La Ukusungula izinto ezintsha sekuyinto ebangela ukukhula komnothoInzuzo yokuncintisana kanye nekhono lezwe lokubhekana nezinkinga ezifana nobhubhane, ukungezwani kwezepolitiki, noma ushintsho olusheshayo kwezobuchwepheshe kubalulekile. Asikhulumi nje ngokusungula amagajethi akhangayo: ngemuva kwakho konke kukhona ukutshalwa kwezimali ku-R&D, ikhwalithi yamanyuvesi, imali yokuqalisa ibhizinisi, amandla ezikhungo, kanye nekhono lokuguqula imibono ibe imikhiqizo, izinsizakalo, kanye nemisebenzi esezingeni eliphezulu.
Ukuze kuhlelwe kahle konke lokhu, Inhlangano ye-World Intellectual Property (WIPO) Ishicilela i-Global Innovation Index (GII) minyaka yonke, eseyisibonelo sabenzi bezinqubomgomo, amabhizinisi, kanye nabahlaziyi. Ngokusekelwe kulolu hlu kanye nezinye izifundo ezifana ne-Bloomberg Innovation Index, singadweba isithombe esinemininingwane yokuthi yiziphi izitayela zamanje. Amazwe asungula izinto ezintsha kakhulu emhlabeni: yiziphi izici abelana ngazo nokuthi yini izifunda ziyawa ngemuvaikakhulukazi iYurophu, i-Asia kanye neLatin America.
Iyini i-Global Innovation Index futhi ihlanganiswa kanjani?
El I-Global Innovation Index (GII/IGI) iyisifinyezo esiphelele sezomnotho eziyi-130-140 okudlulela ngalé kokubala amalungelo obunikazi noma ukubheka ukuthi izwe lichitha malini ocwaningweni. I-WIPO, kanye nabalingani bezemfundo abanjengo-INSEAD no-Cornell, babheka izinkomba ezingaphezu kuka-78-80 ezivela emithonjeni yomphakathi neyangasese ukuze balinganise kokubili izinsiza ezabelwe ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nemiphumela efinyelelwe.
Inkomba ihlelwe ngendlela izinsika eziyisikhombisa ezinkulu ezihlanganisa lezi zinkomba: izikhungo; imali yabantu kanye nocwaningo; ingqalasizinda; ubuchwepheshe bemakethe; ubuchwepheshe bebhizinisi; ukukhiqizwa kolwazi nobuchwepheshe; kanye nokukhiqiza okudala. Ngezinhloso ezisebenzayo, le ndlela ihlanganisa izinkomba ezimbili eziyinhloko: enye ibamba "iminikelo" (okufakwayo) kokusungula izinto ezintsha kanti enye "imiphumela" ekhiqizwa umnotho ngamunye.
Esigabeni sokufakwayo, isibonelo, okulandelayo kuyalinganiswa: ikhwalithi yohlaka lwezikhungo, izinga lemfundo, umzamo ku-R&D kanye nokuvuthwa kwezimakethe zezimali. (kufaka phakathi imali yokuhweba). Isigaba semiphumela sihlaziya izici ezifana namalungelo obunikazi, izimpawu zokuhweba, amamodeli ezinsiza, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, izinsizakalo ze-ICT, ukukhiqizwa kokudala, kanye nenani lomkhiqizo.
Imininingwane ebalulekile ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yalezi zinkomba kulungiswe ngosayizi wabantu kanye nomnothoNgamanye amazwi, ukuba mkhulu nje akwanele: Ukusetshenziswa kwe-R&D njengephesenti le-GDP, inani labacwaningi ngesigidi sabantu, kanye nobuningi bamaqoqo okusungula izinto ezintsha konke kuyacatshangelwa. Yingakho ISwitzerland, izwe elincane, ibilokhu ihola phambili emhlabeni wonke iminyaka eminingi. ngaphambi kweziqhwaga zomnotho.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-GII ayigcini nje ekulinganisweni okubandayo: kumnotho ngamunye kulungiswa iphepha lamaqiniso elichaza imininingwane. Amandla nobuthakathaka besistimu yokusungula izinto ezintsha, futhi inkomba idlula ekuhlolweni kwezibalo okuzimele (njengokwe-COIN ye-Joint Research Centre ye-European Commission) ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kwayo ngendlela yokusebenza.
