Umuthi we-hazelnut ( Corylus avellana ) udabuka e-Asia naseYurophu futhi waziswa kakhulu ngezinzuzo zawo njengomuthi wokuhlobisa ngenxa yobuhle bawo, umthunzi, ukusebenza kahle kokhuni lwawo, futhi ikakhulukazi amantongomane awo embonini yokudla nezimonyo. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu nezinye, lesi sihloko sizokhuluma ngokutshalwa, ukunakekelwa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesihlahla se-hazelnut.
Izimpawu ze-Hazel
Umuthi we-hazel ( Corylus avellana ) uwuhlobo lomndeni wakwaBetulaceae, odabuka e-Asia naseYurophu. Uwumuthi okhula kancane kancane, njengoba amaqabunga awo eqala ukushintsha kusuka kophuzi-luhlaza abe obomvu-ophuzi ekwindla futhi ekugcineni awe ngesikhathi sekwindla nasebusika. Amaqabunga awo aphakathi kwamasentimitha angu-5 no-12, anombala ogqamile, ayindilinga, futhi anemiphetho egobile.
Isihlahla esincane, esinomqhele onwetshiwe futhi ongajwayelekile, sifinyelela ubude obuphakathi kwamamitha ama-4 kuya ku-7 uma umuntu omdala namagatsha eduzane nesisekelo sawo. Njengoba nje amaqabunga awo eshintsha umbala, amagxolo ayaba yi-striped futhi njengoba isihlahla sikhula, siyashintsha sisuka ekubeni bomvu sibe mpunga. Ukhuni lwawo luyamelana futhi luyaguquguquka, futhi luqinile.
Iqhakaza entwasahlobo ngaphambi kokuba amaqabunga ayo avele. Izimbali ze-Hazel ziyi-monoecious (izimbali zesilisa nezesifazane zikhula esihlahleni esifanayo), ama-catkins abesilisa angaba amasentimitha angu-5 kuya kwangu-12 ubude futhi aphuzi kancane ngombala, ama-catkin awo wesifazane mancane futhi atholakala ku-buds. , kusukela kulawa ahluma 1 kuya ku-3 izitayela ezibomvu ngokugqamile.
Izithelo zawo ama-hazelnuts: izithelo zawo ziyi-achene (isithelo esomile esinembewu), esakhiwe ngamaqembu ka-1 kuya ku-5, ukuvuthwa kwawo kuhamba kancane futhi kuthatha izinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili. I-hazelnut itholakala ku-involucre enamaqabunga lapho u-¾ wamantongomane evalelwe. Uma le involucrum noma i-achene ivuthwa, ivula futhi ikhiphe i-hazelnut.
Ukusatshalaliswa kweHazel
Ivela ezindaweni ezipholile zase-Asia naseYurophu, enendawo ebanzi yokusabalalisa. Ukusuka eNyakatho ye-Asia ukuya eRussia, e-Austria, eJalimane, eFrance, eSpain nase-Italy. Ngokusho kocwaningo, kusukela ekugcineni kweqhwa kulula ukuthola izihlahla ze-Hazelnut, ezikhula ngaphansi kwe-Firs. Ukusatshalaliswa kwawo kuhlanganisa enyakatho yezwekazi lase-Afrika nasempumalanga kuya e-Armenia.
Itholakala ezindaweni ezinomoya ovunguzayo, amazinga okushisa aphakathi kuka-13 kuya ku-16°C, nakuba ikwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphansi ebusika. Isabela kahle kumswakama othize wemvelo, ofanele i-fruiting nokuthuthukiswa okuhle kwe-hazelnut. Izihlahla ze-hazelnut zithanda inhlabathi ejulile, ene-drainage enhle, eyi-siliceous-calcareous-clayey, ijwayelana nenhlabathi ene-pH ephakathi kuka-5,5 no-7,8. Ikhula kahle ezindaweni ezinomswakama ophezulu kanye nenkungu.
Ukusetshenziswa kanye Nezakhiwo zeHazelnut
Lesi sihlahla sinokusetshenziswa okuhlukile, ngaphezu kokunikeza izithelo zaso ezinhle kakhulu ezidliwayo, sisetshenziselwa ikhwalithi yokhuni lwaso, izakhiwo zaso zokwelapha nezimonyo, kanye nesitshalo sokuhlobisa. Ngenxa yomqhele wayo ongajwayelekile futhi obanzi, itshalwe ezingadini nasemapaki ngenxa yomthunzi ewunikezayo. Futhi ngenxa yombala amaqabunga awo anikeza ngawo ngenkathi yasekwindla, ngenxa yamaqabunga awo amaqabunga, okuthi ngaphambi kokuwa ashintshe kusuka eluhlaza okuphuzi kuya kokuphuzi ngokubomvu futhi kuwumbukwane wombala nobuhle ukuze wonke umuntu abubone.
