Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, izitsha ze-altare zisebenze njengesizinda esikhulu senkonzo yobuKristu kanye nobuciko , izimangaliso ezibonakalayo ezihlanganisa ukwakheka kwezakhiwo, ukubaza, kanye nokudweba. Ngaphezu kokuhlobisa nje, ziyisigaba semfundiso kanye nesokukhulekela esiqondisa iso, sifundise, futhi sivuselele imizwa.
Kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi kuze kube sesikhathini samaBaroque, la maqembu ayebusa ngaphakathi kwamasonto aseYurophu, futhi ngendlela ekhethekile, izwe lase-Iberia kanye nezindawo zalo zaphesheya kwezilwandle. Ukuvela kwawo kubonisa izinguquko zemfundiso yenkolo, ezisemthethweni, kanye nezobuchwepheshe , futhi ucwaningo lwawo luvula iminyango emlandweni wobuciko, inkonzo, kanye nengqondo.
Iyini i-altare?
Empeleni, i-altare yisakhiwo esingemuva noma ngaphezu kwe-altare, esakhiwe ngohlaka lwezakhiwo kanye nezinhlelo zezithombe nezithombe. Leso esisesontweni eliyinhloko sibizwa ngokuthi i-altare eliphezulu ; lezo ezihlelwe eceleni kwezindlela, ama-ambulatory, kanye nama-chapel zaziwa ngokuthi ama-altare aseceleni noma amancane.
Uhlaka lwayo lungenziwa ngokhuni, itshe, insimbi, noma izinto eziyigugu nezingelutho, futhi igcina imidwebo, imifanekiso eqoshiwe, noma izithombe ezizimele. Izibonelo eziningi zixubile, zihlanganisa ukubaza okune-polychrome kanye nephaneli noma i-canvas , ngokwesiko lendawo kanye nezinsiza zomthengi.
Izingxenye kanye nesilulumagama esibalulekile
Ukuze uqonde ukwakheka kwayo, kuyasiza ukwazi kahle amagama ayo. I-predella noma isisekelo sakha umucu ongezansi lapho umzimba oyinhloko uphumule khona; ngezinye izikhathi kuba nesisekelo esingezansi, esiseduze nomhlabathi.
Amabhande avundlile akha imizimba, kanti ukuhlukana okuqondile kwakha imigwaqo. Igridi ephumayo idala izindawo lapho kuhlelwa khona izigcawu noma izithombe. Iqoqo lonke lezinto zokwakha libizwa ngokuthi i-masonry.
Ingxenye engenhla ingaqedwa nge-attic, umgogodla, noma i-lunette; umngcele ungavikelwa ngesimbozo sothuli. Uma i-altare lihlanganisiwe, linezindawo ezivulekile nezivaliwe , futhi uma livaliwe livame ukuhlotshiswa nge-grisaille efana nesithombe esiqoshiwe.
Imvelaphi ye-Liturgical kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwasekuqaleni
I-altare laqala ngokuhlobene ne-altare kanye nokukhulekela kwalo. Ngemva kwamatafula okuqala obuKristu azimele futhi ahambayo, i-altare laba yinto eqinile futhi enesithunzi. I-antependium yangaphambili, enezindwangu zayo, izinsimbi, kanye nendlovu, yayiyisinyathelo sokuqala , njengoba kwakunjalo ngokuboniswa kwezinsalela nezindawo ezingcwele noma i-ciboria phezu noma ngemuva kwe-altare.
Emasontweni okuqala obuKristu nangaphambi kwamaRoma, imihlobiso yasezindongeni, izithonjana, kanye nezithombe zangaphambili ze-altare zazivame kakhulu; esikhathini samaRoma, imidwebo ye-apse kanye nezithombe zangaphambili ze-altare zokhuni noma zensimbi zaqhubeka zisetshenziswa, ezinye kamuva zaguqulwa zaba yizicucu ze-altare. Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-13, i-altare yathola ukuvelela ngemuva kwe-altare , ikakhulukazi eNyakatho Yurophu kanye nemibuso yase-Iberia.