Umongo womhlaba wonke: ukusungula izinto ezintsha kuyathuthuka, ukutshalwa kwezimali kuyehla
Ezinhlelweni zakamuva ze-GII, i-WIPO ithola ukuthambekela okukhathazayo: Izinkomba ezibalulekile zokutshalwa kwezimali emisha zibonisa izimpawu zokukhathala kulandela ukwanda okubonwe ngesikhathi sobhubhane (2020-2022), lapho amazwe amaningi asheshisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali ku-R&D kanye ne-digitalization ukuze aphume ekuweni.
Kusukela ngo-2022-2023, ukwehla okukhulu kwemali yokuqalisa ibhizinisi emhlabeni jikelelengokuncipha okuhlangene okucishe kube ngu-40% ngo-2023 uma kuqhathaniswa neziqongo zomlando zika-2021. Inani lezivumelwano zebhizinisi lokuhweba nalo lehle, cishe ngo-9-10%, futhi ukuxhaswa ngezimali sekuphinde kwagxila emazweni ambalwa kanye nemikhakha embalwa, ngokusobala ukuthambekela e-United States kanye nobuchwepheshe obufana nobuhlakani bokwenziwa.
Kwenzeka okufanayo nge- izincwadi zesayensi kanye nezicelo zamalungelo obunikazi zomhlaba wonkeNgemuva kokuchuma okuhlobene ne-COVID-19, izihloko zesayensi ziye zazinza futhi izicelo zelungelo lobunikazi ngaphansi kweSivumelwano Sokubambisana Kwamalungelo Obunikazi (i-PCT) zize zabhalisa ukwehla ngezikhathi ezithile okucishe kube ngu-2%, okuyisimo sokuqala esibi kusukela enkingeni yezezimali ka-2009.
Ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwemali emhlabeni wonke ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni, idatha ikhomba ku- ukukhula kwangempela okuphakathi ku-R&DNgemva kwamazinga okukhula acishe abe ngu-5% ngo-2022, izibikezelo zika-2023-2025 zibikezela ukwanda okucishe kube ngu-2-3%, okuyizinga eliphansi kakhulu eminyakeni engaphezu kweshumi. Ukwehla kwentengo kubonakala kakhulu emikhakheni yokukhiqiza yendabuko (izimoto, izimpahla zabathengi), ethintwe ukwehla kwamandla emali kanye nokwehla kwemali engenayo.
Naphezu kwalokhu, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe ayimi: izindawo ezifana nokulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo, amandla okusebenzisa ikhompyutha, amabhethri kagesiIzimoto ze-5G, amarobhothi, kanye nezikagesi Ziyaqhubeka nokuguquka ngokushesha. Kodwa-ke, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe obuluhlaza ikhombisa izimpawu zokwehla kwesivinini, ikakhulukazi ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwama-supercomputer kanye nokwehlisa amanani ebhethri, okwenza kube nzima imigomo yesimo sezulu.
Ipulatifomu: ISwitzerland, iSweden kanye ne-United States njengezilinganiso
Uma ubheka phezulu ohlwini, kuvela iqembu lezomnotho elibonakala sengathi Sekuyiminyaka besunguliwe njengabaholi kwezokusungula izinto ezintsha.ISwitzerland, iSweden, kanye ne-United States zihlala ziphakathi kwezikhundla eziphezulu ku-GII, kanti ezinye izinkomba ezifana neBloomberg nazo zibeka phambili kwezobuchwepheshe bomhlaba.