Izithelo zawo, ama-hazelnuts, anezici ezihlukahlukene: Anikeza amandla ngenxa yobuningi kanye nekhwalithi yamafutha awo. Ama-hazelnuts ayimpahla yokwenza i-nougat. Zidliwa ziluhlaza futhi zibuye zithosiwe. Ama-hazelnuts asetshenziselwa ukulungisa ama-hormiguillos, okuyingxube yama-hazelnuts agayiwe futhi agxotshiwe asakazwa uju nezinkwa zesinkwa, okujabulisa ulwanga.
Inani layo eliphakeme le-caloric lesithelo salo, i-hazelnut, lisiza ukulwa nokukhathala, ukukhathala nokuntuleka kwamandla ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Kuwukudla okudliwa abasubathi, abaqeqeshi futhi batusa ukukuqeda ngaphambi kokuqala uhlelo lwezemidlalo futhi ekugcineni.
Izinkuni zalesi sihlahla zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amalahle ukuze zibase kahle. Izinkuni zamagatsha e-hazel ziguquguquka kakhulu futhi zisetshenziselwa ubhasikidi kanye nokubambisana.
Izakhiwo zokwelapha
Ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwesithelo se-Hazelnut, kuboniswa izazi zokudla okunomsoco ekudleni ukuze ulahlekelwe isisindo, ngenxa yomnikelo wenani elihle lamafutha agcwele, okusiza ukulawula i-cholesterol embi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusiza ukulwa nezifo zesimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi. Inikeza inani elikhulu lamavithamini namaminerali, njenge-folic acid, i-magnesium, i-calcium namavithamini A no-E.
Okuqukethwe kwayo kwe-oleic acid kuphezulu kuneminqumo. Inamafutha aphezulu angama-60%. 55% amafutha monounsaturated, 15% polyunsaturated (i-omega 6 ne-linoleic), 25% amafutha polyunsaturated kanye 5% amafutha agcwele.
Ama-hazelnuts anothe nge-calcium, uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amantongomane, edlula ama-alimondi kuphela. Phakathi kwezingxenye zayo kukhona: izakhi ezifana: potassium ne-magnesium. Ithusi, insimbi ne-manganese. Futhi iqukethe i-thiamine ne-pyridoxine. Aqukethe amaprotheni angu-13% kanye ne-fiber engu-7,5%.
Lesi sithelo sinenzuzo ephezulu njenge-antioxidant, evumela ukulwa nokuvimbela umdlavuza; kuhle ekusebenzeni kwesimiso sezinzwa kanye nokuzivikela komzimba; ukufaka isandla ekuboneni okuhle nokudla okuhle kwesikhumba. Inomthelela ekwakhekeni kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu kanye nokulawulwa kwamahomoni. Basiza uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi kanye nempilo yenhliziyo, balwe ne-anemia, balawule i-cholesterol embi kanye namazinga e-triglyceride. Ilawula umfutho wegazi futhi ithuthukise izinkinga zokuqunjelwa.
Ukutshalwa kweHazel Nokunakekelwa
Indawo yokutshala . Lesi sihlahla sama-hazelnut asidingi ukunakekelwa okuningi, yize inhlabathi iyisici esithinta umkhiqizo waso. Sikhula kahle ezindaweni ezifana nama-savanna afinyelela kumamitha ayi-1.700 ngaphezu kolwandle. Singatshalwa ezindaweni ezinelanga njengokuhlanza amahlathi noma endaweni evulekile enomhlabathi ovundile kakhulu. Isihlahla sama-hazelnut simelana nokungcola kwemvelo, kanti ezinye zitshalwa eduze kwemigwaqo yomphakathi. Esimweni saso sokukhula kwezitshalo, siqinile emakhazeni.
I-substrate . Inhlabathi kumele ibe nezimbobo futhi ibe netafula lamanzi amaningi ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kahle komswakama, kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi okuhle ukuvimbela ukugcwala kwamanzi. Inhlabathi kufanele ibe ne-siliceous noma i-calcareous, ene-pH esukela ku-acidic kancane kuya ku-alkaline kancane, phakathi kuka-5,5 no-7,8. Kufanele ivunde futhi icebile ngezakhamzimba. EYurophu, izihlahla zama-alimondi zitshalwa enhlabathini ene-pH engu-5,5 kuya ku-8.
Ukuze ukhule kahle kanye nokungena kwezimpande zawo, kuphakanyiswa inhlabathi enomswakama omuhle kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-organic mulch noma umquba, ukunikeza izakhi kanye nokugcina umswakama. Kungcono ukugwema ukutshala ngemishini.
Isihlahla seHazelnut asihambisani nezindawo ezishisa kakhulu, noma nenhlabathi enesihlabathi. Uma itshalwe emhlabathini one-alkaline, kufanele iqaphele ukukhokha ngoba ingahlushwa imisoco enganele. Kumele iniselwe njalo ekukhuleni kwayo, ngoba ayikubekezeleli isomiso. Kubalulekile ukunikeza izakhamzimba ezifana neNitrogen, Potassium neBoron.
