Isihlahla se-hazel (Hazelnut corylus) ungowokuzalwa e-Asia naseYurophu, waziswa kakhulu ngezinzuzo eziwunikezayo njengesihlahla sokuhlobisa ngenxa yobuhle baso, umthunzi waso, usizo lwezinkuni zalo, futhi ikakhulukazi izithelo zalo embonini yokudla nezimonyo. Kulokhu kanye nezinye izici, kuboniswa kulokhu okuthunyelwe, ukutshalwa kwayo, ukunakekelwa nokusetshenziswa kweHazelnut.
Izimpawu ze-Hazel
Isihlahla se-hazel (Hazelnut corylus), uhlobo lomndeni wakwaBetulaceae, luvela e-Asia naseYurophu. Kuyisihlahla esinamaqabunga, ngoba ngenkathi yasekwindla amaqabunga awo aqala ukushintsha umbala wawo ophuzi-oluhlaza abe nombala ophuzi obomvu futhi agcine ewa ekwindla nasebusika. Amaqabunga awo anokulinganisa phakathi kwamasentimitha angu-5 kuya kwangu-12, aphuzi, ayindilinga, anemiphetho eqondile.
Isihlahla esincane, esinomqhele onwetshiwe futhi ongajwayelekile, sifinyelela ubude obuphakathi kwamamitha ama-4 kuya ku-7 uma umuntu omdala namagatsha eduzane nesisekelo sawo. Njengoba nje amaqabunga awo eshintsha umbala, amagxolo ayaba yi-striped futhi njengoba isihlahla sikhula, siyashintsha sisuka ekubeni bomvu sibe mpunga. Ukhuni lwawo luyamelana futhi luyaguquguquka, futhi luqinile.
Iqhakaza entwasahlobo ngaphambi kokuba amaqabunga ayo avele. Izimbali ze-Hazel ziyi-monoecious (izimbali zesilisa nezesifazane zikhula esihlahleni esifanayo), ama-catkins abesilisa angaba amasentimitha angu-5 kuya kwangu-12 ubude futhi aphuzi kancane ngombala, ama-catkin awo wesifazane mancane futhi atholakala ku-buds. , kusukela kulawa ahluma 1 kuya ku-3 izitayela ezibomvu ngokugqamile.
Izithelo zawo ama-hazelnuts: izithelo zawo ziyi-achene (isithelo esomile esinembewu), esakhiwe ngamaqembu ka-1 kuya ku-5, ukuvuthwa kwawo kuhamba kancane futhi kuthatha izinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili. I-hazelnut itholakala ku-involucre enamaqabunga lapho u-¾ wamantongomane evalelwe. Uma le involucrum noma i-achene ivuthwa, ivula futhi ikhiphe i-hazelnut.
Ukusatshalaliswa kweHazel
Ivela ezindaweni ezipholile zase-Asia naseYurophu, enendawo ebanzi yokusabalalisa. Ukusuka eNyakatho ye-Asia ukuya eRussia, e-Austria, eJalimane, eFrance, eSpain nase-Italy. Ngokusho kocwaningo, kusukela ekugcineni kweqhwa kulula ukuthola izihlahla ze-Hazelnut, ezikhula ngaphansi kwe-Firs. Ukusatshalaliswa kwawo kuhlanganisa enyakatho yezwekazi lase-Afrika nasempumalanga kuya e-Armenia.
Itholakala ezindaweni ezinomoya ovunguzayo, amazinga okushisa aphakathi kuka-13 kuya ku-16°C, nakuba ikwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphansi ebusika. Isabela kahle kumswakama othize wemvelo, ofanele i-fruiting nokuthuthukiswa okuhle kwe-hazelnut. Izihlahla ze-hazelnut zithanda inhlabathi ejulile, ene-drainage enhle, eyi-siliceous-calcareous-clayey, ijwayelana nenhlabathi ene-pH ephakathi kuka-5,5 no-7,8. Ikhula kahle ezindaweni ezinomswakama ophezulu kanye nenkungu.
Ukusetshenziswa kanye Nezakhiwo zeHazelnut
Lesi sihlahla sinokusetshenziswa okuhlukile, ngaphezu kokunikeza izithelo zaso ezinhle kakhulu ezidliwayo, sisetshenziselwa ikhwalithi yokhuni lwaso, izakhiwo zaso zokwelapha nezimonyo, kanye nesitshalo sokuhlobisa. Ngenxa yomqhele wayo ongajwayelekile futhi obanzi, itshalwe ezingadini nasemapaki ngenxa yomthunzi ewunikezayo. Futhi ngenxa yombala amaqabunga awo anikeza ngawo ngenkathi yasekwindla, ngenxa yamaqabunga awo amaqabunga, okuthi ngaphambi kokuwa ashintshe kusuka eluhlaza okuphuzi kuya kokuphuzi ngokubomvu futhi kuwumbukwane wombala nobuhle ukuze wonke umuntu abubone.
Izithelo zawo, ama-hazelnuts, anezici ezihlukahlukene: Anikeza amandla ngenxa yobuningi kanye nekhwalithi yamafutha awo. Ama-hazelnuts ayimpahla yokwenza i-nougat. Zidliwa ziluhlaza futhi zibuye zithosiwe. Ama-hazelnuts asetshenziselwa ukulungisa ama-hormiguillos, okuyingxube yama-hazelnuts agayiwe futhi agxotshiwe asakazwa uju nezinkwa zesinkwa, okujabulisa ulwanga.
Inani layo eliphakeme le-caloric lesithelo salo, i-hazelnut, lisiza ukulwa nokukhathala, ukukhathala nokuntuleka kwamandla ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Kuwukudla okudliwa abasubathi, abaqeqeshi futhi batusa ukukuqeda ngaphambi kokuqala uhlelo lwezemidlalo futhi ekugcineni.
Izinkuni zalesi sihlahla zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amalahle ukuze zibase kahle. Izinkuni zamagatsha e-hazel ziguquguquka kakhulu futhi zisetshenziselwa ubhasikidi kanye nokubambisana.
Izakhiwo zokwelapha
Ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwesithelo se-Hazelnut, kuboniswa izazi zokudla okunomsoco ekudleni ukuze ulahlekelwe isisindo, ngenxa yomnikelo wenani elihle lamafutha agcwele, okusiza ukulawula i-cholesterol embi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusiza ukulwa nezifo zesimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi. Inikeza inani elikhulu lamavithamini namaminerali, njenge-folic acid, i-magnesium, i-calcium namavithamini A no-E.
Okuqukethwe kwayo kwe-oleic acid kuphezulu kuneminqumo. Inamafutha aphezulu angama-60%. 55% amafutha monounsaturated, 15% polyunsaturated (i-omega 6 ne-linoleic), 25% amafutha polyunsaturated kanye 5% amafutha agcwele.
Ama-hazelnuts anothe nge-calcium, uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amantongomane, edlula ama-alimondi kuphela. Phakathi kwezingxenye zayo kukhona: izakhi ezifana: potassium ne-magnesium. Ithusi, insimbi ne-manganese. Futhi iqukethe i-thiamine ne-pyridoxine. Aqukethe amaprotheni angu-13% kanye ne-fiber engu-7,5%.
Lesi sithelo sinenzuzo ephezulu njenge-antioxidant, evumela ukulwa nokuvimbela umdlavuza; kuhle ekusebenzeni kwesimiso sezinzwa kanye nokuzivikela komzimba; ukufaka isandla ekuboneni okuhle nokudla okuhle kwesikhumba. Inomthelela ekwakhekeni kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu kanye nokulawulwa kwamahomoni. Basiza uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi kanye nempilo yenhliziyo, balwe ne-anemia, balawule i-cholesterol embi kanye namazinga e-triglyceride. Ilawula umfutho wegazi futhi ithuthukise izinkinga zokuqunjelwa.
Ukutshalwa kweHazel Nokunakekelwa
indawo yokuhlwanyela. Lesi sihlahla se-Hazel sidinga ukunakekelwa okuphansi, nakuba isici esithinta ukukhiqiza kwaso inhlabathi. Ikhula kahle ezindaweni ezinjengama-savannah afinyelela ukuphakama okungamamitha ayi-1.700 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. Angatshalwa ezindaweni ezinokukhanya kwelanga okuhle njengokugawulwa kwehlathi noma endaweni egayiwe enenhlabathi evundile kakhulu. Isihlahla se-Almond siyamelana nokungcoliswa kwemvelo kanti ezinye zitshalwa eduze nemigwaqo yomphakathi njengemigwaqo emikhulu. Esimeni sayo sokumila iyakwazi ukumelana namakhaza.
Ukuthumela okungaphansi. Umhlabathi kumele ube nezimbotshana futhi ube netafula eliphezulu lamanzi, ukuze ube nomswakama omuhle, ube nokugeleza okuhle ukugwema ama-puddles. Inhlabathi kufanele ibe siliceous noma calcareous; ene-acidic kancane ukuya ku-pH eyisisekelo, phakathi kuka-5,5 kuya ku-7,8. Ivundile kakhulu, inenani elihle lezakhamzimba. EYurophu i-almond ilinywa enhlabathini ene-pH 5,5 kuya ku-pH 8.
Ukuze ukhule kahle kanye nokungena kwezimpande zawo, kuphakanyiswa inhlabathi enomswakama omuhle kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-organic mulch noma umquba, ukunikeza izakhi kanye nokugcina umswakama. Kungcono ukugwema ukutshala ngemishini.
Isihlahla seHazelnut asihambisani nezindawo ezishisa kakhulu, noma nenhlabathi enesihlabathi. Uma itshalwe emhlabathini one-alkaline, kufanele iqaphele ukukhokha ngoba ingahlushwa imisoco enganele. Kumele iniselwe njalo ekukhuleni kwayo, ngoba ayikubekezeleli isomiso. Kubalulekile ukunikeza izakhamzimba ezifana neNitrogen, Potassium neBoron.
Imisebenzi yoMhlaba. Lapho isihlahla se-Hazelnut sitshalwa, umhlaba kufanele ulungiswe kusengaphambili, uqede ukhula, ulinganise umhlabathi, ulungise indawo yokutshala, ukuze uzuze ukuthuthukiswa okuhle nokukhiqiza kwalezi zihlahla.
Gwema indawo yesithwathwa. I-hazelnut imelana nesithwathwa kabi, ngenxa yalesi sizathu kufanele uqaphele indawo yokutshala.
Hlanyelani ngeqembu. Ukuqhakaza kwesihlahla se-Hazel kufuna kakhulu mayelana nokukhanyisa ukuze kukhuthaze ukuqhakaza kwama-buds. Ukulawula umphumela womoya, kuphakanyiswa ukutshala ngamaqembu ama-windbreaks.
Ukutshalwa kweHazelnut Commercial
Ngokwezazi-mlando, ukutshalwa kwesihlahla se-hazelnut kwaqala ngekhulu lesine. Kuyisihlahla esimelana nezimo zezulu ezingezinhle, njengamakhaza adlulele kanye nobusika obomile. Ukuze uthole ukukhiqiza okuhle kwesihlahla se-Hazel, kunconywa ukuthi utshale endaweni enamanzi amahle, itafula lamanzi aphezulu kanye nenhlabathi ejulile. Ngokukhanya kwelanga okuhle.
Isihlahla se-hazelnut, sitshalwa kakhulu ukuthengisa isithelo saso sama-hazelnut, emazweni afana ne-Europe, China, Turkey kanye ne-Australia. Izinhlobo eziningi zenzelwe ukuthuthukisa izici ezithile zesithelo, njengokukhiqizwa kwaso sekwephuzile. Ezinye izinhlobo zisetshenziswa njengezitshalo ezithulisa impova, lokhu ukuphikisana nokuntuleka kokuvumelanisa ekuvuthweni kwezimbali zesilisa nezinsikazi.
Amasimu okudayisa ama-hazelnuts asakaza lezi zihlahla ngokuxhunyelelwa, kusetshenziswa unyawo lwe-Turkish Hazelnut njengesitshalo esingumama. (Corylus columna), lolu hlobo lunesici sokungawakhi amasucker.
Phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo noma ama-cultivars adaliwe yilezi: "Negreta", "Pauetet", "Constantí", "Asturias", "Butler", "Casina", "Daviana", "England", "Ennis", "Halls giant", " Tonda Gentile”, “Delle langhe”, “Tokolyi”, “Cosford”, “Tonda di giffoni”, “Tonda Romana”, “Wanliss pride; "Willamette", "Lewis", "Clark" futhi "Jemtegaard".
Ukuthena i-hazel
Ukunakekelwa kwezihlahla kunezinhlobo eziningi zokwelapha ze-phytosanitary, ezifana nokuthena, okuzokwenziwa kuye ngezidingo zomuthi, okungukuthi:
- Ukuthena okwakhayo, kwenziwa phakathi neminyaka yokuqala yokuphila kwesihlahla ukuze sikhule ngendlela elinganiselayo, kuphakanyiswa ukuba sikwenze iminyaka emi-4 kuya kwemi-5, kuze kube yilapho isihlahla sakhiwe kahle.
- Ukuthenwa kwesondlo kwenziwa minyaka yonke ukuze kucace kakhudlwana ingaphakathi le-canopy yesihlahla bese kuqeda amagatsha afile, aphethwe yizifo, anama-parasites, aqinile kakhulu noma angekho kahle.
- Ukuthena ukukhuthaza ukwakheka kwezithelo, ukuthena okuthambile noma okulula okwenziwa njalo eminyakeni emi-3 kuye kwemi-5. Kwenziwa ezihlahleni ze-alimondi zabantu abadala ngenhloso yokuqeda amagatsha awonakele noma anesifo, okuvimbela ukuphathwa kwemishini nemishini yezolimo. Ukuvimbela ukungahambi kahle kwesivuno esihle njalo eminyakeni emi-2 noma emi-3, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kuqedwe ukweqisa kwezithelo ezisencane futhi kuthenwe amanye amagatsha ngezithelo.
- Njalo ngonyaka kuqedwa izingane noma izinyoka, ezizalwa ngaphansi kwesihlahla noma kusukela esisekelweni saso, kwezinye izihlahla ezindala ekukhiqizeni okugcwele. Lezi ziqedwa ngoba ziqhudelana ngemisoco nesihlahla esikhiqizayo futhi zehlise izinga lesithelo.
Ngiyakumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokufunda kabanzi mayelana nemvelo emangalisayo, kulokhu okuthunyelwe: