Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kwakungenzeka kanjani ukuthi amaJalimane (kanye noHitler), ekupheleni kuka-1944, ahlele ukuphikiswa okunjalo futhi empeleni asebenze, kubalulekile ukugxila kafushane mayelana nesimo ekamu lama-Allied.
Ecindezelwe nguJoseph Stalin, owayesenesikhathi eside efuna ukuvulwa kwempi yesibili, ama-Allies afika eNormandy, enyakatho yeFrance, ngoJuni 1944. Ukuthuthuka kwakushesha futhi kuqondile: ngo -Agasti 25, iParis yakhululwa, kanti eMpini yaseFalaise Pocket , amaJalimane abuyela emuva ashiya abantu abayi-10.000 befile kanye neziboshwa okungenani ezingu-50.000. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ama-Allies nawo afike eningizimu.
"I-winner syndrome": isimo se-Allies ngokumelene noHitler
Ekupheleni kwehlobo, iFrance yayisikhululekile. Ithathwe yinjabulo yokunqoba , ngoSepthemba, amaNgisi namaMelika (ahlanganiswe namaqembu amaningi aseCanada, amaFulentshi, namaPoland) aqala ukuhlasela ngesibindi namasosha asemoyeni eHolland, ngale komlomo weRhine (Operation Market Garden) , kodwa ukuhlasela kwaholela ekuweni okuqinile nasekulahlekelweni okukhulu.
AmaJalimane ahlehla kahle futhi abambelela endaweni yawo eceleni kweWestwall , umugqa oqinile osuka eNetherlands uya eSwitzerland . Impi esheshayo yokunyakaza ngokushesha yaphenduka impi yokuwa , engafani naleyo eyalwiwa, futhi phakathi kwamaMelika namaJalimane, phakathi kuka-1917 no-1918. Ingaphambili kanye nezindawo zempi, ngokumangalisayo, kwakufana.
Njengoba kufika ikwindla, imizamo eyahlukene yama-Allied yokuphula iyavinjelwa ukumelana kwe- Wehrmacht , futhi imiphumela yokulahlekelwa okukhulu iqala ukuzwakala: eHürtgen Forest , indawo yezimpi ezishubile, isibonelo, amaMelika azolahlekelwa amadoda angaphezu kuka-30.000 . NgoDisemba, lapho kuqala ukukhithika kweqhwa lokuqala, manje sekusobala ukuthi, ngokuphambene nalokho izikhulu eziningi zama-Allied ezaziphikisana noHitler ezazikuthembile futhi zikubikezele, impi ngeke iphele ngoKhisimusi.
Abasekeli ngokumelene noHitler bayazethemba
Naphezu kwalokhu, abalingani baqiniseka ngokuqinile ukuthi manje sebesesigabeni esisodwa sokunqoba futhi baqinisa lokhu kuqiniseka ngokuziqhenya ngokweqile kanye nokuzikhukhumeza okuthile, okulawulwa ukuphakama kwabo okucacile ngokwendoda, izindlela kanye nezinsizakusebenza.
Yilo kanye lo muzwa wokulondeka ongafihliwe kahle oholela ama-Allies ukuba abukele phansi izinhloso zesitha —hhayi nje noma yisiphi isitha: U-Adolf Hitler usezintanjeni, kuyiqiniso, kodwa umshayi webhokisi ekhoneni unamandla kakhulu, njengoba ekulungele ukufaka konke engozini. IJalimane nayo, naphezu kobunzima, yayisenamandla amakhulu empi ngo-1944.
Izinhlangano zaseJalimane ekupheleni kukaNovemba, nakuba zazingabonakali nhlobo, zachithwa yinhloko yezobunhloli be -Allied , uMajor General Kenneth Strong, njengezindlela zokuzivikela nje. Kodwa-ke, uStort wayengeyena yedwa owayenecala. Iningi lamaphoyisa aseBrithani naseMelika lalikholelwa ukuthi libambe ngokuqinile umkhankaso wamanje kangangokuthi alizange licabange ngisho nethuba lokuhlasela okuphindiselayo kwaseJalimane.
