I-Dahlias izimbali ezisikiwe ezitholakala ezitshalweni ze-herbaceous zohlobo Dahlia, eyaziwa ngokokuqala ngqá eMexico. Kuyisitshalo esinesiqu esine-herbaceous esinomkhuba okhulayo we-epiphytic. Njengamanje, cishe izinhlobo ezingama-30 zalolu hlobo sezikhonjiwe. Dahlia kanye nezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-20.000 ezitholwe ngeziphambano ze-horticultural ezigunyazwe ku-International Dahlias Registry. Ngikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokwazi kulesi sihloko mayelana nama-Dahlias.
I-Las Dalias
I-Dahlias isitshalo se-herbaceous stem okuthi uma siqhakaza sikhiqize imbali enamacembe amaningi ahlukaniswa ngokuba nemibala ehlukene, ibonakala ngokuba nezimpande eziqinile, ezineziqu namaqabunga amaningi abukeka njengezimbali zezimbali uma ziqhakaza. Idabuka eMexico, futhi iyisitshalo esidinga ukukhanya kwelanga okuhle. I-Dahlias inezimbali ezinhle ezinamacembe anombala opinki, ophuzi, osawolintshi, obomvu, onsomi noma onsomi. Lezi zimbali zifunwa kakhulu kuma-florists, nursery kanye nezitolo zezolimo.
Lesi sitshalo sidabuka eMexico, lapho kuye kwatholakala khona izinhlobo ezingu-41 kuya kwezingu-50 ezitholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo zasezweni lama-Aztec, lapho sezitshalwe khona iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili. Lezi zitshalo zitshalwa ngezimbali zazo ezinhle nezichichimayo ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene nemibala (emhlophe, ebomvana, ephuzi, ensomi kanye neminye imibala ngaphandle koluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka).
Ochwepheshe bezokulima abavela eziphambanweni zezinhlobo ezahlukene zohlobo Dahlia ziye zabangela izinhlobo eziningi ezixubile ezinezimbali ezilula, eziyinhlanganisela ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene nemibala. igama lohlobo Dahlia, yabekwa njengesikhumbuzo kusazi sezitshalo u-Andreas Dahl, owayengumfundi waseLinnaeus. Ziyizitshalo ezikhula kahle kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo zaseMexico, zingenye yezimbali ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni ama-corsages.
Ukulima nokunakekela
Lezi zitshalo zidinga ukukhanya okuhle, ngakho kufanele zitshalwe ezindaweni lapho imisebe yelanga eqondile ifinyelela kuzo, lapho imimoya ingenawo amandla futhi inhlabathi inensada yezinto eziphilayo ukuze ivunde. Izimbali ze-Dahlias zingaba nezingqimba eziningana zamacembe, ahluka kusuka kungqimba olulodwa lwamacembe, kube yizingqimba eziphindwe kabili, eziphindwe kathathu kanye nezingama-sextuple zamacembe, okubangelwa iziphambano ezihlukahlukene ze-horticultural. Izimbali ze-Dahlias ezinenani elikhulu kunawo wonke lamacembe zihlaba umxhwele ukushuba kwemibala yazo, ukwakheka kwazo okumangazayo nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene ukusuka kumasentimitha ayi-8 kuye kwangamasentimitha angaphezu kuka-15.
Isimo sezulu nomhlabathi wokulinywa
Kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kutshalwe emhlabathini ovundiswe kahle noma kumquba omncane ukuze izithombo zikhule kalula. Ziyizitshalo ezijwayelana nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwenhlabathi, kuhlanganise nenhlabathi ene-pH engaphezu kuka-7. Kumele zitshalwe elangeni eligcwele futhi ziniselwe njalo. Izinhlobo zasendle noma ezihlanzekile zisakazwa ngembewu. Ezinye izici zokulinywa kwayo zibaliwe:
- Izinga lokushisa elinconyiwe. Kunconywa ukutshala ama-Dahlias ezingeni lokushisa eliphakathi kuka-18 °C no-23 °C, lezi zitshalo azikwazi ukumelana kakhulu nezinga lokushisa eliphansi.
- Imfuneko yokukhanya. Zizivumelanisa nezindawo ezinemisebe emihle yelanga, ngokufanayo, zikhula kahle ezindaweni ezinomthunzi omncane lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kufinyelela khona ngokungaqondile.
- Umswakama. Idinga umswakama wemvelo phakathi kuka-75 kuya ku-78%.
- Ukutshala i-substrate. Inhlabathi evundile enenani eliphezulu lezinto eziphilayo ezinothile ngamaminerali ahlinzeka ngenani elihle lezakhi ezinkulu kanye nezakhi ezincane, ezinokwakheka okusaloam, ezivunyelekayo ezivumela ukugeleza kwamanzi okuhle kanye ne-pH phakathi kobubanzi obuphakathi kuka-6 no-8.
- Ukunisela. Ukuchelela kusetshenziswa kuye ngokuthi isivuno singakanani. Ekuqaleni kwesitshalo, ukuchelela kufanele kube okuphakathi ukuze inhlabathi ihlale inomswakama, ngaphandle kokugcwala kwamanzi. Lapho izimbali zokuqala zikhula, ukuchelela kuphakanyiswa ukwandisa imvamisa futhi ikakhulukazi ngenkathi yasehlobo.
Izindlela zokuzihlakulela
Ukutshalwa kwezitshalo ze-Dahlias kumiswa ngokuya ngomsebenzi okutshalwa kwesitshalo sawo okuzoba nawo.Izitshalo ze-Dahlias zilinyelwa ukwenza imisebenzi ehlukene noma izindlela zokumaketha: njengokukhiqizwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa (ukutshalwa kokusikwa), izimbali ezisikiwe kanye nokutshala izimbiza. izitshalo.
Ukutshala ngokusika
Ukuze kutshalwe ama-Dahlias kusuka ekusikeni kwesiqu esiphakathi, kusetshenziswa izinqamu ezisikiwe ebusika bese kuthi ama-Dahlias aqalwe ekuqaleni kwehlobo. Uma inhloso iwukutshala phakathi kuka-240 kuya ku-300 ukusikwa ngemitha yesikwele, lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo ziyenziwa: Ukutshalwa kwe-Dahlias kusuka kusikwa noma ngama-tubers, kufanele kutshalwe endaweni yokuhluma, kutshalwe emigqeni ehlukaniswe kude 7 kuya ku-8cm. Ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kokusikwa kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kube phakathi kwamasentimitha ama-4 kuya ku-5 futhi ukujula kokutshala kwezisikiwe kufanele kube yi-1/3 yobude bazo.
Izitshalo ezisikiwe ziqala ukumila lapho zishintsha umbala ukusuka koluhlaza okotshani ukuya koluhlaza okujulile futhi ihlumela lokugcina liyakhula. Lapho izimpande ziqala ukukhula futhi sezikhule ngokwanele, lezi zinqamule zitshalwa emiseleni futhi ubukhulu bensimu buhluka phakathi kwemitha engu-0,5 kuya ku-1 kuye ngezinhlobonhlobo ze-Dahlia.
Ukutshalwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa
Ukutshalwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ze-Dahlias kuqala kanye nokuqala kwentwasahlobo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ukutshala kuyizilimo eziyizigaxa ezitshalweni, kuzokwenziwa phakathi nenkathi yentwasahlobo. Ibanga lokutshala lihambisana nobukhulu bezimbali ze-Dahlias. Uma ziyizinhlobonhlobo ezinezimbali ezinkulu, igridi yokutshala kufanele ibe imitha engu-1 × 1, ngokungafani nezilimo eziyizigaxa zokutshala ama-Dahlias ngezimbali ezincane, kufanele zibe ngu-0,5 x 0,5 amamitha.
Umhlabathi wokutshala izilimo eziyizigaxa kumele ube ne-pH engathathi hlangothi futhi ungabi ne-calcareous, efakwe umquba obolayo ukuze unikeze izinto eziphilayo. Ekuvundiseni kwayo, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi usebenzise umthamo ongu-100 kg/ha we-P ehektheleni elilodwa lokutshala.2O5 kanye no-200 kg/ha we-K2Noma lapho ulungisa inhlabathi yokutshala izilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nokuvundisa noma ukuvundisa ngokulungiswa, sebenzisa u-50 kg/ha we-N2, ezinyangeni zasehlobo.
Kuyafaneleka ukugwema ukweqa umthamo weNitrojeni ngoba amaqabunga angakhula ngosayizi noma akhiqize amaqabunga amaningi futhi athinte ubuhle bezitshalo. Ukunisela izitshalo ze-Dahlias ngama-tubers kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kube kuningi futhi kuvame, ukuze i-substrate ihlale inomswakama futhi, ngokufanayo, ngaphandle kwezikhukhula.
Isiko lokusika imbali
Ukutshalwa kwe-Dahlias ukukhiqiza izitshalo zezimbali ezisikiwe kwenziwa ngokuhlwanyela izigxobo noma imbewu emiseleni enobubanzi obuphakathi kwamasentimitha angama-25 no-30, ibanga lokutshala phakathi kwesitshalo ngasinye lingaba phakathi kuka-0,5 kuya ku-0,7 lokhu kufinyelela ukuhluka ngokusho kwe izinhlobonhlobo ezitshalwayo, izimo zomhlabathi, imikhuba ye-agro-cultural kanye nokunye okuhlukile.
Ngenhloso yokuzuza imbali eyinhloko, ukupinwa kuyenziwa, lo mkhuba wenziwa eziqwini zezitshalo ezisencane ezinobude obungamasentimitha ayi-15 kuye kwangama-20. Kufanele kwenziwe ngaphezu kwepheya lesithathu lamaqabunga ukusuka esisekelweni. Ukuze kuncishiswe, ama-flower buds kanye nama-buds yesibili atholakala kuma-axils amaqabunga ayasuswa, kusale kuphela ihlumela eliyinhloko. Lo msebenzi kufanele wenziwe ngaphambi kokuba ihlumela elikhulu lifinyelele amasentimitha angu-5 ubude. Umphumela ofisayo uwukuthola imbali eyinhloko isiqu sayo silinganiselwa phakathi kwamasentimitha angama-60 kuya kwangu-70.
Umhlabathi, ukuvundisa nokuchelela
Lapho izitshalo ze-Dahlias zitshalwa ukuthola izimbali ezisikiwe, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi zitshalwe enhlabathini evulekile, ene-porosity enhle kanye ne-aeration. Ngokufanayo, inhlabathi kumele ikwazi ukungena kahle ukuze ivumele ukungena kwamanzi ngezingqimba ezihlukene zomhlabathi futhi ngaleyo ndlela ivumele izingqimba ezijulile zigcine umswakama. Kufanele ihlulwe kaningi ukugwema ukuncintisana ngemisoco, ukukhanya namanzi.
Kunconywa ekuvundiseni ukusebenzisa umanyolo we-N, P kanye no-K (i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus ne-potassium), kumafomula alinganisiwe we-2-1-2 kanye ne-1-2-3. Ngokuqondene nokunisela, kufanele uqale ukuchelela ukuze uqedele ukutshala, uma isitshalo senziwa kusuka kuma-tubers noma ama-cuttings anezimpande. Ukufakwa kokunisela kufanele kuhlelwe ukuze kuhlale njalo futhi ngale ndlela kulawuleke ukuthi kube noshintsho olusheshayo lomswakama emhlabathini, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umhlabathi uhlala unomswakama futhi uzuzisa ukukhula kwezimpande.
ukusika kwembali
Ukwenza ukusikwa kwe-Dahlias kutshalwe izimbali ezisikiwe, ukuqala kokuqhakaza kwazo kufanele kucatshangelwe, okwenzeka phakathi kwezinsuku ezingama-60 kuya kwezingama-70 kusukela osukwini lokutshala kwezilimo eziyizigaxa futhi kuqhubeke isikhathi esiyizinsuku ezingama-45 kuye kwezingama-50. Ngalesi sikhathi, izimbali ziyasikwa njengoba ziqhakaza futhi zivuleka. Ukuvunwa kwalezi zimbali ezisikiwe kwenzeka nsuku zonke. Lesi sivuno senziwa lapho imbali ngayinye isivuleke ngokugcwele futhi isiqu sifinyelela ubukhulu obufanele. Lokhu kunquma ukuhlukaniswa kwezimbali ze-Dahlias ngokwezentengiselwano.
Ngenyanga yesishiyagalolunye yokutshala, kuye ngezinhlobonhlobo ze-Dalia nokuthi isitshalo siyini, izinto ezibonisiwe zokukhiqiza ukusikwa ziqala ukukhethwa futhi zikhishwe, kanye nokukhipha izilimo eziyizigaxa ngomshini. Uma impahla esuke idayiswa ukuze kusatshalaliswe i-Dahlias isikhethiwe futhi ikhishwe, iyahlanzwa futhi igcinwe endaweni eshisa kakhulu phakathi kuka-5 kuya ku-10 °C, kufanele igcinwe endaweni yomswakama ophakathi kwama-80 kuya ku-85% nezilimo eziyizigaxa zigcina isisindo sazo kusukela lapho zikhishwa. Isisindo sokuhweba sama-tubers ukukhiqiza ama-Dahlias amakhulu kufanele sibe amagremu angu-40 futhi ama-Dahlias amancane amagremu angu-25.
Ukutshalwa kwe-Dahlias ezimbizeni
Kuphakanyiswa ukuthi uma ufuna ukutshala ama-Dahlias ezimbizeni ozozisebenzisa: Izinhlobo ze-Dwarf Dahlias ezitholakala embewini kanye nokusebenzisa izilimo eziyizigaxa zezinhlobo ze-Dahlias ezitholwe njenge-vegetatively lapho kwakusetshenziswa khona ama-growth inhibitors ngenhloso yokukhiqiza ama-Dahlias amancane.
Izinhlobo ze-Dahlias ezitholakala embewini. Zidinga isikhathi esingamaviki angu-8 kuya kwayi-12 kusukela ekuhlanyeleni ukuze izitshalo ziqhakaze. Ezinkathini zonyaka lapho kungcono kakhulu ukuyilima kuphakathi kwezinkathi zasebusika naphakathi nenkathi yasentwasahlobo, ngezinga lokushisa eliphakathi kuka-18 kuya ku-20 °C. Izitshalo ze-Dahlias azikubekezeleli amazinga okushisa angaphansi kuka-9 °C. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izitshalo ze-Dahlias ezikhiqizwe kabusha ezitshalweni ziqala isigaba sazo sokuqhakaza kusukela ngesonto lesi-6. Zitshalwa ezimbizeni ezingamasentimitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-25.
I-substrate ephakanyisiwe yokutshala izitshalo ze-Dahlias ezimbizeni ingaba ingxube yenhlabathi efakwe inzalo ngaphambilini, i-peat ne-perlite ngesilinganiso se-1:1:1. Ukuze uthole ukuqhakaza okuhle kwesitshalo se-Dahlia, kulula ukuthi i-peat inothe nge-potassium, ngenxa yesidingo esikhulu salesi sitshalo ngalesi sitshalo. Mayelana nokuvundiswa noma ukuvundiswa kwezitshalo ezitshalwe ezimbizeni, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kusetshenziswe umanyolo owuketshezi ngesilinganiso se-100 ppm ngesilinganiso esilinganiselwe se-2: 1: 2 ye-N, P, K ngokulandelanayo. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi izitshalo ze-Dahlias ziyizitshalo ezikhula ngokukhanya kwelanga okwanele.
Iziphakamiso zokutshala ama-dahlias
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izitshalo ze-Dahlias zenza izimbali ezinkulu futhi ezinhle kakhulu, kuphakanyiswa ukuthena ama-lateral buds, ngokucophelela ukugcina ihlumela eliphakathi, eliphakeme kakhulu, lisesimweni esihle. Ungakhathazeki uma izinsuku ezimbalwa zokuqala zingathuthukisi izimbali eziningi, noma kunjalo, izimbali ezintsha ezizozinikeza zizoba ngobukhulu obukhulu nobukhazikhazi. Kuhle ukususa izimbali ezibunile ukuze kugqugquzelwe izimbali ezintsha ukuthi zikhule.
Kuphakanyiswa ukuthi indawo yokutshala ibe sezivandeni futhi ugweme ukukhula ama-Dahlias ezimbizeni, ngoba lesi sitshalo singakhula sibe ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi kwemitha ukuphakama, ngenxa yalokhu izimpande zidinga inhlabathi ejulile ukuze ikhule ngokugcwele. Esikhundleni sokutshala i-Dalia ebhodweni, ukukhula kwesistimu yezimpande kuvinjelwe. Futhi, ama-Dahlias atshalwe endlini aqhakaza kancane futhi abukeke engadlali.
Izidingo zokunisela zezitshalo ze-Dahlias ziphansi phakathi nezinyanga lapho isitshalo sikhula nge-vegetatively, ngakho-ke imvamisa yokunisela kufanele ibe ngokulinganisela. Ukwandisa imvamisa yokunisela ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza, njalo uqikelela ukuthi umhlabathi ungagcwali ukuvimbela izimpande ukuthi zingaboli noma zihlaselwe isikhunta namagciwane.
Izitshalo ze-Dahlias zingatshalwa kusuka kumbewu, ukusikwa, noma ukusikwa nezilimo eziyizigaxa. Ukusabalalisa kwayo kungase kube ngokuhlukanisa izilimo eziyizigaxa, ngembewu kanye nokusika noma ukuxhunyelelwa. Ukuhlwanyela kwenziwa kangcono phakathi kwezinyanga zikaMashi kuya kuMeyi, kunconywa ukusebenzisa i-humus yemifino kanye nesihlabathi ukwenza ngcono ukungena kwenhlabathi. Ukujula kokuhlwanyela kufanele kube phakathi kwamasentimitha ayi-10 kuye kwayi-13. Uma isitshaliwe, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kubanjwe umfundisi ukuze ayinikeze isiqondiso nokuthambekela.
Izinga lokushisa kufanele licatshangelwe, njengoba izitshalo ze-Dahlias zikwazi ukumelana no-5 ° C, ngakho-ke, izitshalo ze-Dahlias kufanele zivikelwe ngesikhathi sasebusika. Ngesikhathi sokutshala nokutshalwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa kuphakanyiswa ukuthi izilimo eziyizigaxa zisuswe ngemva kokuba isithwathwa sokuqala sesidlulile futhi zivikeleke endaweni eyomile, enomthunzi evikelekile ekukhanyeni kuze kufike inkathi yasentwasahlobo.
ukusabalala kwawo
Ukusakazeka kwayo kungenziwa ngembewu, ukusikwa noma ukusikwa, ngokuhlukanisa izilimo eziyizigaxa zayo kanye nesiko lezicubu (kwesibeletho). Izinhlobo ze-Hybrid zisakazwa ngokuhlukanisa izilimo eziyizigaxa, okumele zihlukaniswe ukuze isigaba ngasinye sibe nama-buds amabili alele. Le ndlela iyona ephumelela kakhulu futhi esetshenziselwa ukusabalalisa ama-Dahlias hybrids. Izinhlobo zasendle ze-Dahlias zingasakazwa ngembewu.