Ukulungiswa kwensimu . Lapho kutshalwa isihlahla sama-hazelnut, insimu kumele iqale ilungiswe ngokususa ukhula, ilinganise inhlabathi, bese ilungisa indawo yokutshala ukuqinisekisa intuthuko efanele kanye nokukhiqiza kwalezi zihlahla.
Gwema izindawo ezivame ukuba neqhwa . Izihlahla ze-hazelnut azibekezeleli kahle iqhwa, ngakho-ke kufanele kuqashelwe indawo yokutshala.
Tshala ngamaqembu. Izihlahla ze-hazelnut zidinga ukukhanya kwelanga okwanele ukukhuthaza ukuqhakaza kwezimbali. Ukuze ulawule umphumela womoya, kunconywa ukuthi uzitshale ngamaqembu ukuze kudalwe izivimbeli zomoya.
Ukutshalwa kweHazelnut Commercial
Ngokwezazi-mlando, ukutshalwa kwesihlahla se-hazelnut kwaqala ngekhulu lesine. Kuyisihlahla esimelana nezimo zezulu ezingezinhle, njengamakhaza adlulele kanye nobusika obomile. Ukuze uthole ukukhiqiza okuhle kwesihlahla se-Hazel, kunconywa ukuthi utshale endaweni enamanzi amahle, itafula lamanzi aphezulu kanye nenhlabathi ejulile. Ngokukhanya kwelanga okuhle.
Isihlahla se-hazelnut, sitshalwa kakhulu ukuthengisa isithelo saso sama-hazelnut, emazweni afana ne-Europe, China, Turkey kanye ne-Australia. Izinhlobo eziningi zenzelwe ukuthuthukisa izici ezithile zesithelo, njengokukhiqizwa kwaso sekwephuzile. Ezinye izinhlobo zisetshenziswa njengezitshalo ezithulisa impova, lokhu ukuphikisana nokuntuleka kokuvumelanisa ekuvuthweni kwezimbali zesilisa nezinsikazi.
Amasimu e-hazelnut ezentengiselwano asakaza lezi zihlahla ngokuzihlanganisa, kusetshenziswa izimpande ze-hazelnut yaseTurkey (Corylus colurna) njengesitshalo esingumama; lolu hlobo lunesici sokungakhi amahlumela.
Phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo noma ama-cultivars adaliwe yilezi: "Negreta", "Pauetet", "Constantí", "Asturias", "Butler", "Casina", "Daviana", "England", "Ennis", "Halls giant", " Tonda Gentile”, “Delle langhe”, “Tokolyi”, “Cosford”, “Tonda di giffoni”, “Tonda Romana”, “Wanliss pride; "Willamette", "Lewis", "Clark" futhi "Jemtegaard".
Ukuthena i-hazel
Ukunakekelwa kwezihlahla kunezinhlobo eziningi zokwelapha ze-phytosanitary, ezifana nokuthena, okuzokwenziwa kuye ngezidingo zomuthi, okungukuthi:
- Ukuthena okwakhayo, kwenziwa phakathi neminyaka yokuqala yokuphila kwesihlahla ukuze sikhule ngendlela elinganiselayo, kuphakanyiswa ukuba sikwenze iminyaka emi-4 kuya kwemi-5, kuze kube yilapho isihlahla sakhiwe kahle.
- Ukuthenwa kwesondlo kwenziwa minyaka yonke ukuze kucace kakhudlwana ingaphakathi le-canopy yesihlahla bese kuqeda amagatsha afile, aphethwe yizifo, anama-parasites, aqinile kakhulu noma angekho kahle.
- Ukuthena ukukhuthaza ukwakheka kwezithelo, ukuthena okuthambile noma okulula okwenziwa njalo eminyakeni emi-3 kuye kwemi-5. Kwenziwa ezihlahleni ze-alimondi zabantu abadala ngenhloso yokuqeda amagatsha awonakele noma anesifo, okuvimbela ukuphathwa kwemishini nemishini yezolimo. Ukuvimbela ukungahambi kahle kwesivuno esihle njalo eminyakeni emi-2 noma emi-3, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kuqedwe ukweqisa kwezithelo ezisencane futhi kuthenwe amanye amagatsha ngezithelo.
- Njalo ngonyaka kuqedwa izingane noma izinyoka, ezizalwa ngaphansi kwesihlahla noma kusukela esisekelweni saso, kwezinye izihlahla ezindala ekukhiqizeni okugcwele. Lezi ziqedwa ngoba ziqhudelana ngemisoco nesihlahla esikhiqizayo futhi zehlise izinga lesithelo.
Ngiyakumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokufunda kabanzi mayelana nemvelo emangalisayo, kulokhu okuthunyelwe: