Emakhulwini eminyaka, ama-altare abe yisizinda esihle kakhulu senkonzo kanye ne ubuciko bobuKristu, imishini ebonakalayo eyiqiniso ehlanganisa izakhiwo, ukubaza nokudweba. Okungaphezu nje kokuhlobisa, ayisimiso semfundiso nesokuzinikela. eqondisa amehlo, efundisayo futhi ethokozisayo.
Kusukela ngeNkathi Ephakathi kuze kufike esikhathini seBaroque, lezi zakhiwo zazibusa ingaphakathi lamathempeli aseYurophu futhi, ikakhulukazi, umhlaba wase-Iberia kanye nezindawo zawo zaphesheya kwezilwandle. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwayo kusabela ezinguqukweni zezenkolo, ezisemthethweni kanye nezobuchwepheshe, futhi ucwaningo lwayo luvula iminyango yomlando wezobuciko, izinkonzo zokukhulekela kanye nezimo zengqondo.
Iyini i-altare?
Uma sikhuluma nje, i-altare yisakhiwo esitholakala ngemuva noma ngaphezu kwe-altare, esakhiwe ngohlaka lwezakhiwo kanye nezinhlelo zezithombe eziqoshiwe. Leyo esendlini yesonto elikhulu ibizwa nge-altare elikhulu; lawo ahlelwa ngama-naves, ama-ambulensi kanye nama-chapel aziwa njengama-lateral noma amancane.
Uhlaka lwayo lungenziwa ngokhuni, itshe, insimbi noma izinto eziyigugu neziyigugu, kanye nemidwebo yezindlu, imidwebo noma izithombe eziqoshiwe ezikhululekile. Izibonelo eziningi zixubile, zihlanganisa ukuqoshwa kwe-polychrome kanye nephaneli noma i-canvas., ngokwesiko lendawo kanye nezinsiza zeklayenti.
Izingxenye kanye nesilulumagama esibalulekile
Ukuze uqonde ukwakheka kwayo kubalulekile ukwazi amagama ayo. Ibhentshi noma i-predella yakha ibhendi engezansi lapho umzimba omkhulu ulele khona; ngezinye izikhathi kuba nesitezi esiphansi, eduze nomhlabathi.
Imizimba iyimigqa evundlile, kanye nemigwaqo, ukuhlukana okuqondile. Igridi ewumphumela ikhiqiza ama-encasements lapho kuhlelwa khona izigcawu noma izibalo. Iqoqo lezakhi zezakhiwo libizwa ngokuthi i-masonry.
Ingxenye engenhla ingaqedwa nge-attic, umgogodla, noma i-lunette; i-perimeter ingavikelwa ngekhava yothuli. Lapho i-altare ishiwo, iba nendawo evulekile nevaliwe., futhi ekuvaleni bavame ukuhlotshiswa ngama-grisailles abukeka njengezithombe eziqoshiwe.
Imvelaphi ye-Liturgical kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwasekuqaleni
I-altare lazalwa lixhumene ne-altare nokukhulekela kwalo. Ngemuva kwamatafula okuqala obuKristu azimele kanye namaselula, i-altare lalungiswa futhi laba nesithunzi. I-antepedium engaphambili, enezindwangu, izinsimbi nezimpondo zendlovu, kwakuyisinyathelo sangaphambilini, kanye nokuvezwa kwezinsalela ne-aediculae noma i-ciborium phezu noma ngemuva kwe-altare.
Emasontweni okuqala obuKristu nangaphambi kweRomanesque, imihlobiso yasezindongeni, imifanekiso, nemidwebo yangaphambili ivelele; enkathini yamaRomanesque, ama-apse frescoes namapulangwe angaphambili enziwe ngokhuni noma ensimbi ayaqhubeka, amanye aguqulwa abe ama-altare. Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-13 i-altare yazuza ukuvelela ngemuva kwe-altare, ikakhulukazi enyakatho yeYurophu nasemibusweni yase-Iberia.
Izinto zokwakha, amasu kanye nohwebo
Izinkuni ezigobile kanye ne-polychrome kwakuyizinto ezisakazeke kakhulu, nakuba kwakukhona ne-alabaster, imabula, isiliva namatshe ahlukahlukene. I-dorado enesitsha nesitshulu segolide kwakuyizindlela eziyinhloko, kanye nokwakheka kobuso nezandla.
Abaqoqi, abaqophi, abaqophi, abadwebi, abadwebi bezithombe nabaqoqile babehilelekile. Umshini wokuplasta wawulungisa indawo engaphezulu; kwabe sekufakwa isitsha, senziwe ngegolide futhi sagxivizwa, futhi saqedwa nge-polychromy nama-glaze.
Isakhiwo se-altare: ukuthi indaba ihlelwa kanjani
Umklamo uvame ukuba yi-geometric kanye ne-hierarchical: imigwaqo nemizimba ihlela imijikelezo elandisayo (izimpilo zikaKristu, iNcasakazi noma osanta) noma izithombe ze-titular kuma-niches. Itabernakele noma indawo engcwele yazuza indawo emaphakathi kusukela ngekhulu le-15, ukuza ukuzobusa amanye amaqembu noma ukukhululeka njenge-canopy.
Esikhathini se-Gothic, ama-canopies, ama-pinnacles, i-cresting kanye ne-horror vacui ephinyiselwe kuyachuma, nge-heraldry nezithombe zamaklayenti. Ku-Renaissance, ama-grotesques, ama-candelieri, imiqulu, ama-tondos nama-oda wakudala achaza kabusha amatshe., futhi ngesikhathi se-Baroque, ingqikithi yescenography enamakholomu kaSolomoni, ama-stipes noma amamabula e-polychrome yabekwa kuye ngokuthi isifunda.
Izinhlobo: ifomu kanye nomsebenzi
Kukhona ama-altare aphezulu etafula kanye nama-altare odongeni, kodwa futhi namadivayisi athile. Ama-Diptychs, ama-triptych nama-polyptychs (evame kakhulu eFlanders naseYurophu Ephakathi) avaliwe ngamaphiko nokunye ukudweba nokuqoshwa.
Kukhona ama-altare ane-octagonal niche, ama-altare anamacele amabili ekwaya nama-altare athembekile, mbumbulu apendwe ezindongeni lapho izinsiza zishoda, kanye nama-canopies amile kumakholomu. Ngomsebenzi waso, i-altare le-Ekaristi elinomfanekiso liyagqama., lezo zikaChrist Recumbent in an urn, imishini yasesiteji eveza izinsalela ezinomshini, lezo zeRosari, izinsalela ezinamakhabethe afinyeleleka ngemuva, uhlobo lombukiso noma lawo aneseyili esisodwa esikhulu.
Ama-altare acacisiwe: i-Central European flügelaltar
Ezweni lamaJalimane namaFlemish, ama-altare anezimpiko, anezindawo ezivulekile nezivaliwe, zaduma. Lapho ivaliwe, ama-grisailles alingisa ukubaza kwamatshe., futhi lapho ivuliwe, umbala nokuqoshwa kwegolide kuyaqhuma. Lolu hlelo lwaluvuna ukuvikelwa, ukuhlanzwa, kanye nezinguquko kulo lonke ikhalenda lenkonzo.
Inguquko, I-Counter-Reformation kanye nezinguquko ekunambithekeni
Ezindaweni zamaProthestani, kwakhuthazwa i-aniconism ngisho ne-iconoclasm, kwaba nokulahlekelwa okukhulu. I-Anglicanism yagunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwama-altare futhi ku Indawo yamaLuthela izingcezu by Cranach wasinda.
I-Gothic Europe: I-Focuses kanye ne-Masters
E-Bohemia, ama-altare e-Vyššà Brod kanye ne-Třeboň aphawuleka ngokukhethekile, kuyilapho i-Rhine ne-Danube kamuva yabona amaqoqo amakhulu axubile okudweba nokubaza. Lawa mamodeli aphinde abe nomthelela e-Italy naseSpain, ukuhlanganisa emasikweni endawo.
I-Peninsula yase-Iberia ngekhulu le-14 nele-15
Ama-altare e-altare e-Iberian Gothic azuza ukuceba okumangalisayo, ngokhuni olunakiwe ne-polychrome, futhi i-alabhasta yayichichima e-Aragon. I-altare eliyinhloko lase-Girona ngesiliva liyagqama., endala e-Barcelona, ​​​​kanye nezingcezu ezifana nekaSan Cristóbal (Prado) noma ekaSanto Domingo de Tamarite.
Izibalo ezibalulekile yi-Master of Estimariu, Andrés Marzal de Sax, Pere Serra, Gherardo Starnina kanye ne-altare likaQuejana. Ngekhulu le-15, iSancho de Rojas, isonto elikhulu kunawo wonke eKhathedrali Elidala laseSalamanca, liyakhanya., ukuhlakazwa okukhulu kweLeón nguNicolás Francés, i-Seo yaseZaragoza e-alabaster (uPere Johan noHans waseSwabia) kanye nokukhiqizwa okubanzi kukaBernat Martorell.
Amanye amaphuzu avelele ahlanganisa iVirgen dels Consellers (Lluis Dalmau), Peralta de la Sal (Jaume Ferrer II kanye noPedro GarcÃa de Benavarre), amaphaneli kaNuno Gonçalves, iphaneli kaBartolomé Bermejo eDaroca, umsebenzi kaFernando Gallego, umsebenzi omkhulu kunawo wonke e-Seville Catheth de Isabel. I-Cartuja de Miraflores ifinyelela umvuthwandaba wenkathi ngoGil de Siloé, kakade emngceleni we-Renaissance.
I-Italy kanye neFlanders ekushintsheni ku-Renaissance
E-Italy, i-pala igcinwe amafomethi ngenxa yesiko eliqine kakhulu le-fresco, nakuba u-Giotto, uSimone Martini noDuccio bakhiqiza ama-polyptych aphawulekayo. I-altare eliyisiliva le-Florence Baptistery liyingqophamlando yomkhandi wegolide, futhi ngoFra Angelico sibona uguquko lwesakhiwo oluya ku-a I-Architectural Renaissance.
I-Della Robbias yasakaza i-terracotta ecwebezelayo; ama-pilaster, ama-oda, ama-frieze, kanye nama-grotesques agcwele i-masonry entsha. E-Flanders, i-polyptych yesithombe ka-Van Eyck, u-Van der Weyden noma u-Van der Goes kanye nezithombe ze-altare ezibaziwe ezathunyelwa zisuka e-Antwerp zagcwala iYurophu ngokuzinikela kanye nokuqamba okusha kwezobuchwepheshe.
I-Renaissance yaseSpain: I-Plateresque, i-Mannerism ne-Romanesque
E-Spain, amafomu ase-Italy angena kancane kancane, ahlangana ne-substrate ye-Spanish-Flemish. I-Plateresque ihlanganisa ama-balusters, ama-grotesques nezindaba empumelelweni noma ekupendeni, enezibonelo ezifana nenkulu kunazo zonke ePalencia, leyo eseRoyal Chapel yaseGranada, iSan Pelayo e-Olivares de Duero, iSan Pablo ePalencia, iSan Miguel e-Oñate noma iCalzadilla de los Barros.
Emqheleni wase-Aragon, i-Damián Forment igqamile: Insika yaseZaragoza kanye ne-Huesca e-alabaster, i-Poblet ne-Santo Domingo de la Calzada ngokhuni lwe-polychrome. Ulandelwe nguJuan de Moreto, uJuan de Salas, uGabriel Yoly kwathi kamuva uCosme Damián Bas., ngisho nangokhuni olungapendiwe kwezinye izimo.
I-Mannerism ifinyelele umvuthwandaba ngo-Alonso Berruguete (i-altare elikhulu laseSan Benito de Valladolid) kanye noJuan de Juni, wokuzwakalisa okukhulu. UbuRoma busungulwa noGaspar Becerra e-Astorga, uPedro López de Gámiz, amaHayas kanye noJuan de Ancheta, bevula indlela ye-Escurial classicism.
I-altare le-Monastery yaseSan Lorenzo de El Escorial imaka ngaphambi nangemuva: idizayini kaHerrera, izithombe eziqoshiwe zikaLeone noPompeo Leoni, kanye nomdwebo kaTibaldi noZuccaro. Wenza izinto eziyigugu, iziyalezo ezibekwe phezulu kanye nendawo emaphakathi yetabernakele zibe njengezincwadi zeBhayibheli., imisebenzi enomthelela efana ne-VillagarcÃa de Campos noma i-San Miguel ne-San Julián e-Valladolid.
I-Baroque: inkathi yegolide ye-altare
Ngekhulu le-17 nele-18 i-altare yaba umlingiswa ophelele wengaphakathi lamasonto e-altare. izakhiwo ze-baroque. Ama-headboards ayisicaba kanye nokubonisa ngale kokukhanya kuba yinto evamile., ama-altare ane-niche, ama-altare azimele, ama-altare akhanyayo, noma izinto eziyisisekelo; ithempeli lonke lihlanganyela ekuhlobiseni okuhlanganisayo.
I-Italy ithanda imabula nezinto ezingabalulekile, igxilisa isithonjana kufosholo elikhulu noma iqembu lezithombe. ENingizimu Netherlands, kunezelwa amaseyili amakhulu avela esikoleni saseRubens. namapulpiti ayinkimbinkimbi noma amafonti ahlotshisiwe, njengesandiso sentshiseko yobuKatolika.
EYurophu Ephakathi, kuzo zombili izindawo zamaKatolika nezamaLuthela, i-altare lihlangana ne-stucco, izithombe eziqoshiwe, nezakhiwo ezihlanganiswe ndawonye ezifiphalisa ibhokisi lokudweba. E-France, izicucu ze-altare zixoxa ngengokomoya elithile le-Baroque., ebhalwe yizifundo zesimanje.
E-Spain, izinhlobonhlobo zesifunda zinkulu kakhulu. I-Salamanca ihlanganisa i-Churrigueresque, e-Toledo uNarciso Tomé uqedela isitayela esibonisa ngale, futhi i-façade ye-Obradoiro e-Santiago ixhuma nama-altare afana ne-San MartÃn Pinario. Abadwebi bezakhiwo abanjengoGómez de Mora noma uChurriguera, abaqophi abanjengoFernández, Mena, Montañés noma uSalzillo, nabadwebi abafana noMurillo, uValdés Leal noma uZurbarán bagcwele ama-altare ezweni lonke.
Ukulandelana kungahlukaniswa: ukunwetshwa kwe-classicism engxenyeni yokuqala yesithathu yekhulu le-17, i-altare yendabuko enekholomu kaSolomoni bese kuba i-stipite engxenyeni yesibili, nesigaba se-Rococo engxenyeni yokuqala yesithathu yekhulu le-18. IPortugal ithuthukisa isihlalo sobukhosi se-Ekaristi ngezimpawu eziqinile, kanye nomhlaba wamaPutukezi namaHispanic athumela i-baroque ecebile e-Goa, e-Bahia, e-Philippines nakuyo yonke i-Spanish America.
Kusukela ku-Rococo kuya ekhulwini lama-20
I-Rococo yethula umhlobiso kaLouis XV; I-neoclassicism yasabela ngokuhluzeka, ishintsha ukhuni olunakiwe ngetshe kanye neminyango ephefumulelwe yamaGreki namaRoma. Ngekhulu le-19, ama-altare e-eclectic ne-historic aphikelela., futhi ekhulwini lama-20 amasonto avula ithuba lokunyakaza kwe-avant-garde, ngamacala ayingqayizivele anjenge-Aránzazu.