Izinkinga Zezempi: Zenzelwe Noma Zimelene NoHitler?
Kulezi ziqaphelo zamasu, kumele sengeze kakhulu izinto ezicatshangelwayo zempi. Okokuqala, kumele sicabangele ubunzima bemishini yezokuthutha yama-Allied ekuhlinzekeni ibutho elikhulu nelikhethekile kakhulu , elidinga inani elikhulu lokudla, izimpahla, izinhlamvu, izimoto ezinenjini kanye nezingxenye ezisele.
Ngaphandle kwezikhali ezinkulu kanye nokusekelwa okuhlomile, amaMelika awahlaseli, kanti amaNgisi (ahlala engxenyeni esenyakatho eNetherlands) ahlala engasebenzi nakakhulu futhi awathuthuki. Ukuthunjwa kwe-Antwerp, nechweba layo elikhulu, ngokuqinisekile kwasiza ekuxazululeni inkinga ngokwengxenye , kodwa kwehluleka ukuvuselela ukuhlasela ngokumelene neJalimane. Ngakho-ke, kunesidingo sangempela sokuma, okungenani ebusika, ukuhlela kabusha nokugcwalisa amabutho ukulungiselela ukuhlasela kokugcina.
Bese kuba khona isici sobuntu okufanele sicatshangelwe: iningi lamasosha ase-Allied belilokhu lisezintanjeni zamasosha kusukela ngoJuni, futhi iminyango eminingi isesimweni esibi kakhulu . Kudingeka ezinye izikhundla, kodwa amayunithi aseMelika afika eYurophu akhiwe ngamasosha asemasha, angenalwazi , kuyilapho amaNgisi, asevele esempini iminyaka emihlanu, ekhuhla phansi komgqomo.
Esimeni sezulu esibi…ubuso obubi
Isimo sezulu esibi silimaza kakhulu isimo sengqondo. Okokuqala imvula, bese kuba yiqhwa nesithwathwa, kwenza imisele kanye nemigodi kungahlalwa kuyo . Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo sezulu esibi sivimbela izimoto, ezibhajwe odakeni , ukuthi zihambe ngokushesha, ingasaphathwa eyenkungu ephoqa abalwi be-RAF kanye ne-USAF kanye nezindiza eziqhumisa amabhomu, abanomthelela obalulekile empini, ukuthi bafike.
Ngomhlaka-11 Novemba, uJenene Eisenhower, uMkhuzi Omkhulu Wezimpi Ezihlangene eYurophu, wabhalela uJenene Marshall ekhululekile endlunkulu yakhe: " Jenene Othandekayo, sengikhathele kakhulu yile mvula ."
Cabanga-ke, ukuthi amasosha angabhekana kanjani nemigodi egcwele udaka: emanzi afinyelela emathanjeni, engenazo izingubo ezomile amasonto. I-Trench foot , isimo esibuthakathaka esibhebhethekiswa ukuhlanzeka okungekuhle, manje sesivamile, kanye nesifo sohudo . Ebusika, ukufa (noma labo abazolahlekelwa yilungu) ngenxa yeqhwa kuzoba kuningi. Lezi zimo ngokusobala zivamile naphakathi kwamasosha aseJalimane, empeleni, abhekana nobunzima obukhulu ngokudla, indawo yokuhlala kanye nezingubo.