ISwitzerland ihamba phambili cishe njalo ohlwini.Ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwendawo ezinzile yezikhungo, ukuvikelwa kwempahla yobuhlakani okunamandla kakhulu, amanyuvesi aphezulu kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo, kanye nokuxhumana okuqinile phakathi kwesayensi nebhizinisi, idlula ekukhiqizweni kolwazi nobuchwepheshe, ukuqina kwempahla engabonakali, ubuhlakani bebhizinisi, kanye nomphumela wokudala.
Endabeni ISweden, ingqalasizinda yabantu kanye nokuzibophezela ekusimameni Lezi yizici ezibalulekile. Uhlelo lwayo lwemfundo, ukwesekwa kocwaningo oluyisisekelo, kanye nokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kuyivumela ukuthi ihole emikhakheni efana namandla ahlanzekile, ubuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo, kanye nomklamo wezimboni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphakathi kwe-European Union, iphakathi kwabaholi abaphelele ekusunguleni izinto ezintsha, ngaphezu kakhulu kwesilinganiso se-EU.
I-United States, yona, ibusa kakhulu emalini yokuqalisa ibhizinisiAmaqoqo okusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nezinhlelo zobuchwepheshe ezintsha. Njengoba inezindawo zobuchwepheshe ezihamba phambili ezingaphezu kwamashumi amabili—kusukela eSilicon Valley kuya eBoston noma e-East Coast—izwe lithola amaphuzu aphezulu kakhulu ekutshalweni kwezimali kwezinkampani ku-R&D, ezincwadini zesayensi ezinethonya elikhulu (i-H-index), ukulinganiswa kwenani elingafani nelinye, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemali engenayo yempahla yobuhlakani.
Ngaphezu kwesikhulumi, amanye amazwe athuthukile afana ne- I-United Kingdom, iNetherlands, iDenmark, iFinland, iJalimane noma i-Israel Ngokuvamile zihlala ziphakathi kwezikhundla eziphezulu eziyishumi noma eziyishumi nanhlanu, yize zinezimo ezibalulekile eminyakeni yamuva nje, njengokuphuma kweJalimane kweziyishumi eziphezulu ngenxa yokwanda kweShayina.
Ukwanda kwe-Asia: INingizimu Korea, iSingapore kanye nokuvela kweShayina
ENingizimu Korea
Uma kukhona isifunda esisodwa esishintsha imephu yokusungula izinto ezintsha emhlabeni wonke, akungabazeki ukuthi kunjalo. I-East Asia kanye ne-Southeast AsiaLokho okwakuyizwe elibuswa yiYurophu neNyakatho Melika amashumi eminyaka kushintsha kube yindawo enabantu abaningi kakhulu, lapho amazwe amaningana ase-Asia encintisana ngqo namandla endabuko.
INingizimu Korea iphakathi kwezomnotho ezintsha kakhulu emhlabeni Ibekwe phezulu kakhulu kokubili ku-GII kanye ne-Bloomberg index, lapho yake yaba yindawo ephezulu khona. Imodeli yayo isekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwemali okuphezulu kakhulu kwezinkampani ku-R&D, ukuba khona kwama-conglomerate amakhulu obuchwepheshe (ama-semiconductors, ama-electronics, izimoto, amarobhothi), kanye nokuxhumana kwedijithali okuphezulu. Iphinde ivelele kumalungelo obunikazi, ukukhiqiza okuthuthukisiwe, kanye nokufakwa kwenethiwekhi ye-5G.
ISingapore isibe yisikhungo esiyinhloko sobuchwepheshe e-Asia. Naphezu kobukhulu bayo kanye nenani labantu, inethalente elikhulu lesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, indawo yokulawula elula futhi enobungani kakhulu nebhizinisi, kanye nengqalasizinda yedijithali esezingeni eliphezulu. Ihamba phambili ezinkombeni ezifana nokuthunyelwa kwezinsizakalo ze-ICT kwamanye amazwe, ukulula kokwenza ibhizinisi, kanye nokuqina kwempahla engabonakali.