I-altare njengeshashalazi nesithombe
Igama elithi retablo liphinde lichaze isigaba setiyetha yonodoli kanye nombono wetiyetha okhona ku-Cervantes (Retablo de las maravillas) kanye ne-Falla (El retablo de Maese Pedro). Lokhu kuzenzisa kwangempela kwenkundla yeshashalazi kudlulisela ukucabanga kwakho emishinini ekhohlisayo ye-altare lesonto. njengethuluzi lokuncenga nokulawula okubucayi.
Imibhalo, amalebula nemibhalo
Ngaphezu kwezithombe, ama-altare amaningi ahlanganisa amagama: ukuhlonza osanta, iziqubulo, ama-antiphon kaMarian, amafomula emfundiso noma ukuxolela izono. Ukusetshenziswa okubalulekile kobuchwepheshe ifomula yokungcweliswa maphakathi nebhange, ihlinzeka umamukeli ngombhalo phakathi nenqwaba.
Eminye imibhalo irekhoda abaxhasi, izinsuku, izindleko noma izimangaliso zendawo, kanye ne-heraldry nezimpawu. Ngezinye izikhathi amanothi afihliwe avela kubakhi avela esakhiweni, iwusizo kuzichasiso, ukulandelana kwezikhathi kanye nokuhlelwa komhlangano.
Indlela yoku-oda nokwenza i-altare
Inqubo iqala ngedizayini nenkontileka phakathi kweklayenti nomdwebi, ichaza izilinganiso, isithonjana, izinto ezisetshenziswayo, umnqamulajuqu, nezinkokhelo. Kwesinye isikhathi ukubulawa kudayiswa ngenani eliphansi., futhi ishabhu ewinile iqala ukuhlanganisa nokudidiyelwa kokuhwebelana.
Izingcezu zihlangene eshabhu noma eyesikhashana eduze kwesonto; bese ziyathuthwa zihlanganiswe zomile. I-gilding ne-polychrome idinga ukuhlakazwa ngezinto, ukufaka ukhonkolo, isitsha, igolide, ukunamathisela, nokufaka incarnation. Lapho usuqediwe, umsebenzi uyahlaziywa, futhi akukho ukushoda kwamacala mayelana nokweqiwa kwezindleko.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukulungiswa, ukupendwa kabusha noma ukufakwa kabusha kwenziwa ngokwezidingo nezinsiza. Ukongiwa kwemvelo kuphazanyiswa ukungahlanzeki okwanele, izimo zemvelo nezingxabano., echaza ukulahlekelwa, ukuhlakazeka nokubuyiselwa okuyinkimbinkimbi.
Amacala avelele nezibonelo ngendawo
Indawo ye-Medieval ne-Sept Gothic Hispanic: Girona ngesiliva, Barcelona, ​​​​San Cristóbal del Prado, Santo Domingo de Tamarite, Master of Estimariu, Marzal de Sax, Pere Serra, Quejana, Starnina, Sancho de Rojas, Old Salamanca, Leon nguNicolás Francés, Seville Cathedrals, Marzal de Sax e-Conlabaster de Conlabaster la Sal, uNuno Gonçalves, uDaroca, uFernando Gallego, iSeville Cathedral, i-polyptych ka-Isabel noMiraflores. Zonke ziphawula ukuvuthwa kwe-Gothic peninsula.
I-Europe Emaphakathi ne-Flanders: i-Gothic flügelaltäre engasekho ne-Pacher, i-Dürer, i-Grünewald, i-Altdorfer, i-Ratgeb, i-Baldung, i-Cranach kanye ne-Holbeins; abaqophi abafana noVeit Stoss, Gerhaert, Riemenschneider noma Haguenau. Isenheim, Kefermarkt noma ama-altare aseRiemenschneider ziyingqopha-mlando.
I-Quattrocentista ne-cinquecentista Italy: i-Giotto, i-Simone Martini, i-Duccio, i-Fra Angelico, i-Della Robbia kanye nabakhandi begolide be-Florentine bangeza isiko elikhulu lefosholo. Uhlelo lolimi lwakudala lugcwele ama-pilaster, ama-pediments nama-entablatures, ngezinye izikhathi ukuhlanganisa nemiphumela ye-trompe l'oeil.