Maphakathi noDisemba, engazi nhlobo ngokuhlasela kwamaJalimane okwakuseduze, uBernard Montgomery , umkhuzi wamabutho aseBrithani naseCanada, no -Eisenhower baqala ukushintshana izincwadi ngendlela exakile lapho ujenene waseBrithani ekhumbuza umphathi wakhe waseMelika ngokubheja ayekwenzile esikhathini esithile ngaphambili mayelana nempi eyayizophela ngoKhisimusi. UMontgomery wafaka inothi elingamakhilogremu amahlanu encwadini yakhe, kodwa "u-Ike" waphendula ngentukuthelo:
"Ngisenezinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye, futhi nakuba kubonakala kucishe kuqiniseke ukuthi uzoba namanye amapondo amahlanu ngoKhisimusi, kuqinisekile ukuthi ngeke ube nawo ngaphambi kwalolo suku."
Eisenhower futhi Monty
Ubudlelwano phakathi kuka-Eisenhower no-"Monty," kanye nobabili kanye nabanye ojenene baseMelika, babungebuhle neze. Ngokuvamile, abaseBrithani nabaseMelika, nakuba ngokuvamile babesesimweni esizolile, babengenazo inzondo nenzondo.
Ngemva kokuvuma umbono wokuqalisa kabusha ukuhlasela ngemva kwekhefu lasehlobo lika-1944, ama-Allies aqala ukulungiselela amabutho awo ezindaweni lapho kulula khona ukungena eJalimane. E-Ardennes, indawo engangenwa ngamanzi enamahlathi aminyene futhi acishe angangeni, yi-US First Army kuphela, eyayiholwa nguGeneral Courtney Hodges futhi yakhiwa amayunithi ahoxisiwe noma asanda kumiswa, eyasala njengebutho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakungenakwenzeka ukucabanga ngokuqhubekela phambili kulo mkhakha.
Ngomyalo ophezulu wama-Allied, kwakungcono ukugxila eCologne, enyakatho esenyakatho, kanye nesifunda saseRuhr, eningizimu eseningizimu, futhi kwakukule migqa emibili lapho bagxila khona iningi lamabutho abo . Ngaphezu kwalokho, bacabanga ukuthi uma amaJalimane eke ahlasela, azokwenza kanjalo emgqeni oshiwo ngenhla futhi ngokuqinisekile hhayi endaweni yase-Ardennes: okokuqala, bekuyoba yize; okwesibili, bekuzohilela umzamo omkhulu kangangokuthi ngokuqinisekile bekungeke kunganakwa.
ungalokothi usithathe kancane isitha
Empeleni, ama-Allies amelene noHitler aphinda iphutha elifanayo elababiza kakhulu ngoMeyi 1940: ukudelela amaJalimane nokudelela ingxenye yawo yama-Ardennes, lapho eminyakeni emine ngaphambili izigaba ze-armored ze-Wehrmacht zazingene njengommese ebhotela.
Kuyo yonke ikwindla, izinsizakalo zobunhloli ze-First Army zikaHodges azizange zizinake zonke izimpawu zokuhlasela okuseduze . AmaJalimane amaningi abanjwe phakathi nalawo masonto, lapho ephenywa, akhuluma ngokuhlasela okukhulu okwakuhlelwe ngaphambi kukaKhisimusi, kodwa lolu lwazi lwachithwa njengokwethusa nje . Ukuze izinto zibe nzima nakakhulu, kwaqalwa i-Operation Griffin, eyenziwa amasosha aseJalimane azifihle njengamaMelika.
Umatasatasa nokujaha ama-saboteur, ama-commandos okuthiwa abengekho athunyelwa ngemuva kwemigqa ngamaJalimane ukuthi abulale u-Eisenhower, ubuhlakani base-US kanye nezikhulu aziboni ukuthi kwenzekani ngempela: ingozi yenhlekelele yangempela ilele ekhoneni.
Impi yase-Ardennes ”: igebe endaweni ehlangene noHitler
Njengoba kuhlwa ngoDisemba 15, 1944 , umkhakha we-Ardennes uyindawo ethule kakhulu kulo lonke uhlangothi. Ubusuku bubanda kakhulu. Izihlahla nophahla lwezindawo zaseBelgium zimbozwe ungqimba olukhulu lweqhwa . Amahlathi athule ngendlela engavamile. Kuthule ngaphambi kwesiphepho.