Izinto zokwakha, amasu kanye nohwebo
Ukhuni oluhlotshiswe ngegolide kanye nokhuni olune-polychrome kwakuyinto evame kakhulu, yize i-alabaster, imabula, isiliva, kanye namatshe ahlukahlukene nawo ayesetshenziswa. Ukuhlobisa nge-bole kanye ne-brocade egolide kwakuyizindlela ezibalulekile, kanye nokudweba ubuso nezandla ngemibala yenyama.
Umsebenzi wawuhilela abahlanganisi, abaqophi, abaqophi bezithombe, abapendi, abadwebi bezithombe zegolide, kanye nabadwebi bezithombe ze-polychrome. Isendlalelo se-gesso gesso salungisa ubuso ; kwabe sekusetshenziswa umhlobiso we-bole, i-gilding, kanye ne-polychrome, futhi kwaqedwa nge-polychromy kanye nama-glaze.
Isakhiwo se-altare: ukuthi indaba ihlelwa kanjani
Umklamo uvame ukuba ngokwejiyometri kanye nokulandelana kwezigaba: imigwaqo nezingxenye zihlela imijikelezo yokulandisa (izimpilo zikaKristu, iNcasakazi uMariya, noma ungcwele) noma zifaka izithombe zesihloko ezindaweni ezivulekile. Itabernakele noma indawo engcwele yathola ukubaluleka kusukela ngekhulu le-15 kuqhubeke , ekugcineni yabusa ezinye izakhiwo noma yaba isakhiwo esizimele njenge-baldachin.
Esikhathini samaGothic, ama-canopies, iziqongo, i-cresting, kanye ne-horror vacui evelele yachuma, kanye nezithombe ze-heraldry kanye nezithombe zabaxhasi. Ku-Renaissance, ama-grotesques, ama-candelabra, imiqulu, ama-tondo, kanye nama-classical orders achaza kabusha umsebenzi wamatshe , kanti ku-Baroque, i-total scenography yayivame ngamakholomu kaSolomon, ama-pilaster, noma amamabula e-polychrome, kuye ngesifunda.
Izinhlobo: ifomu kanye nomsebenzi
Kukhona izitsha ze-altare ezinde etafuleni kanye nezitsha ze-altare ezisodongeni, kodwa futhi kukhona namadivayisi athile. Ama-Diptych, ama-triptych, nama-polyptych (avame kakhulu eFlanders naseYurophu Ephakathi) avala ngamaphiko futhi apendwe futhi aqoshwe ngendlela ehlukile.
Kukhona izingcezu ze-altare ezisemaceleni ango-8, izingcezu ze-altare ezinezinhlangothi ezimbili zekwaya nebandla, izingcezu ze-altare ezidwetshwe odongeni lapho izinsiza zilinganiselwe, kanye nama-baldachin azimele ezinsikeni. Phakathi kwezinto eziphawuleka kakhulu ngomsebenzi wazo yi-altare le-Eucharist eline-monstrance , lezo ezibonisa uKristu olele phansi egunjini lokugcina izinto, izingcezu ze-altare ezifakwe esiteji eziveza izinto ezisele ezinomshini, izingcezu ze-altare le-Rosary, izingcezu ze-altare ezinamakhabethe afinyeleleka ngemuva, izingcezu ze-altare zohlobo lwe-display-case, kanye nalezo ezine-canvas eyodwa enkulu.
Ama-altare acacisiwe: i-Central European flügelaltar
Emazweni aseJalimane naseFlemish, izingcezu ze-altare ezinamaphiko zanda kakhulu, zinezindawo ezivulekile nezivaliwe. Uma zivaliwe, i-grisaille ilingisa isithombe setshe , futhi uma sivulwa, umbala kanye nokuqoshwa kwegolide kwaqhuma. Lolu hlelo lwenza kube lula ukuvikela, ukuhlanza, kanye nezinguquko kulo lonke ikhalenda lenkonzo.
Inguquko, I-Counter-Reformation kanye nezinguquko ekunambithekeni
Ezindaweni zamaProthestani, ubu-anicon kanye ne-iconoclasm kwakhuthazwa, okwaholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu. Ubu-Anglican bagunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwezicucu ze-altare , futhi emibuthanweni yamaLuthela , eminye yemisebenzi kaCranach yasinda.
I-Gothic Europe: I-Focuses kanye ne-Masters
EBohemia, izingcezu ze-altare zaseVyššà Brod naseTřeboň zivelele, kanti izifunda zaseRhine naseDanube kamuva zazizobona izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zokupenda nokubaza. Lezi zinhlobo nazo zathonya i-Italy neSpain , zahlanganiswa namasiko endawo.
I-Peninsula yase-Iberia ngekhulu le-14 nele-15
Izingcezu ze-altare zase-Iberia Gothic zafinyelela ukuceba okungavamile, zinokhuni oluqoshiwe nolune-polychrome, kanti i-alabaster yayiningi e-Aragon. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zifaka phakathi i-altare eliyinhloko laseGirona ngesiliva , i-altare eliyinhloko langaphambili laseBarcelona, ​​​​kanye nezingcezu ezifana nezeSan Cristóbal (Prado) neSanto Domingo de Tamarite.
Izibalo ezibalulekile zifaka i-Master of Estimariu, Andrés Marzal de Sax, Pere Serra, Gherardo Starnina, kanye ne-altare laseQuejana. Ngekhulu le-15, iSancho de Rojas, i-altare eliyinhloko le-Old Cathedral yaseSalamanca , i-altare eliyinhloko elidiliziwe laseLeón likaNicolás Francés, i-altare le-alabhasta laseZaragoza Cathedral (nguPere Johan noHans waseSwabia), nomsebenzi omkhulu kaBernat Martorell ugqama.
Amanye amaphuzu avelele ahlanganisa i-Virgen dels Consellers (LluÃs Dalmau), Peralta de la Sal (Jaume Ferrer II kanye noPedro GarcÃa de Benavarre), amaphaneli kaNuno Gonçalves, i-altare likaBartolomé Bermejo eDaroca, umsebenzi kaFernando Gallego, i-altare eliyisikhumbuzo se-altare e-Seville yase-Catholic yase-Catholic. I-Charterhouse of Miraflores ifinyelela umvuthwandaba ngalesi sikhathi ngoGil de Siloé , osevele esesicongweni seRenaissance.
I-Italy kanye neFlanders ekushintsheni ku-Renaissance
E-Italy, izingcezu ze-altare zahlala zincane ngenxa yesiko eliqinile lokudweba imidwebo efresco, yize uGiotto, uSimone Martini, noDuccio bakhiqiza ama-polyptych amangalisayo. I-altare lesiliva eFlorence Baptistery liwumsebenzi wobuciko wokwenza isiliva , futhi noFra Angelico, sibona ukushintshela kwesakhiwo kuya ekuVuselelweni kwezakhiwo.
Umndeni wakwaDella Robbia wadumisa i-terracotta ecwebezelayo; ama-pilaster, ama-oda, ama-friezes, kanye nezindawo ezingavamile kwagcwala umsebenzi omusha wamatshe. EFlanders, ama-polyptych apendiwe kaVan Eyck, uVan der Weyden, noVan der Goes, kanye nezingcezu ze-altare eziqoshiwe ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe zivela e-Antwerp, kwagcwalisa iYurophu ngokuzinikela kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe.
I-Renaissance yaseSpain: I-Plateresque, i-Mannerism ne-Romanesque
ESpain, izitayela zase-Italy zaqala ukusebenza kancane kancane, zihambisana nesiko lamaHispano-Flemish. Isitayela sePlateresque sihlanganisa ama-balusters, ama-grotesques, kanye nezindaba ezidwetshwe noma ezidwetshweni , ngezibonelo ezifana ne-balustrade eyinhloko ePalencia, iRoyal Chapel yaseGranada, iSan Pelayo e-Olivares de Duero, iSan Pablo ePalencia, iSan Miguel e-Oñate, kanye neCalzadilla de los Barros.
Emqheleni wase-Aragon, i-Damián Forment igqamile: i-Pilar yaseZaragoza ne-Huesca e-alabaster, kanye ne-Poblet ne-Santo Domingo de la Calzada ngokhuni lwe-polychrome. Ulandelwa uJuan de Moreto, uJuan de Salas, uGabriel Yoly, futhi kamuva uCosme Damián Bas , ngisho nokusebenza ngokhuni olungapendiwe kwezinye izimo.
Ukuziphatha kahle kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngo-Alonso Berruguete (i-altare eliyinhloko laseSan Benito eValladolid) noJuan de Juni, abaziwa ngokukhuluma kwabo ngendlela enamandla. UbuRoma bathatha indawo kaGaspar Becerra e-Astorga , uPedro López de Gámiz, abafowabo bakaHaya, noJuan de Ancheta, bavula indlela yobu-Escorial classicism.
I-altare le-Monastery yaseSan Lorenzo de El Escorial liphawula inguquko: eklanywe nguHerrera, enezithombe zikaLeone noPompeo Leoni, kanye nemidwebo kaTibaldi noZuccaro. Yasungula ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezihloniphekile, ama-oda abekwe phezulu, kanye nokuba semqoka kwetabernakele , okuthonya imisebenzi efana naleyo eseVillagarcÃa de Campos naseSan Miguel naseSan Julián eValladolid.
I-Baroque: inkathi yegolide ye-altare
Ngekhulu le-17 nele-18, i-altare yaba yisici esiyinhloko sangaphakathi kwamasonto aseBaroque . Ama-apses ayisicaba nokukhanya okukhanyayo kwaba yinto evamile , njengoba kwenza ama-altare anezindawo zokuhlobisa, ama-altare azimele, ama-altare akhanyayo, kanye nezindawo zokugcina izinto; lonke isonto lahlanganyela ohlelweni lokuhlobisa oluhlangene.
I-Italy yayithanda imabula nezinto eziyigugu kancane, igxila izithombe zezithombe eqoqweni elikhulu le-altare noma eqenjini lezithombe. ENingizimu yeNetherlands, kwanezelwa amakhanvasi amakhulu avela esikoleni sikaRubens kanye namapulpiti ayinkimbinkimbi noma amafonti ahlotshisiwe, njengokwandiswa kwentshiseko yamaKatolika.
EYurophu Ephakathi, kokubili ezindaweni zamaKatolika namaLuthela, i-altare lihlangana ne-stucco, izithombe eziqoshiwe, kanye nezakhiwo ezakhiweni ezimboze isakhiwo esifakwe odongeni. EFrance, ukwakheka kwe-altare kuhambisana nengokomoya elithile le-Baroque , elibhalwe yizifundo zanamuhla.
E-Spain, izinhlobonhlobo zesifunda zinkulu kakhulu. I-Salamanca ihlanganisa isitayela se-Churrigueresque, e-Toledo Narciso Tomé yenza isitayela esibonisa ngale, futhi i-Obradoiro façade e-Santiago ihlanganyela engxoxweni nama-altare afana ne-San MartÃn Pinario. Abadwebi bezakhiwo abanjengoGómez de Mora noChurriguera, abaqophi abanjengoFernández, Mena, Montañés, noSalzillo, nabadwebi abanjengoMurillo, uValdés Leal, noZurbarán bagcwele ama-altare ezweni lonke.
Uchungechunge lungahlukaniswa: ukuqhubeka kobuciko bendabuko engxenyeni yokuqala yesithathu yekhulu le-17, i-altare lendabuko elinekholomu kaSolomoni kanye ne-pilaster engxenyeni yesibili, kanye nesigaba se-Rococo ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18. IPortugal yakha isihlalo sobukhosi se-Eucharist ngezimpawu eziqinile , kanti izwe lamaPutukezi namaHispanic lithumela isitayela seBaroque esicebile kakhulu eGoa, eBahia, ePhilippines, nakuyo yonke iSpain America.
Kusukela ku-Rococo kuya ekhulwini lama-20
Isitayela seRococo sethule imihlobiso kaLouis XV; ubuNeoclassicism basabela ngokuzibamba, bathatha indawo yokhuni olunegolide ngamatshe kanye neminyango ephefumulelwe amaGreki namaRoma. Izitsha ze-altare ezingavamile nezingokwesiko zaqhubeka ngekhulu le-19 , kanti ngekhulu lama-20 amasonto amukela ukunyakaza kwe-avant-garde, ngezibonelo eziphawulekayo njenge-Aránzazu.
I-altare njengeshashalazi nesithombe
Igama elithi retablo liphinde lisho isiteji semidlalo yeshashalazi yopopayi kanye nomqondo wemidlalo yeshashalazi okhona kuCervantes (Retablo de las maravillas) kanye nakuFalla (El retablo de Maese Pedro). Lokhu kuzenzisa kwangempela kwemidlalo yeshashalazi kudlulisela ukuqonda kwayo emishinini yokukhohlisa ye-altare lesonto njengethuluzi lokukholisa nokulawula ukuqonda.
Imibhalo, amalebula nemibhalo
Ngaphezu kwezithombe, izingcezu eziningi ze-altare zihlanganisa amagama: ukuhlonza osanta, iziqubulo, ama-antiphon kaMaria, amafomula emfundiso, noma izivumelwano zokuzidela. Isici esibalulekile sobuchwepheshe ifomula yokuzinikela enkabeni ye-predella , enikeza umgubhi umbhalo ngesikhathi seMisa.
Eminye imibhalo iqopha abasekeli, izinsuku, izindleko, noma izimangaliso zendawo, kanye nezithombe kanye nezimpawu. Ngezinye izikhathi amanothi afihliwe ngabadwebi avela ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo , awusizo ekuchazeni, ezikhathini, kanye nasezindleleni zokuhlanganisa.
Indlela yoku-oda nokwenza i-altare
Inqubo iqala ngokuklama kanye nenkontileka phakathi kweklayenti kanye nabaculi, ichaza izilinganiso, i-iconography, izinto zokwakha, izinsuku zokugcina, kanye nezinkokhelo. Ngezinye izikhathi ukwenziwa kuyathengiswa , lapho i-workshop ephumelelayo iphatha ukuhlanganiswa kanye nokuxhumanisa imisebenzi eyahlukahlukene.
Izingcezu zihlanganiswa endaweni yokusebenzela, kungaba ngaphakathi endlini noma okwesikhashana zibekwe eduze kwesonto; bese zithuthwa futhi zihlanganiswe zomile. Inqubo yokuhlobisa ngegolide kanye ne-polychrome idinga ukuhlakazwa kwezingcezu ngayinye ngayinye , ukufaka i-plaster, i-bole, i-gold leaf, i-brocade, kanye ne-flesh tones. Uma sekuqediwe, umsebenzi uyahlolwa, futhi amacala okugqekeza izindleko akuvamile.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukulungiswa, ukupenda kabusha, noma ukuphinda kufakwe i-gilidi kwenziwa ngokwezidingo kanye nezinsiza ezitholakalayo. Ukulondolozwa kwezakhiwo kuthinteka ukuhlanzwa okunganele, izimo zemvelo, kanye nezingxabano ezihlomile , okuchaza ukulahlekelwa, ukuhlakazeka, kanye nokulungiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi.
Amacala avelele nezibonelo ngendawo
I-Medieval Gothic Hispanic sphere: Girona in silver, Barcelona, ​​​​San Cristóbal del Prado, Santo Domingo de Tamarite, Master of Estimariu, Marzal de Sax, Pere Serra, Quejana, Starnina, Sancho de Rojas, Salamanca Vieja, León kaNicolas Francés e-Conlabas Francés, Seollels de Viragoster, Seollels de Zaragoster Peralta de la Sal, Nuno Gonçalves, Daroca, Fernando Gallego, Seville Cathedral, Isabel Polyptych kanye Miraflores. Konke kuphawula ukuvuthwa kwePeninsular Gothic.
I-Europe Emaphakathi ne-Flanders: i-Gothic fügelaltäre engasekho no-Pacher, i-Dürer, i-Grünewald, i-Altdorfer, i-Ratgeb, i-Baldung, i-Cranach kanye ne-Holbeins; abaqophi abafana noVeit Stoss, Gerhaert, Riemenschneider noma Haguenau. I-Isenheim, i-Kefermarkt noma i-altare lase-Riemenschneider izimpawu zendawo ezibalulekile.
UQuattrocento noCinquecento e-Italy: UGiotto, uSimone Martini, uDuccio, uFra Angelico, umndeni wakwaDella Robbia, kanye nabenzi begolide baseFlorentine bonke baba negalelo emasikweni amakhulu e-palazzo. Uhlelo lolimi lwendabuko lugcwele ama-pilaster, ama-pediment, kanye nama-entablature , ngezinye izikhathi afaka imiphumela ye-trompe-l'Å“il.
Ukuvuselelwa kweBaroque Spain: Palencia, Granada, Zaragoza, Huesca, Poblet, Santo Domingo de la Calzada, Berruguete, Juni, Becerra, kanye ne-El Escorial; kamuva, uChurrigueras, uCano, uFernández, uMena, uMontañés, uSalzillo, uMurillo, uValdés Leal noZurbarán. Izakhiwo ezisobala zaseToledo, isitayela seChurrigueresque saseSalamanca, neSan MartÃn Pinario zengezwa njengeziqongo.
Icala laseMadrid: ama-workshops, izakhiwo kanye nezinhlobo
EMadrid, ifa lika-Escorial laphawula ingxenye yesithathu yokuqala yekhulu le-17 ngezingcezu zama-altare ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ezisekelwe esitayeleni sikaHerrera, ezinezindwangu ezinkulu zebhodi lokuhlola. Umbuthano kaGiovanni Battista Crescenzi washiya uphawu lwawo kubakhi bezakhiwo zasezinkantolo nakubahlanganisi.
U-Alonso Cano unikele ngemodeli ehlanzekile nefundeka kalula, enezicucu ze-altare ezinezinga elilodwa kanye nezinsika ezinkulu, okwathonya uHerrera Barnuevo noPedro de la Torre. UPedro de la Torre wadumisa isitayela sikaSolomoni kanye nama-attic ngezinsika , kwathi uSebastián de Benavente wahlanganisa isitayela sakhe esihloniphekile.
Imisebenzi ephawulekayo ihlanganisa: uBuen Suceso (olahlekile, owaziwa ngokuphrinta), i-altare eliyinhloko likaSan Pedro el Viejo (Benavente), i-altare leNcasakazi yaseGuadalupe eDescalzas Reales (Herrera Barnuevo), kanye neqoqo laseSan Plácido (abazalwane base-de la Torre, noClaudio Coello noRizi). Lezi yizimpawu zomhlaba zeMadrid Baroque.
I-Pamplona: uchungechunge lwama-altare e-Renaissance kanye ne-Baroque
I-Pamplona Cathedral inikeza uchungechunge lwezakhiwo zesonto ezakhiwe phakathi kuka-1597 no-1713: isonto eliyinhloko, iSonto likaNkosikazi Wethu Wosizi, iSonto likaJohane uMbhapathizi, iSonto likaSanta Benedict, amasonto amathathu aseBarbazana, amasonto kaSanta Jerome noGregory, iSonto likaSanta Joseph, iSonto likaSanta Catherine, iSonto likaSanta Martin, iSonto likaSanta John the Evangelist, iSonto likaSanta Christina, iSonto likaSanta Barbara, iSonto likaSanta Fermin, kanye neSonto likaZiqu-zintathu. Ababhishobhi, isonto lesonto elikhulu, izikhulu, izinhlangano, kanye nabaxhasi abavamile bonke bahlanganyela ekwakhiweni kwalo.
Izitayela zazisukela kumaRomanism kuya ku-Classical Baroque, futhi ekugcineni, ziye esitayeleni sendabuko esinezinsika zikaSolomoni. Ababhali bendawo nabakwamanye amazwe bashintshana: uPedro González de San Pedro noDomingo de Bidarte ngasekupheleni kweRenaissance; uZabalÃa esifundeni saseBarbazana; uJosé de San Juan wanikela ngezinsika zikaSolomoni; uMiguel de Bengoechea waklama iSanta Catalina. Ngekhulu le-18, ingqondo yezemfundo yakhuthaza ukushintshwa kweNeoclassical kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha.
Uma kubhekwa njengephelele, i-altare liwumlando ophilayo weSonto nabantu balo: ulimi, amasu, ukuzinikela, namandla kuhlangana kulezi zinsimbi zokholo. Ukuqonda imvelaphi yalo, izingxenye, izinhlobo, amaphuzu agxile kuwo, kanye nabantu abavelele kuvumela ukuqonda okungcono kwamasonto aphelele kanye nokwazisa isiko, naphezu kokushintsha kokunambitheka nokusebenza, elihlala liyisici esinamandla kakhulu sobuciko bamaHispanic naseYurophu.