Ukusakazwa ngembewu
Le ndlela yokusabalalisa isetshenziswa ochwepheshe be-horticultural noma abalimi abakhulisa iziphambano futhi ngaleyo ndlela bathole izinhlobo ezintsha. Le nqubo isetshenziswa ezitshalweni ezitshalwe ezimbizeni. Zihlwanyelwa ngenkathi yasentwasahlobo, ukutshala kwazo kwenziwa ezimbizeni ezine-substrate yemifino exubene nesihlabathi, izitshalo ezikhulayo zidinga izinga lokushisa eliphakathi kuka-15 kuya ku-18 ° C. Izitshalo ezisakazwa ngaphansi kwalezi zimo ziqhuma cishe ezinsukwini eziyi-15.
Uma amaqabunga amabili eqiniso evela ezithonjeni ze-Dahlias, atshalwa kabusha ebhodweni elikhudlwana futhi atshalwe kugridi yokutshala engu-5 x 5 centimeter. Izitshalo ezincane ze-Dahlias zishiywa kulesi sitsha kuze kube yilapho kuzalwa iqabunga lesine futhi, lapho lokhu kwenzeka, izitshalo zidluliselwa futhi, kulokhu, ezimbizeni ngabanye. Lapho kuphela inkathi yasentwasahlobo, izitshalo ezincane ze-Dahlias zitshalwa kabusha endaweni yezithombo, ngebanga phakathi kwezitshalo ezingamasentimitha angama-80 phakathi kwezitshalo.
Ukusakazwa ngezigxobo noma ukusikwa
Ukufeza le nqubo yokusabalalisa, ama-tubers aqoqwe ngonyaka odlule asetshenziswa futhi atholakala ezitshalweni zomama futhi, kusukela ngesikhathi sokuqoqwa kuze kube yilapho esesetshenziselwa ukusakazeka, kufanele agcinwe endaweni enezinga lokushisa eliphansi. Ekupheleni kwenkathi yasebusika, izilimo eziyizigaxa ziyathathwa futhi zilinywe. Ukutshalwa kwabo ukuze basakaze kufanele kwenziwe emibhedeni eshisayo ekushiseni kuka-15 kuya ku-20 ° C futhi isiko lamasiko lenziwe nge-peat nesihlabathi esixutshwe ngesilinganiso se-1: 1, izilimo eziyizigaxa zitshalwa zishiya intamo kuphela. kwalokhu ku-Discover.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KNE66EHSwLg
Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa lapho kubuka amahlumela avele avela futhi lawa afinyelela ukuphakama phakathi kwamasentimitha angu-5 kuya kwangu-10, kulula ukuwahlukanisa nesitshalo sikamama. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kufanele kwenziwe ngommese ofakwe isibulala-magciwane futhi ukusika okuhlanzekile kwenziwa ngaphansi kwamaqabunga amabili okuqala. Ngokufanayo, ukusika kungenziwa ukushiya isithende, okungukuthi, ucezu lwe-tubercle.
Ngemuva kwalokho lezi zicucu ziyiswa kumathreyi noma ezimbizeni ekushiseni kwe-18 ° C futhi isiko lamasiko liyi-peat ecebile. Kulindeleke ukuthi emasontweni amabili kuya kwamathathu ama-cuttings avele akhiphe izimpande zawo. Uma izithombo sezikhiqize izimpande zazo, zitshalwa kabusha endaweni yokuhlala ukuze zilinywe.
Ukusakazwa ngokuhlukaniswa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa
Ekusakazweni kwezitshalo ze-Dahlias, ukusakazeka okulula ukukwenza yilokho okwenziwa ngokuhlukanisa izilimo eziyizigaxa. Izitshalo ze-Dahlia zakha inqwaba yezilimo eziyizigaxa ezingaphansi komhlaba njengoba zikhula futhi zivuthwa. Ukusabalalisa ngokuhlukaniswa kwe-tuber kusebenzisa lezo ezigcinwe kusukela ekutshalweni konyaka odlule. Lezi yizitshalo zokusabalalisa ku-substrate yokutshala eyenziwe ngengxube ye-peat nesihlabathi, futhi ibekwe endaweni enezinga lokushisa eliphezulu (phakathi kuka-15 kuya ku-20 ° C).
Izilimo eziyizigaxa zigcinwa kule ndawo kuze kube yilapho ama-vegetative efihlekile ama-tubers eqala ukuhluma. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, izilimo eziyizigaxa ziyahlukaniswa, ngaphambi kokwenza ukuhlukana kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-tuber ngayinye ine-vegetative buds ephakathi kwamabili kuya kwamathathu, ukuqinisekisa ukusakazeka kwayo. Ekuqaleni kwenkathi yasentwasahlobo, umhlaba wokuhlala ulungiselelwe ukutshala izilimo eziyizigaxa futhi, izilimo eziyizigaxa ziyahlukaniswa ukuze zitshalwe ngokushesha. Enye indlela yokusabalalisa ama-dahlias ngokusabalalisa ukutshala. kwesibeletho, kusukela ku-vegetative meristems.
Ukunakekela izinambuzane nezifo
I-Dahlias yizitshalo ezizwela kakhulu izinambuzane nezifo, ezingagwenywa uma unaka ukwenza imisebenzi emihle yamasiko, njengokunisela okufanele ukuze kuvinjelwe inhlabathi yokulima ekukhukhuleni nasekulimazeni izimpande. Futhi, bheka indawo enhle yokutshala futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke ethola imisebe emihle yelanga esiza ama-Dahlias akhule enempilo. Khumbula ukubulala amathuluzi, izingxenye zezitshalo uma zisakazeka, ukhula nokunye, ukuvimbela ama-Dahlias ekungenweni izifo noma ukuhlaselwa izinambuzane, ikakhulukazi izintwala.
I-Aphid (Myzus persicae)
Izitshalo ze-Dahlias zihlaselwa ama-aphid (I-Myzus persicae), phakathi nezinyanga zasekwindla nasebusika, ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphansi. Izilwane ezifuywayo kanye nabantu abadala Myzus persicae, ngokuhlasela isitshalo bamunca ubisi futhi benze buthaka ama-Dahlias abangele umonakalo emaqabunga aphenduka aphuzi futhi isitshalo singafa. Lezi zintwala, ezingosokhaya, zingabadlulisi bamagciwane futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenkathi zidla ubisi lwe-Dahlias, zikhipha uju futhi lokhu kuthanda ukubonakala kwesikhunta esimnyama.
Lesi zinambuzane silawulwa kangcono ngezinyathelo zokuvimbela, ngoba lokhu kufanele uqaphe umjikelezo wempilo ye- I-Myzus persicae, lapho inani lale aphid lehla, izindlela zokulawula izinto eziphilayo zinhle impela, izitha zayo zemvelo zilungile U-Adalia bipunctata y Aphidius colemani, lezi zilwane ezidla izintwala ngoba zidla kuzo. Kodwa-ke, uma inani lama-aphid liphezulu kakhulu, ukulawulwa okusebenzayo kakhulu ukusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali.
Isicabucabu esibomvu
Uma izimo zokuswakama kwemvelo ziphansi, izitshalo ze-Dahlias zingahlaselwa isicabucabu esibomvu (red spider mite).I-Tetranychus urticae). Ukuhlasela kwe-spider mite kungabonwa lapho kubonakala amachashaza amancane aphuzi, iqabunga lithatha isimo se-pod bese iqabunga liwa. Konke lokhu kuhambisana nobulembu obuncane ngaphansi kweqabunga leqabunga. Ukuvimbela ukuhlaselwa kwesicabucabu esibomvu, kuphakanyiswa ukwandisa umswakama wemvelo. Njengendlela yokulawula izinto eziphilayo kusetshenziswa izimbuzane I-Phytoseiulus persimilis, okuyisilwane esizingelayo esingokwemvelo sesicabucabu esibomvu. Ukulawula amakhemikhali kusetshenziswa izibulala-zinambuzane ezinesulphur.
Uhambo
Ezinye izinambuzane ezihlasela izitshalo ze-Dahlias yi-Thrips (UFrankliniella occidentalis), okufakazelwa njengamachashaza amhlophe emaqabunga anokubonakala kwesiliva elinomthofu futhi nxazonke zawo anomachashaza amnyama angamakaka awo. Ukulawula kwayo, izicupho ezinamathelayo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zisetshenziswa, zisetshenziswa njengezinyathelo zokuvikela. Amblyseius swirskii u orius ezindlini zokugcina izithombo. Akwaziwa ukuthi isetshenziselwa ukulawula amakhemikhali.
izibungu zebhungane
Izinambuzane zezitshalo ze-Dahlias izibungu ezimhlophe neziwucingo, okuyizibungu zebhungane ezichanyuselwa emhlabathini. Izibalo zabo zihlasela izimpande zezitshalo ze-Dahlias, uma sezilimaza izimpande, kuyabonakala ukuthi amaqabunga athatha ukubukeka okuphuzi bese abuna. Lezi zikelemu zihlasela kakhulu ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo nekwindla. Uma inani labantu landa kakhulu, izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali kufanele zifakwe. Njengendlela yokuzivikela, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kulinywe inhlabathi futhi kubhekwe ukuthi akhona yini amaqanda, ukuwashiya angamboziwe ukuze imisebe yelanga ifinyelele kuwo ngokuqondile, njengoba ezwela ukushisa okuphezulu.