Ekuseni kakhulu ngomhlaka-16 Disemba 1944, ukuqhuma okukhulu kwezikhali kwandulela ukuqhubekela phambili kwamasosha aseJalimane ngaphambili cishe ngamakhilomitha ayi-100 . Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izikhulu zaseMelika, uHodges noJenene Bradley (umkhuzi wesifunda), balala ubuthongo obukhulu: babekholelwa ukuthi kwakuyibhomu lokuzivikela elilula, hhayi ukuhlasela okuphelele.
Uhlelo lwaseJalimane lwalunombono wokuqhubekela phambili ngezindlela ezintathu: enyakatho , i -6th SS Panzer Army kaJenerali 'Sepp' Dietrich yanikezwa umsebenzi oyinhloko: ukudabula imigqa yaseMelika bese iqhubekela phambili ngokushesha eMfuleni iMeuse, iwuwele eduze kwaseLiège bese isuka lapho iphendukela enyakatho ibheke e-Antwerp . Njengoba yayinezigaba ezine ze -Waffen-SS kanye nezigaba ezinhlanu zezinyawo, uDietrich wabhekana ne -US 99th Infantry Division , eyayibekwe ngaphambili ngamakhilomitha angu-30—into enkulu kakhulu kuneyunithi eyodwa.
lapho ubanjwe ngokumangala
Ibanjwe ngokuzumayo, ingenabasebenzi abanele (sebelahlekelwe cishe yinkulungwane kusukela ngoNovemba), futhi yayakhiwe yizikhulu kanye namasosha, i-99th Regiment, eqiniswe yiwo wonke ama-V Corps kaGeneral Gerow, ayefike evela enyakatho, ngokungazelelwe yamelana namaJalimane ngokuqinile . Lokhu kwanele ukumisa ukuqhubekela phambili kwawo nokuvimbela ukuthuthuka okukhulu emkhakheni obalulekile. Kuma-SS, abhekwa njengeqembu eliphakeme lebutho laseJalimane, lokhu kwaba yinhlekelele enkulu. NgoDisemba 20, edumele ngamabutho akhe amahle kakhulu, uHitler wayesedlulisele indima eyinhloko yokusebenza ebuthweni likaManteuffel, elalibekwe enkabeni.
Kulo mkhakha, otholakala esifundeni saseSchnee Eifel (uchungechunge lwezigodi ezimbozwe yiqhwa, ezimbozwe yihlathi eliminyene), ezivikelwe yi- 106th Division kanye ne- XVI Cavalry Group , i-5th Armored Army kaGeneral Hasso von Manteuffel yawa , yakwazi ukungena ngokujulile . Amabutho aseMelika anqotshwa futhi abuyela emuva, kodwa alwa kanzima, kanti amaJalimane nawo alahlekelwa kakhulu.
"Ukulahlekelwa kwamaJalimane kwaba inhlekelele. Amasosha aseJalimane ayehamba phambili, ehamba phakathi nomgwaqo ngaphandle kokusekelwa kwezikhali. Amasosha aseJalimane ayengakwazi ukumasha noma ukudubula futhi engazi lutho ngamasu ahamba ngezinyawo. Izigaba ze-Volksgrenadier azikwazanga ukwenza isenzo esiphumelelayo. Nokho, zazithola zihlasela abaqeqeshiwe baseMelika abaneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili ubudala ngokusemandleni abo."
Izimpi Ezinkulu ZikaHitler
Inhloso kaManteuffel ukuhlangana kwemigwaqo okubalulekile eSt. Vith naseBastogne . Impi ishubile ngokushesha. Ngakwesokunene, izigaba ezine zaseJalimane zizungeze amarejimenti amabili e-US 106th Division , zithumba amasosha angaphezu kuka-8.000 kulokho amaMelika ngokwawo akuvuma njengokunqotshwa kwawo okukhulu eshashalazini laseYurophu ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II . Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngakwesobunxele, i -LVII Armored Corps iwela uMfula i-Our futhi iqhubekela phambili ibheke eHouffalize , ibheke eMeuse, kanti eningizimu, i-XLVII Armored Corps iqhubekela eBastogne.
Engxenyeni yesithathu neyokugcina yokuhlasela , eningizimu, kwafakwa iButho lesi-7 likaGeneral Brandenberger , linikezwe umsebenzi wokumboza uhlangothi lwesobunxele lukaManteuffel. Ngemva kokuwela uMfula i-Our, izigaba zamabutho aseJalimane zaqhubeka amakhilomitha ambalwa futhi ngokushesha zabhekana nokuphikiswa okunzima okuvela kwi-US 9th Armored Division kanye ne-4th Infantry Division. Ngomhlaka-19 Disemba, ukuhlaselwa kulo mkhakha kwaphazamiseka ngokungenakugwenywa : empeleni , iButho lesi-3 likaGeneral George Patton lalifika livela eningizimu, lithunyelwe ukuvala igebe e-Ardennes.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngoDisemba 17, njengoba amayunithi aseMelika esasesesimweni sokwesaba, i-1st SS Panzer Division yahlasela isikhala esasivulwe yisitha. Amadoda angaphezu kuka-20.000 namathangi amakhulu angu-250, kuhlanganise namathangi amaningi eTiger I kanye ne-II , ahola ukuhlasela okuholwa yikholomu kaLieutenant Colonel Joachim Peiper . UPeiper, owayephethe cishe amathangi ayi-100 mathupha, wahlela ukufika eHuy ngaphandle kokuphikiswa futhi esuka lapho awele uMfula iMeuse, kodwa eseduze kwamakhilomitha angu-70 ngaphambi kokuba afike, eduze kwaseStavelot, amabutho aseMelika akwazile ukumvimba nokumhlukanisa.
Amacala kaPeiper
Ibutho likaPeiper SS, lapho lihamba libheke eMeuse, lizoba necala lobugebengu obuningi obubhekiswe eziboshweni zaseMelika kanye nezakhamuzi zaseBelgium, kodwa ngeke lifinyelele emzamweni walo wokufinyelela eMeuse: ngaphandle kukaphethiloli, bashiya izimoto ezihlomile, futhi ngoDisemba 26 uPeiper namadoda akhe bazophoqeleka ukuba babuyele emuva ngezinyawo.
Ngakho-ke, izinsuku zokuqala zokuhlasela zaphawula impumelelo ethile yamaqhinga kumaJalimane : ngaphezu kokuqhubekela phambili kukaPeiper, ikakhulukazi phakathi nendawo, ukuqhubekela phambili kwaqhubeka futhi amaMelika abuyela emuva ngokudideka okukhulu . Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nalokho okwenzeka ngo-1940, lapho amaFulentshi enikela ngaphandle kokumelana neBlitzkrieg yaseJalimane, lezi zinombolo zesikhathi nesikhathi zaziseceleni kwama-Allies.
Ngomhlaka-17 Disemba, amaloli angaphezu kuka-10.000 ayethutha amadoda angaphezu kuka-60.000 e-Ardennes, futhi phakathi nesonto u-Eisenhower wayesekwazile ukuletha amasosha angaphezu kuka-250.000 endaweni yokusebenza . Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba izikhulu eziningi, ikakhulukazi u-von Rundstedt noModel, babekholelwa kabanzi, amaJalimane ayentula izinsiza ezanele zokusekela umzamo wawo wokuhlasela, okwakuhloswe ukuba uhluleke. Kodwa-ke, uHitler akazange ayeke, futhi namasosha amaningi awazange ayeke. Umyalo kaFührer wawumane nje "uqhubekele phambili, qhubekela phambili, qhubekela phambili."