Wake wazibuza yini ukuthi yini elele ngale kwemingcele yasolwandle yamazwe futhi yimiphi imithetho elawula lezi zindawo ezinkulu zamanzi? Amanzi amazwe ngamazwe ayisihloko esidala ilukuluku futhi, ngokuvamile, nokungaqondi. Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi noma yini ehamba kulezi zindawo zasolwandle, kodwa iqiniso liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sizokusiza ukuthi uthole kahle ukuthi ayini amanzi omhlaba. zihlukaniswa kanjani, yimiphi imithetho ezilawulayo, imiphi imisebenzi evunyelwe nokuthi yiziphi izinselele kanye nezintuba zomthetho ababhekana nazo.
Uma uzifela ngolwandle, ukuhamba ngomkhumbi, ipolitiki yamazwe ngamazwe Noma uma ufuna nje ukuqonda ukuthi kwenzekani ezilwandle okungezona ezanoma yiliphi izwe, lapha sinikeza umhlahlandlela ophelele, ocacile, nowakamuva. Sizohlaziya uhlaka lwezomthetho lwamanje, amalungelo nezibopho zeMibuso nabantu abasolwandle, futhi sichaze. kungani amanzi omhlaba ebaluleke kangaka emnothweni womhlaba, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe.
Ayini amanzi omhlaba?
Amanzi amazwe ngamazwe achazwa njengalezo zindawo zasolwandle ezingekho ngaphansi kobukhosi banoma imuphi uMbuso. Okusho ukuthi, abayona ingxenye yolwandle lwendawo, indawo ehlangene, noma indawo yezomnotho ekhethekile (EEZ) yanoma yiliphi izwe, noma emanzini angaphakathi noma amaqoqo eziqhingi. Ziyaziwa nangokuthi "izilwandle eziphakeme" futhi zibhekwa, ngokusho kweZizwe Ezihlangene, ifa elivamile lesintu.
Lezi zindawo azizona ezanoma isiphi isimo, ngakho-ke uchungechunge lwenkululeko eyisisekelo lukhona kuwo wonke amazwe. Lokhu kubandakanya ukuhamba ngomkhumbi, ukundiza ngokweqile, ukudoba, ukwenza ucwaningo lwesayensi noma eminye imisebenzi yezomnotho.
Ukunqunywa: Aqala kuphi amanzi omhlaba?
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi amanzi omhlaba aqala kuphi, kubalulekile ukukhomba kuqala izindawo zasolwandle ezehlukene eziqashelwa yiNgqungquthela Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yomthetho Wasolwandle (i-UNCLOS). Ukuhlukaniswa kwamanzi omhlaba kuqala ngohlelo olulandelayo:
- I-Territorial Sea: Inwebeka ifike kumamayela ayi-12 olwandle ukusuka ogwini lwezwe. Kule ndawo, izwe linegunya eligcwele, njengokungathi liyindawo yalo.
- Indawo ehlangene: Ihlanganisa uhla lwamamayela ayi-12 kuya ku-24 nautical. Lapha, uMbuso ungase usebenzise ukulawula okuthile ukuze uvimbele noma ujezise amasiko, intela, ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe, noma ukwephulwa kwemithetho yezempilo.
- Indawo yezomnotho Ekhethekile (EEZ): Idlulela kumamayela angama-200 we-nautical ukusuka ogwini. Kule ndawo, izwe linamalungelo akhethekile okuxhaphaza imithombo yemvelo (ukudoba, ama-hydrocarbon, amaminerali, njll.), nakuba lingabusebenzisi ubukhosi obuphelele.
- Ishalofu lezwekazi: Ihlanganisa indawo engaphansi kolwandle kanye nephansi, ngokuvamile inweba ifike kumamayela angu-200 e-nautical, nakuba kwezinye izimo inganwebeka nakakhulu uma izimo zejoloji zivuma.
Ngalé kwamamayela angu-200 e-nautical, nangaphandle kwendawo yokulawula yanoma yiliphi izwe, sithola amanzi aphesheya. Iyingxenye enkulu yolwandle emhlabeni, ithatha cishe u-60% wobuso bayo.
Uhlaka lomthetho: Alawulwa kanjani amanzi omhlaba?
Umthethonqubo omkhulu wamazwe ngamazwe olawula amanzi omhlaba yiNgqungquthela Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yomthetho Wasolwandle (i-UNCLOS), eyamukelwa ngo-1982 futhi yaqala ukusebenza kusukela ngo-1994. Lesi sivumelwano, esisayinwe amazwe angaphezu kuka-160, sisungula isisekelo sokuchaza izindawo zasolwandle ezihlukahlukene kanye namalungelo nezibopho zeMibuso engaphakathi kwazo.