Indaba enkulu eshintshashintshayo iyabonakala I-China, engene emazweni ayi-10 aphezulu kakhulu asungula izinto ezintsha okokuqala ngqa Ngokusho kwe-GII yakamuva, isuse iJalimane endaweni ye-11. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyona kuphela umnotho ophakathi nendawo ophakathi kwezikhundla eziphezulu ezingamashumi amathathu emhlabeni jikelele, iphula umqondo ojwayelekile wokuthi amazwe angenayo imali ephezulu kuphela angahola ekusunguleni izinto ezintsha.
Ithonya laseShayina liyabonakala ezicini eziningana: cishe [inani] [lamayunithi] emali livela lapho. ingxenye yesine yazo zonke izicelo ze-patent zomhlaba wonkeIgcina inani elikhulu kakhulu lamaqoqo okusungula izinto ezintsha phakathi kwamakhulu aphezulu emhlabeni futhi isondela ngokushesha e-United States njengomtshali-zimali omkhulu ongaba khona ku-R&D, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokudonswa yimboni ezimele.
Into efanele ukuthi Imiphumela yabo yokusungula izinto ezintsha ingcono kunalokho obekulindelekile ezingeni labo lemali engenayoI-WIPO igcizelela ukuthi izwe aligcini nje ngokufaka imali nabasebenzi, kodwa futhi lithuthukise kakhulu ukusebenza kahle eliguqula ngakho lokhu okufakwayo kube amalungelo obunikazi, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, izimpawu zokuhweba, kanye nenani lomkhiqizo womhlaba wonke. Lokhu kuguqulwa kwenze umbono omdala "wedrako lobuchwepheshe obukhulu" - umthengi wezinsiza kodwa ongenalo ikhono lokudala - waba yisidala ngokusobala.
IYurophu: abaholi abaningi, kodwa banezimpawu zokuxwayisa
IYurophu isalokhu iyisifunda esinaso ukuqoqwa okukhulu kwamazwe aphezulu ohlwini lokusungula izinto ezintshaIminotho yaseYurophu ecishe ibe yishumi nanhlanu ivame ukuba phakathi kweminotho engamashumi amabili nanhlanu emisha kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi eyisikhombisa yayo ikwazi ukungena kweziyi-10 eziphezulu ngokwezinhlelo ezahlukene ze-GII: iSwitzerland, iSweden, i-United Kingdom, iNetherlands, iFinland, iDenmark kanye, ngezinye izikhathi, neJalimane.
Ngaphakathi kwe-EU, i-European Innovation Scoreboard ihlukanisa phakathi abaholi, abasunguli abanamandla, abalinganiselayo nabasafufusaIqembu lokuqala lihlanganisa amazwe afana neDenmark, iFinland, iBelgium, iNetherlands, kanye neSweden uqobo, wonke angaphezulu kakhulu kwesilinganiso se-EU ngenxa yendlela yawo enamandla yokuqamba izinto ezintsha, izinhlelo zawo zemfundo, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwawo ku-R&D.
Isinyathelo esisodwa ngezansi yilesi Abasunguli abanamandla, okuhlanganisa iJalimane, i-Austria, iLuxembourg, iFrance, i-Ireland kanye neCyprusLezi yizomnotho ezinemiphumela eseduze noma engaphezulu kwesilinganiso saseYurophu, kodwa ezingakafinyeleli ukusebenza kwabaholi. Ikakhulukazi iJalimane, ibone isikhundla sayo siwohloka emhlabeni jikelele, ikakhulukazi njengoba iChina ingena kweziyi-10 eziphezulu.
Iqembu elilandelayo liyavela abasunguli abalinganiselayo, phakathi kwabo kukhona iSpainKanye neCzechia, i-Estonia, iPortugal, iSlovenia, iGrisi, i-Italy, iLithuania, neMalta, la mazwe awela ngaphansi kwesilinganiso se-EU ekusebenzeni kokusungula izinto ezintsha, naphezu kokuba namakhono aqinile kwesayensi kanye nethalente.
Ibhulokhi lokugcina, elivela ku- Abakhiqizi abasafufusa bahlanganisa iCroatia, iSlovakia, iLatvia, iPoland, iHungary, iBulgaria, neRomania.Imiphumela yabo ingaphansi kakhulu kwesilinganiso, yize abanye babo bethuthuka kancane kancane ngenxa yokuheha utshalomali lwezimboni kanye nokuhlanganiswa nezinketho zenani zaseYurophu.
IJalimane, amarobhothi kanye nokudlula kweShayina
Icala laseJalimane lifanelwe ukukhulunywa ngalo ngokuhlukile ngoba Iseyinkampani enamandla kwezobuchwepheshe nezimboni, kodwa ilahlekelwe ukuba khona kwayo phezulu ohlwini lwamazwe omhlaba.Ngokwesiko ehlotshaniswa nobunjiniyela kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha, umnotho waseJalimane ususwe kwabayi-10 abaphezulu yiShayina ezinhlelweni zakamuva ze-GII.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lokhu kwehla endaweni ye-11 akusho ukuthi kuzowa, futhi akusho ukuthi Uhlelo lokusungula izinto ezintsha lwaseJalimane luyawohlokaPhakathi kwezinye izizathu, idatha yenkomba ayikabonakali umthelela ogcwele wezinqumo zezepolitiki njengezimpi zokuhweba zikahulumeni kaTrump noma izinguquko zezimboni ezalandela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iJalimane iyaqhubeka nokuba khona okukhulu emikhakheni efana nezimoto, imishini, kanye namarobhothi.
Ngokusho kwe-International Federation of Robotics, IJalimane iyimakethe enkulu kunazo zonke ye- amarobhothi ezimboni ngu-EuropaNjengoba kunamayunithi okusebenza angaphezu kuka-230.000 kanye nokufakwa okusha okucishe kube ngu-26.000 minyaka yonke (izibalo cishe ngo-2022), umnotho waseJalimane ubala cishe ingxenye yesithathu yawo wonke amarobhothi afakwe kuleli zwekazi, okubonisa izinga lawo eliphezulu lokuzenzakalela kanye nokuzibophezela kwawo kwi-Industry 4.0.
Kodwa-ke, esiteji somhlaba wonke ilahlekelwa yindawo emazweni ase-Asia. INingizimu Korea neShayina zidlula iJalimane ngobuningi bamarobhothi kanye nezinga lokufakwa kwawofuthi baphusha umngcele wezobuchwepheshe ezindaweni ezifana nama-semiconductor, ama-electronics abathengi, kanye nezimoto zikagesi. Lokhu kushintsha kokulingana kubonakala kokubili ku-GII nakwezinye izinkomba zomkhakha.
Noma kunjalo, konke kukhomba iqiniso lokuthi IJalimane igcina amandla amakhulu okusungula izinto ezintsha isikhathi eside.Inethiwekhi yayo yezikhungo zocwaningo ezisetshenziswayo, amandla e-Mittelstand yayo yezobuchwepheshe kanye nekhono layo lokuhola ezindaweni ezinenani eliphezulu kwenza kube ngumdlali obalulekile emjahweni womhlaba wonke, yize inkundla yokudlala iqinile kakhulu.
ISpain: izwe elinobuciko elingakaze likwazi ukuguqula ubuciko balo bube yinto entsha
ISpain ivame ukuvela ku- izinga eliphakathi kuka-28 no-31 ku-Global Innovation Indexfuthi ezikhundleni ezifanayo ku-Bloomberg Innovation Index. Okusho ukuthi, iseqenjini labasunguli abalinganiselayo ngaphakathi kwe-EU, kude neqembu elihamba phambili lapho kutholakala khona amazwe aseNordic, iJalimane, iNetherlands, neSwitzerland.
Indida ukuthi ISpain iyizwe elinomphumela omangalisayo wesayensiInani lezincwadi zesayensi kanye nemibhalo likhula unyaka nonyaka, futhi kunezibonelo ezivelele zempumelelo yamazwe ngamazwe, njengokubamba iqhaza kweSpain emisebenzini yasemkhathini eya eMars (eneziteshi eziningana zesimo sezulu ku-Perseverance rover kanye nemisebenzi yangaphambilini, eyathuthukiswa yi-Center for Astrobiology kanye ne-INTA).
Kodwa-ke, uhlelo lunenkinga nge ukuguqula ubuciko kube ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwezentengiselwanoNgamanye amazwi, kunemibono emihle, isayensi enhle kanye nethalente, kodwa kunzima ukuyiguqula ibe yi-patents, izinkampani zobuchwepheshe ezingandiswa, imikhiqizo enenani eliphezulu kanye, ngokuvamile, imiphumela elinganiswa yizinkomba ze-GII.
Phakathi kwamandla e-ecosystem yaseSpain, okulandelayo kuyagqama: ukuba khona kwezikhuthazo zentela kanye nosizo lwe-R&D&IIndawo ephephile ngokwanele yempahla yobuhlakani, imakethe yezabasebenzi eqeqeshwe kahle, kanye nenani elikhulayo lokubhaliswa kwamalungelo obunikazi kanye namaphrojekthi amasha. Ukuxhaswa komphakathi kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kwiSabelomali Sikazwelonke nakho kuyanda.
Ngasohlangothini olubuthakathaka, izici ezifana ukuchitheka kobuchopho kwabacwaningi baphesheya, ukungazinzi komsebenzi wesayensi, izikhulu zikahulumeni, kanye nocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwezinkampani eziphansi Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe aseYurophu aholayo, i-EU igcizelela isidingo sokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo, ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqhubekayo kolwazi, izinguquko esakhiweni esikhiqizayo, kanye nezikhuthazo ezengeziwe zomkhakha ozimele ukuthi uzibophezele ngempela ku-R&D.
I-Latin America: Intuthuko ethile kanye negebe elikhulu lemiphumela
Uma sibheka imephu yokusungula izinto ezintsha emhlabeni wonke, I-Latin America ikhanya kancane kunalokho ebingakwenzaLesi sifunda asibeki noma yiliphi izwe phakathi kwamazwe angu-50 ahamba phambili ngokuqamba izinto ezintsha ezinhlelweni zakamuva ze-GII, futhi sibhekene negebe eliphawulekayo phakathi kwezinsiza ezibekelwe ukwenza izinto ezintsha nemiphumela ekugcineni eyitholayo.
I-Chile ngokuvamile iyizwe elisendaweni engcono kakhulu eLatin AmericaIphakathi kuka-38-60 kuye ngohlobo kanye nomthombo. Ivelele ngokubhaliswa kwayo okuphezulu emfundweni ephakeme, ukwenziwa kwayo imali emakethe, kanye nobuchwepheshe bemakethe yayo, okudala indawo enhle yokusungula izinto ezintsha ezizimele. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kwayo kumalungelo obunikazi, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nomkhiqizo wokudala akuhambisani nokulindelekile, okubonisa inkinga yokusebenza kahle.
IBrazil neMexico yizinye izinjini ezimbili ezinkulu zesifundaIBrazil ivelele emikhiqizweni yesayensi kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okuzimele ku-R&D, kuyilapho iMexico inamandla acacile ekukhiqizeni okuthuthukile, ukuthunyelwa kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, kanye nokubamba iqhaza ezinhlotsheni zenani lezimboni zomhlaba wonke. Kodwa kokubili kucindezelwe yi- ubuthakathaka bezikhungo, ubunzima ekufinyeleleni uxhaso lwezimali, kanye nokubambisana okulinganiselwe phakathi kwamanyuvesi nebhizinisi.
Icala le IDominican Republic iveza ngokucacile izinselele zalesi sifundaEmhlabeni jikelele, isendaweni yama-97, futhi iseduze neyama-10 esifundeni eLatin America. Ithuthukile kwezinye izinkomba zokufaka (izikhungo, ingqalasizinda, izinga elithile lobuchwepheshe bebhizinisi), kodwa imiphumela yayo yokusungula izinto ezintsha isalele emuva kakhulu, okubonisa ukusebenza kahle okuphansi kohlelo.
Ngokuvamile, iLatin America ihlushwa yi- igebe lokufaka nokukhipha eliphawuleka kakhuluNakuba kukhona ukutshalwa kwezimali (nakuba kunganele) futhi ukukhiqizwa kwezihloko zesayensi kukhule kakhulu eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, imali yokuhweba iye yehla futhi lesi sifunda sehluleka ukuhumusha lo mzamo ube inani elikhulu lamalungelo obunikazi, izinkampani ezintsha zobuchwepheshe emhlabeni wonke noma ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe obuchwepheshe obuphezulu okufana nezinye izifunda.
I-Asia Ephakathi, iMpumalanga Ephakathi kanye ne-Afrika: ezinye izindawo ezishisayo ezisafufusa
Ngaphandle kwamandla akudala kanye nawaseMpumalanga Asia, i-GII ikhombisa izikhungo eziningana zokuguquguquka okusha e-Asia Ephakathi, eNtshonalanga Asia nase-Afrika, lapho amazwe athile ebekwe khona ngaphezu kwalokho obekulindelwe uma kubhekwa izinga lawo lemali engenayo.
E-Asia Ephakathi naseNingizimu, I-India ihola ngokusobala esifundeni futhi ihlanganisa isikhundla sayo njengomnotho oholayo wengeniso ephakathi nendawo ekusunguleni izinto ezintsha. Amandla ayo afaka phakathi ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe Izinsizakalo ze-IT (lapho kuncike khona ekuholeni komhlaba wonke), ukwamukelwa kwemali yokuhweba, ukuqina kwezimpahla ezingabonakali kanye nesimiso semvelo esiyingqayizivele esisibeka phakathi kwamazwe ayishumi aphezulu ngokwenani lalezi zinkampani.
EMpumalanga Ephakathi naseNyakatho Afrika, amazwe afana ne- I-Israel, iCyprus, i-United Arab Emirates, noma iTurkey Bahola ekulinganisweni kwesifunda. I-Israel isalokhu iyisilinganiso sokutshalwa kwezimali kwe-R&D njengephesenti le-GDP, imali yokuqalisa ibhizinisi etholiwe, kanye nokuthunyelwa kwezinsizakalo ze-IT kwamanye amazwe, kuyilapho iTurkey iphumelela kakhulu kumabhrendi, imiklamo yezimboni, kanye nokuqina kwempahla engaphatheki, okuyifaka phakathi kweminotho yezomnotho ephezulu nephakathi esebenza kahle kakhulu.
E-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara, ubuholi besifunda busezandleni IMauritius, iNingizimu Afrika, iBotswana, iCape Verde noma iSenegalAmazwe amaningana abonisa intuthuko emangalisayo ekungeneni kwemali engenayo, ukwakhiwa kwemali, ukuthunyelwa kwezinsizakalo ze-ICT kwamanye amazwe, kanye nokukhula komkhiqizo. Iminotho efana neKenya, iRwanda, neMadagascar nayo ivelele ezinkombeni ezithile zokusungula izinto ezintsha, isebenza ngaphezu kwalokho obekulindelwe emazingeni ayo emali engenayo.
Lezi zindlela zisikisela ukuthi Ngokuya ngokwanda, amazwe, okuhlanganisa namazwe anengeniso ephansi nephakathi, asebenzisa ukusungula izinto ezintsha njengesivikelo sentuthuko.Inselele kubo ukwakha izimiso zemvelo eziphelele—kusukela emfundweni kuya ekuxhasweni ngezimali kanye nemithethonqubo—ezivumela imibono emihle ukuthi ikhule futhi ikhiqize umthelela wangempela kwezenhlalo nakwezomnotho.
ILatin America, iSpain kanye nenselele yokushintsha kusuka ekudaleni kuya ekusunguleni izinto ezintsha
Kokubili eSpain nakwamanye amazwe amaningi aseLatin America, iphethini iyaphindwa: Akukho ukuntuleka kobuciko noma ithalente lesayensiKodwa kunezindlela ezisebenzayo zokuguqula lobo buciko bube yizinto ezintsha ezilinganiswayo, eziqhubekayo, nezinenzuzo. I-GII kanye neminye imibiko ikubonisa ngokusobala lokhu, ikhombisa imiphumela emihle emikhiqizweni yesayensi kodwa izibalo ezilinganiselwe kumalungelo obunikazi, izinkampani zobuchwepheshe, kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe obuchwepheshe obuphezulu.
Umehluko phakathi Ubuciko kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha kubalulekileUkudala kuyinqubo yengqondo, eguquguqukayo futhi kunzima ukuyilinganisa; ukusungula izinto ezintsha, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyinqubo ekhiqizayo ehilela ukuguqula imibono ibe yizixazululo eziqondile, ezingandiswa, nezinomthelela. Umuntu angaba nobuciko obukhulu ngaphandle kokuhumusha kube izinkomba zokusungula izinto ezintsha, ngoba ukusungula izinto ezintsha kudinga izinsiza, inhlangano, uxhaso, isifiso sokufaka engcupheni, kanye nendawo esekelayo.
Futhi, Ukusungula izinto ezintsha kuyalinganiswa futhi kudinga imaliIngqalasizinda, amaqembu ahlukahlukene, futhi, ezimweni eziningi, izikhathi zokuvuthwa ezinde yizo zonke izici. Ngakho-ke, amazwe aguqula kangcono okokufaka kube yimiphumela ngokuvamile yilawo afinyelele ibhalansi phakathi kokutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi, isinyathelo sangasese, izikhungo ezinhle, ukuzinza kwemithetho, kanye nesiko elibekezelela ukwehluleka kwebhizinisi.
Endabeni yaseSpain, ukuxilongwa kuyavumelana ngesidingo ukuqinisa izinhlelo zocwaningo kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha zikazwelonkeUkwandisa ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwangasese, ukwenza lula ubuholi, ukuqinisa imisebenzi yesayensi, nokuvimbela ukuxinana kwengqondo. Kuyinselele efana naleyo ebhekene namazwe amaningana aseLatin America, nawo adinga izinqubomgomo zesikhathi eside kanye nezinhlelo zemvelo eziqinile.
Uma sibheka isithombe esiphelele esidwetshwe yi-GII nezinye izinkomba, kuba sobala ukuthi Ukusungula izinto ezintsha manje kuyisici esihlukanisa umnotho ohola uhlelo lomhlaba wonke kulowo osalele emuva.Amazwe afana neSwitzerland, iSweden, i-United States, iSouth Korea, iSingapore, kanye neShayina abonisa ukuthi ukuhlanganisa ukutshalwa kwezimali ku-R&D, i-human capital, izikhungo eziqinile, kanye nokuvuleleka kwamazwe ngamazwe kuvumela intuthuko esheshayo, kuyilapho ingxenye enkulu yaseningizimu yeYurophu kanye neLatin America izobe ibheja eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo ngekhono layo lokusuka ekudaleni okuningi iye ekusunguleni okuhlelekile nokusimeme.