Ukuvuselelwa kweBaroque Spain: Palencia, Granada, Zaragoza, Huesca, Poblet, Santo Domingo de la Calzada, Berruguete, Juni, Becerra, kanye ne-El Escorial; kamuva, uChurrigueras, uCano, uFernández, uMena, uMontañés, uSalzillo, uMurillo, uValdés Leal noZurbarán. Esobala evela e-Toledo, i-churrigueresque evela eSalamanca noma eSan MartÃn Pinario iyengezwa. njengeziqongo.
Icala laseMadrid: ama-workshops, izakhiwo kanye nezinhlobo
EMadrid, ifa le-Escurialense limake ingxenye yesithathu yokuqala yekhulu le-17 ngezicucu ze-altare zasendulo zemizimba nezigaba ezimbalwa, ezithathwe ku-Herrera, ezinamakhanvasi amakhulu anoshekhasi. Umbuthano ka-Giovanni Battista Crescenzi ushiye uphawu lwawo kubakhi bezakhiwo zasenkantolo nakubahlanganisi..
U-Alonso Cano unikele ngemodeli ehlanzekile nefundeka kakhudlwana, enama-altare anomzimba owodwa nama-niches amakhulu, okuthonya u-Herrera Barnuevo noPedro de la Torre. U-Pedro de la Torre wasakaza ama-Solomonic nama-attics ngama-buttresses, futhi uSebastián de Benavente wahlanganisa esakhe isitayela senkantolo.
Imisebenzi ephawulekayo: uBuen Suceso (olahlekile, owaziwa ngokuphrinta), omkhulu kunawo wonke eSan Pedro el Viejo (Benavente), i-altare leNcasakazi yaseGuadalupe eDescalzas Reales (Herrera Barnuevo) neqembu likaSan Plácido (abafowabo Bombhoshongo, noClaudio Coello noRizi). Ziyingqophamlando ye-baroque yaseMadrid.
I-Pamplona: uchungechunge lwama-altare e-Renaissance kanye ne-Baroque
I-Pamplona Cathedral inikeza ukulandelana okuyimodeli phakathi kuka-1597 no-1713: i-chapel enkulu, i-Pity, i-Saint John the Baptist, i-Saint Benedict, amasonto amathathu e-Barbazana, i-Saint Jerome ne-Saint Gregory, i-Saint Joseph, i-Saint Catherine, i-Saint Martin, i-Saint John the Evangelist, i-Saint Christina, i-Saint Barbara, i-Saint Fermin, kanye ne-Trinity. Kungenelela ababhishobhi, izahluko, izicukuthwane, izinhlangano kanye nabaxhasi.
Izitayela ziyahlukahluka ukusuka ku-Romanesque kuye ku-Classical Baroque, futhi ekugcineni kuye kwisitayela sendabuko esinemisebenzi ye-solomonic. Ababhali basekhaya nabangaphandle bayashintshana: Pedro González de San Pedro kanye noDomingo de Bidarte ekupheleni kweRenaissance; eZabalÃa eBarbazana; UJosé de San Juan unikela ngemisebenzi ye-solomon; futhi uMiguel de Bengoechea ubhala uSanta Catalina. Ngekhulu le-18, ingqondo yezemfundo yayithanda ukushintshwa kwe-neoclassical kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha..
Uma sibhekwa sisonke, i-altare ingumlando ophilayo weBandla nabantu balo: ulimi, amasu, ukuzinikela, namandla kuyaphambana kulemishini yokukholwa. Ukuqonda imvelaphi yazo, izingxenye, izinhlobo zazo, i-foci namagama amakhulu kusivumela ukuthi sifunde kangcono wonke amathempeli., futhi sazise isiko ukuthi, naphezu kwezinguquko ekunambithekeni nasekusebenzeni, lihlala lingenye yezimpawu ezinamandla kakhulu zobuciko baseSpanishi nabaseYurophu.