Izifo ze-Dahlia
Izifo ku-Dahlias zibangelwa isikhunta, amagciwane kanye namagciwane, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili ukuthi lezi zingavinjelwa uma izitshalo ze-Dahlias ziphilile, zithola imisoco eyanele, ukukhanya kwelanga, umswakama wendawo kanye nokunisela. Futhi, gcina izindawo zakho zokutshala zinokhula, susa inhlabathi ukuze ungenise umoya emhlabathini futhi uqede amaqanda ezinambuzane angase abe inqwaba yamagciwane, futhi khumbula ukukhipha amagciwane amathuluzi akho kanye nempahla yakho.
amalahle amhlophe
Izimpawu Zezifo Zelahle Elimhlophe (Entyloma dahliae) ayindilinga, ama-elliptical noma amabala angama-angular, angafinyelela kusentimitha elilodwa ububanzi, amaqabunga ezitshalo ze-Dahlias hybrid ayabonwa. Uma sihlaselwa yilesi sifo, amabala aphaphatheka ayabonakala ekuqaleni futhi lapho esevuthiwe, amabala aphenduka ansundu.
Ukulawula ukuqhubeka kwesifo se-White Carbon, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kuqedwe izitshalo ezigulayo njengendlela yokuvimbela. Ngokunjalo, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kwandiswe indawo yokulima yensimu, ngendlela efanayo amathuluzi afana nezikele zokuthena, i-substrate yokutshala, kumele kubulawe amagciwane. Faka imikhiqizo ye-agrochemical nemikhiqizo eqinisekisiwe yokulawula isifo sekhabhoni emhlophe.
Amakhowe (Fusarium. sp)
Izitshalo ze-Dahlias eziphethwe ukhunta (I-Fusarium sp.) iqala ukuqashelwa lapho i-senescent ishiya ishintsha umbala. Ezicutshini zangaphakathi ze-Dahlias lezi zishintsha zibe nombala onsundu ngokubomvu, bese umonakalo usakazekela ezithweni ezingenhla zesitshalo. Ukuze uvimbele lokhu, kuphakanyiswa ukwenza imikhuba ye-agro-cultural, njengokutshala ukhula, ukuchelela okulinganiselwe, amathuluzi okubulala amagciwane kanye nezitsha, kanye ne-substrate, phakathi kwabanye.
Amagciwane
Izitshalo ze-Dahlias zizwela kakhulu ekuhlaselweni kwamagciwane, i-bacterium lapho izitshalo ze-Dahlias zizwela kakhulu. I-Erwinia chrysanthemi, La magciwane abangela ukubola kwezilimo eziyizigaxa. Uma uhlasela ama-Dahlias ezinhlobonhlobo ezizwela kakhulu leli gciwane, lingalimaza isitshalo sakho ngo-80% esigabeni sokuzalanisa enkulisa. Amagciwane I-Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ikhiqiza izimila ku nezilimo eziyizigaxa.
Ngenkathi i-bacterium I-Corynebacteririum fascians, ikhiqiza inyongo emaqabunga. Ukuze ugweme ukuhlaselwa yinoma yiliphi lala magciwane, kuphakanyiswa ukuba kwenziwe izinqubo zezolimo namasiko ezifana nalezi: ukuvimbela izitshalo ukuba zingalimali, gcina amahlamvu omile, susa izitshalo ezithintekile, gcina amathuluzi okutshala nokuthena nezitsha kuhlanzekile.
ukuhlaselwa kwegciwane
Izitshalo ze-Dahlia zingase zibe nezitshalo ezitheleleke ngamagciwane afana ne-Cucumber Mosaic Virus noma i-Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus (CMV), kanye ne-Dahlia Mosaic Virus noma i-Dahlia Mosaic Caulimovirus (DMV), womabili amagciwane asakazwa yi-aphid. I-CMV idala i-interneval mosaic ezitshalweni ze-Dahlia.
Izimpawu ezivezwa yi-"Dahlia mosaic virus" ziyehluka kuye ngokuthi luhlobo luni lwembewu oluthelelekile. Phakathi kwezimpawu ezingabonwa yilezi: ukuguquka kombala wemithambo, okuluhlaza okotshani kanye nokulahlekelwa umbala ophuzi ogqamile. Ithinta amafomu amaqabunga, amaqabunga avelayo omumo ongavamile, hhayi ama-symmetrical kanye ne-curling akhiqizwa. Kwezinye izitshalo ukukhula phakathi kwamanodi kuba kuncane futhi izitshalo zibukeka zincane. Ukuze kuqedwe amagciwane, inani lama-aphid kufanele lincishiswe futhi izitshalo ezigulayo kufanele zisuswe, amathuluzi abulawe amagciwane kanye neminye imikhuba ye-phytosanitary.
Imbali Yesizwe YaseMexico
AmaDahlias izitshalo ezidabuka eMexico, ezikhonjwe phakathi kohlobo lwe-Dalhia lomndeni wezitshalo i-Asteraceae (Compositae) Tribe Heliantheae, igama lawo lama-Aztec yi-Acocoxóchitl, okusho ukuthi "imbali yeshubhu yasemanzini". Ngenxa yezimbali zabo ezinhle, ama-Dahlias ayizitshalo ezaziswa kakhulu isiko laseMexico, ngenxa yalokhu, ngo-Okthoba 12, 1995, i-Mexican Dahlia Association noma i-Acocoxóchitl AC yahlelwa futhi ngo-2007, kwasungulwa uSuku LukaZwelonke lweDahlia. Inhlangano ye-Mexican Dahlias Society.
