwa ukuzalwa kwabo kusalokhu kuwuzungu. F
Ngokusho kwencwadi yakamuva kakhulu ye-Science Advances, zombili izinyanga zavela ngokuyinhloko emadwaleni aseMartian anqatshelwe emkhathini ngemva kokushayisana nenye ingxenye eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine edlule.
Njengamanje, kubhekwa imibono emibili mayelana nokuzalwa kwama-satellite e-Mars (i-Phobos ne-Deimos), enendawo engamakhilomitha angu-22 no-12 ngokulandelana. Nokho, eyodwa kuphela yazo ivunyiwe.
Kuyagcinwa ukuthi angama-asteroid ngempela, avela ebhandeni eliphakathi kweMars neJupiter, amiswe amandla adonsela phansi eplanethi ebomvu. Ukubonakala kobuso bayo, obumbozwe ngama-craters aveza ukukhanya, kufana kakhulu nama-asteroids.