Ku-athikili yayo yama-87, i-UNCLOS imemezela umgomo oyisisekelo wenkululeko yolwandle oluphakeme:
- Inkululeko yokuzulazula: Yonke imikhumbi ingahamba emanzini omhlaba ngaphandle kwemikhawulo engafanelekile.
- Inkululeko yokundiza ngokweqile: Noma iyiphi indiza ingawela i-airspace phezu kolwandle oluphakeme.
- Inkululeko yokubeka izintambo ezihamba ngaphansi kwamanzi namapayipi: Kungenzeka ukufaka ukuxhumana noma ingqalasizinda yokuthutha amandla exhuma amaphuzu ahlukene emhlabeni.
- Inkululeko yokwakha iziqhingi zokwenziwa nezinye izinsiza: Inqobo nje uma bevunyelwe umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
- Inkululeko yokudoba: Noma yiliphi izwe linelungelo lokuxhaphaza izinsiza eziphilayo zasolwandle, nakuba kunemingcele ethile yokuvimbela ukudoba ngokweqile nokuvikela izinhlobo zezilwane.
- Inkululeko yocwaningo lwesayensi: Amazwe angenza izifundo zesayensi namaphrojekthi emanzini omhlaba, ngokuhlonipha imvelo kanye nezintshisakalo zabantu besithathu.
Le nkululeko kufanele isetshenziswe ngokuhambisana nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokuhlonipha izintshisekelo ezisemthethweni zamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-UNCLOS isungula ukuthi izilwandle eziphakeme kufanele zisetshenziselwe kuphela izinjongo zokuthula (I-athikili 88), okusho ukuthi asikho isizwe esingahlanganyela emisebenzini yempi noma ehlaselayo kulezi zindawo.
Yimiphi imisebenzi evunyelwe emanzini omhlaba?
Imisebenzi egunyaziwe emanzini angamazwe ngamazwe ihlanganisa: Ukuzulazula, ukudoba, ucwaningo lwesayensi, ukundiza ngokweqile, ukufakwa kwezintambo ezihamba ngaphansi kolwandle namapayipi, ukwakhiwa kweziqhingi zokwenziwa nengqalasizinda, nokuxhashazwa kwemithombo yezinto eziphilayo nezimbiwa phansi.
Ukuvimbela ukuhlukumeza, ukuvikela ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo, nokuvimbela izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe noma ubugebengu, kunemikhawulo nemithethonqubo yale misebenzi. Zonke izifundazwe ezisebenza emanzini omhlaba kumele zibambisane ukuze zilondoloze izinsiza eziphilayo, zivikele ukungcola, futhi ziqinisekise ukuphepha olwandle.
Ngokwesibonelo, esinye sezici ezibalulekile ukuthi yonke imikhumbi kufanele ibhalise ifulegi layo eSifundazweni futhi kudingeke ukuba iphephezelise ifulegi lezwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imithetho yezwe lefulegi isebenza kubasebenzi nabagibeli balowo mkhumbi, ngisho noma benza ubugebengu olwandle oluphakeme.
Izintuba zomthetho kanye nobugebengu emanzini ngamazwe
Nakuba uhlaka lwezomthetho lwamazwe ngamazwe lukhona, amanzi omhlaba abhekana nezintuba zomthetho kanye nezinkinga ekusetshenzisweni kwawo. Ukungabi bikho kokuqapha kanye nokuba kude kweziphathimandla kwenza kube nzima ukulawula imisebenzi engekho emthethweni njengokudoba okungekho emthethweni, ukungcola, ukushushumbiswa kwabantu, ubugebengu, ngisho namacala abucayi njengokubulala olwandle.
Empeleni, uma kwenzeka ubugebengu emkhunjini olwandle, ifulegi liyoba nesibopho sokushushisa nokujezisa umenzi wobubi. Ngobugebengu obubi kakhulu noma obujwayelekile, obufana nokuphanga, noma yimuphi uMbuso ungangenelela ngaphansi komgomo wendawo yonke, nakuba ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe ngokuvamile kuyadingeka.
Ezimweni zokungqubuzana kwezikhali, ukuvinjelwa kwemikhumbi kungabekwa, kodwa ngemithetho eqinile kakhulu. Isibonelo, usizo olubalulekile lokusiza abantu alunakuvinjelwa, izimpilo zomphakathi zibe sengcupheni, noma ilungelo lokuzulazula kwamanye amazwe likhawulelwe.
Ukubaluleka komhlaba wonke kwamanzi omhlaba
Amanzi omhlaba adlala indima ebalulekile ekuhwebeni komhlaba wonke, ezokuxhumana, ekuvikelweni kwemvelo, nakupolitiki yezwe. Bavumela imikhumbi evela kunoma yiliphi izwe ukuthi ihambe ngaphandle kwemingcele futhi yenze kube lula ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla, izinsiza, nabantu phakathi kwamazwekazi, okubenza babaluleke emnothweni womhlaba.
Ngokombono wesayensiIzilwandle eziphakeme zinikeza amandla amakhulu okutadisha izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, imvelo yasolwandle, kanye nezinqubo zokwakheka komhlaba ezithonya isimo sezulu nempilo eMhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bayikhaya lemithombo yemvelo efana nezinhlanzi, amaminerali, nama-hydrocarbon, okuphathwa kwawo okusimeme kubalulekile enhlalakahleni yesintu.
Izinselelo, izinsongo nezinselelo ekuphathweni kwamanzi omhlaba
Amanzi amazwe ngamazwe abhekana nezinselele ezihlukahlukene ezidinga ukubambisana okuphumelelayo kwamazwe ngamazwe:
- Ukungcola nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu: Ukuntuleka kwezinto zokulawula kuholela ekulahlweni kukadoti namapulasitiki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izigigaba ezifana ne-acidification yolwandle kanye nokukhuphuka kwamazinga olwandle kunomthelela emhlabeni jikelele.
- Ukudoba ngokweqile kanye nokuncipha kwezinsiza: Ukudoba okungekho emthethweni kuye kwaholela ekuweni kwezinhlanzi futhi kukhinyabeza ukuvikeleka kokudla emhlabeni wonke.
- Izingxabano ze-geopolitical kanye nobugebengu: Ukungabikho kwesiphathimandla esimaphakathi kwenza kube nzima ukuxazulula izingxabano nokuvikela ingqalasizinda ebalulekile.
- Ukuvikelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo: Ukuxhashazwa kwezinsiza nemisebenzi emisha, efana nezimayini ezijulile zolwandle, kungasongela izinhlobo nezindawo eziyingqayizivele.
Ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe: izixazululo nezivumelwano
Kuphela ngokusebenzisana phakathi kwamazwe lapho amanzi omhlaba angaphathwa ngendlela eqhubekayo nangokuphepha. Izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, ezihlanganisa i-UNCLOS kanye nezivumelwano zokuvikela izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle, zibalulekile.
Njengamanje, kunezinhlelo zokuvikela imvelo yasolwandle, ukuxhumanisa ukutakula, nokulwa nobugebengu bamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuqapha ngokuhlanganyela, ucwaningo, kanye nokwabelana ngolwazi kubalulekile kule mizamo.
Isibonelo, usizo lokusiza ababaleki olwandle oluphakeme ludinga umzamo ohlangene wokuqinisekisa izimpilo namalungelo, ngokuhambisana nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
Curiosities kanye namacala wangempela emanzini ngamazwe
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amanzi omhlaba abe yinkundla yezimo ezihlukile futhi axhashazwe abantu abazimele ngenxa yezikhala zomthetho. Imibukiso yobuciko, amakhasino antantayo, nemitholampilo engomahamba nendlwana iye yahlelwa ukuze kweqe imingcele engokomthetho kwamanye amazwe.
Kodwa-ke, imisebenzi eminingi ihlala incike kufulegi lomkhumbi kanye nomthetho wamazwe omhlaba osebenzayo. Nakuba inkululeko yolwandle yasungulwa ngekhulu le-17, ukubambisana nokuhambisana nezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe kubalulekile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhlukumeza nokuvikela ifa elivamile lezilwandle.
Amanzi amazwe ngamazwe amelela omunye wemingcele yokugcina okwabelwana ngayo emhlabeni. Nakuba bengekho ngaphansi kokulawulwa yinoma yimuphi uMbuso, umthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela izinsiza zabo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwazo ngokuthula sikubo bonke abantu. Imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe, eholwa yi-UNCLOS, inikeza iziqondiso ezicacile, nakuba Iphinde ibhekane nezinselelo ekusetshenzisweni kwayo nasekuqashweni kwayo. Umhlaba wethu oshintshashintsha njalo uncike kakhulu ekuphathweni okufanele kwalezi zindawo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusimama, ukuthula, kanye nobulungiswa ngale kwemingcele kazwelonke.