Lesi sitshalo sinezinto ezinoshukela ezazisetshenziswa abantu basendulo baseMexico ekwelapheni abanesifo sokuwa. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ocwaningweni lwakamuva olwenziwa ososayensi banqume ukuthi into enoshukela etholakala kuma-tubers iphakanyiswa ukwelapha izifo zesifo sikashukela.
Ukudayiswa kwezimbali ze-Dalias kuyibhizinisi lamazwe ngamazwe, okuthi ngokolwazi olunikezwe iNetherlands, ukuthengiswa kwalo kuveza inzuzo engaba yizigidi ezingu-50 zamaRandi ngonyaka. Ngakho-ke iyimbali yesibili ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngemva kweTulip okuyimbali ethandwa kakhulu amaDashi.
UMongameli u-Adolfo López Mateos ngoMeyi 13, 1963, wakhipha isimemezelo esimemezela iDalia njengommeleli weNational Floriculture, ngokwalokhu okulandelayo:
- IRiphabhulikhi yaseMexico inezinhlobonhlobo zezimbali zomdabu ezinokuhlobisa okukhulu, izimbali nenani lezomnotho, ezigqamisa imbali ye-Dahlia.
- Ngenxa yobuhle bazo obukhulu, izimbali zaseMexico, ngenxa yezimpawu zazo ezithile, zithole ukuqashelwa esizweni saseMexico naphesheya, ikakhulukazi izimbali ze-Dahlia.
- Ngenxa yokuthakasela abantu baseMexico ngembali ye-Dahlias, kwaba isizathu sokuthi enye yezinhlobo zezilwane yaziwe ngegama lika-Dahlia Juárez, ngokuhlonipha i-Benemérito de las Américas, uDon Benito Juárez.
Ngokunjalo, i-Dahlia iphinde yahlongozwa ukuthi ithole ukuhlukaniswa kwembali kazwelonke yizikhungo ezizimele nezikahulumeni, njenge: The Botanical Society of Mexico, iphephandaba i-Excelsior kanye ne-National Confederation of Floriculturists and Nurserymen of the Mexican Republic.
Ngokusho kwedatha enikezwe i-Mexican Dahlia Association noma i-Acocoxochitl, AC (AMD), isitshalo se-Dahlia sitshalwa ngokuyinhloko ezifundeni zase-Mexico zase-Mexico City, e-Tlaxcala, e-Nuevo León, e-Puebla naseSifundazweni sase-Mexico. Eveza ukuthi lesi sitshalo sinesici sokwakha izimpande ngendlela yobhatata, ongadliwa futhi ube nemithi yokwelapha.
Njengamanje ama-Dahlias alinywa emasimini aseMexico ukuze kutholwe izitshalo lapho kukhiqizwa khona ama-infusions ngezingcezu ze-Dahlia nezilimo eziyizigaxa, ezidingeka ukuthi zisetshenziswe abanesifo sikashukela. Izimbali zezitshalo ze-Dahlias zinomumo wezahluko, ezinenani elikhulu lamacembe okuthi kwezinye izinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo zingafinyelela ngaphezu kwama-500 ngembali ngayinye, futhi ngosayizi ohluka phakathi kwamasentimitha ayi-6 kuye kwangama-30, enemibala eminingi ehlukahlukene. ngisho neminye yemibala emibili ngaphandle kwemibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nohlaza.
Kusukela ngo-August 4, 2007, usuku lukazwelonke lwe-Dahlia lugujwa eMexico, i-AMD yaqokomisa ukutuswa kobuhle obungavamile bezimbali ze-Dahlia, yaqashelwa yiMexico ngabalimi kanye nemiphakathi ehlukene kusukela ngesikhathi se-Netzahualcóyotl ne-Moctezuma , owayala ukuba ziqoqwe futhi zitshalwe ezingadini zaseTezcutzingo nase-Oaxtepec.
Lapho abanqobi baseSpain bethola ama-Dahlias, bathandana nobuhle babo futhi baletha imbewu, izilimo eziyizigaxa nezitshalo eYurophu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX futhi, ngaphezu kwezimbali zaso ezinhle, lesi sitshalo sakhulisa isithakazelo ngezindawo zaso zokwelapha nokudla. Nokho, ubuhle bezimbali zayo nezinhlobonhlobo zayo bamukelwa kahle kakhulu ngabaseYurophu futhi baqala ukutshalwa kulo lonke izwekazi, abakhiqizi abakhulu kwakuyizingadi zaseSpain, France, England, Holland, Belgium kanye neSwitzerland.
Ngikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokufunda ngemvelo emangalisayo nokuthi ungayinakekela kanjani, ngokufunda lokhu okuthunyelwe okulandelayo: