Khuluma ngakho Amafu weCumulus, kusithatha njengenkomba yokuthi kuyini ukuqoqwa kwezinto ezithile. Isibonelo ezingeni lezinkanyezi yileso samaqoqo ezinkanyezi. Laba bakhangwa omunye nomunye amandla abo adonsela phansi futhi yikho okufika kwakhe iqoqo kanjalo. Mayelana namaqoqo ezinkanyezi, lawa ngokwesiko ahlukaniswa ngezindlela ezimbili: amaqoqo embulunga yonke namaqoqo avulekile, abizwa nangokuthi amaqoqo e-galactic.
Lawa maqembu amakhulu intshisekelo kuNASA futhi inamaqembu aqeqeshelwe ngokukhethekile ukuwacinga. Irekhodi elibi ngalo mcimbi lenziwa ngonyaka odlule wezi-2016 ngenyanga kaJanuwari, lapho kwaphenywa khona okwabizwa ngokuthi yi-XXL Hunt yamaqoqo omthala. Leli gama lakhethwa ngoba ukukhala kwe-XXL kwenziwa ngama-X-ray endaweni eseningizimu.
Ngalo mqondo, elinye igama elidinga ukuchazwa yileli elithi amaqoqo emithala. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwamaqoqo omkhathi kungamabandla amakhulu emithala ephinde ibe nemithombo emikhulu yegesi eshisayo enamazinga okushisa aphakeme kangangokuthi ikhiqiza ama-X ray. Lokhu kuzivumela ukuthi zibe yizakhiwo eziwusizo zezazi zezinkanyezi ezifundweni zazo ze indawo yonke kanye nezingxenye zayo.
Isithakazelo esikhulu sivela njengoba kukholakala ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwalezi kuthonywa yi izingxenye eziyinqaba yendawo yonke, okuyizi: izinto ezimnyama namandla amnyama. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi izakhiwo ezigabeni ezihlukene emlandweni we-Universe ziqopha ukuthi amaqoqo emithala anganikeza ukukhanya ohlangothini olumnyama olungaziwa lwe-Universe.
I-XXL ifuna amaqoqo omthala
Iqembu longoti abaphethe lokhu kuzingelwa belakhiwe osonkanyezi abangaphezu kwe-100 abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba. Ukufunwa kwalezi zilo ze-cosmic kwaqala ngokukhethekile ngo-2011. Manje, ngakolunye uhlangothi, imisebe yamandla ephezulu evela kuma-x ray kuveza ukuthi indawo yabo idonswe emkhathini woMhlaba. Nokho, ngaphezu kwalokhu, ingatholwa ngokuhlolwa kwe-X-ray emkhathini.
Ukwenza lolu cwaningo, abakwenzile ukuhlanganisa ESA XMM-Newton umsindo, yilokhu okwakuhilela isabelo esikhulu kunazo zonke sokubuka isikhathi esake sanikezwa lesi sibonakude sisendleleni. Iphinde yakhiqizwa kanye nokubonwa kwe-ESO nezinye izindawo zokubuka izinto. Ngenxa yalokho, bathole iqoqo elikhulu nelikhulayo ledatha evela kuwo wonke ama-electromagnetic spectrum, eliye labizwa ngokuhlanganyela ngokuthi inhlolovo ye-XXL.
Injongo eyinhloko yale nhlolovo, eyayinenombolo ethi XXL, kwakuwukunikeza isampula ethile nechaziwe cishe 500 amaqoqo emithala itholwe kude lapho iNdawo Yonke yayiyingxenye yenkathi yayo yamanje, ngokusho kukaMarguerite Pierre we-CEA, eSaclay, eFrance. Okwazile ukuthatha kanjalo izithombe zezindawo ezimbili zesibhakabhaka, isibonakude se-XMM-Newton.
Ungafunda futhi: IMINININGWANE NGE-METEOROIDS KANYE NAYO IZINDABA ZAKAMUVA
Izindawo ezatholakala esibhakabhakeni ngayinye yayiyiphinda kayikhulu ubukhulu benyanga egcwele. Eqinisweni, lobu bukhulu bebunganqunywa ngomzamo wokuthola inani elikhulu lamaqoqo omthala angaziwa ngaphambili. Leli thimba elenza ucwaningo lwe-XXL lishicilele iziphetho zalo ochungechungeni lwezihloko zesayensi ezikhuluma ngamaqoqo agqama kakhulu ayi-100 atholwa ngesikhathi isikhathi sokuskena.
Ukubuka ngensimbi ye-EFOSC2
Ngokufanayo, iqoqo lokubuka okwenziwa ngethuluzi le-EFOSC2 nalo lasetshenziswa kulolu cwaningo. Leli thuluzi lafakwa ku-New Technology Telescope (NTT), ephelezelwa yithuluzi le-FORS, eliphinde laxhunywa ku-ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT). Okwakucatshangwa lapho leli qembu lihlangene kwakuwukuhlaziya ngokucophelela ukukhanya okuvela emithala ephakathi kwale mithala. amaqoqo emithala.
Kodwa okubalulekile kulokhu ukuthi kuvumele iqembu ukuthi lenze izilinganiso zebanga eliqondile kumaqoqo omthala. Lokhu yikho okwabe sekuhlinzeka umbono onezinhlangothi ezintathu wendawo yonke, okwakudingeka ukuze kwenziwe izilinganiso ezinembe kakhulu endabeni yobumnyama obuyimfihlakalo kanye amandla amnyama. Kusukela kulokhu inhlolovo ye-XXL kulindeleke ukuthi ikhiqize imiphumela eminingi ethokozisayo nengalindelekile. Nokho, ngisho nangengxenye yesihlanu yedatha yokugcina, okutholakele okubalulekile nokumangalisayo sekuvele kuvele.
Phakathi kwezihloko zesayensi ezishicilelwe, mayelana nokuseshwa kwamaqoqo ezinkanyezi, ikakhulukazi le nhlolovo eshiwo, ukutholakala kwamaqoqo amakhulu amahlanu amasha kubikwa ngaphezu kwakho konke. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imayelana amaqoqo amaqoqo emithala ezenezelwa kulabo asebevele baziwa, njengeqoqo lethu elikhulu elibizwa ngokuthi Izulu.
Ngaphezu kwalolu lwazi olubalulekile lwe- i-astronomy, kukhona futhi omunye umbiko oveza ukubonwa kokulandelela kuqoqo elithile lomthala (okwaziwa ngokungakahleleki ngokuthi i-XLSSC-116). Leli qoqo lemithala litholakala ebangeni elingama-light-year ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha, futhi kusetshenziswa ithuluzi le-VLT's MUSE, umthombo wokukhanya ogqame ngendlela engavamile nohlakazekayo wabonwa kuleli qoqo.
amaqoqo emithala
Ngokokuqala ngqa, kuye kwenzeka ukuhlaziya ngokuningiliziwe ukukhanya okusakazekile okubonwe eqoqweni lomthala elikude, elibonise amandla e-MUSE kulolu phenyo olubalulekile, ngokusho kokuhlaziya okwenziwa yiLabhorethri Yezinkanyezi eMarseille, eFrance. Ngaphakathi kwaleli thimba, idatha eqinisekisa umqondo obeka ukuthi amaqoqo emithala ayinguqulo yale yamanje nayo yasetshenziswa.
Lolu cwaningo luphinde luveze ukuthi lezi zikali ezincishisiwe zalezi esizibhekile njengamanje, njengoba zingamaqoqo emithala eyayikhona kudala. Lezi zinhlobo zokutholwa zibalulekile ukuze ukwazi ukuqonda ngokwethiyori, ukuthi yini ehlobene nokuvela kwamaqoqo eduze umlando wendawo yonke. Njengoba indlela yokwazi okwenzeka emkhathini ezikhathini ezedlule, ingenziwa kuphela ngemibuzo yesayensi neyezinkanyezi.
Ungafunda futhi: 4 IMIBONO EYIQINISO MAYELANA NEMVELAPHI YOMHLABA WONKE KUSUKELA ENDULO
Isenzo sokubala kuphela amaqoqo omthala kudatha ye-XXL esikwazile ukuqinisa umphumela wangaphambilini owawungavamile. Kuvele ukuthi kukhona amaqoqo ambalwa akude kunalokho obekungalindelwa, ngokusekelwe ekuqaguleni nge imingcele ye-cosmological ezibalwe ngesibonakude se-ESA sika-Planck. Kodwa-ke, isizathu salokhu kungqubuzana asikaziwa, ngenxa yalesi sizathu ithimba lithemba ukuqonda le lukuluku le-cosmological ngesampula ephelele yamaqoqo esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.
Imiphumela eshiwo ngenhla ihambisana kakhulu nesayensi futhi, ngaphandle kwalokhu, imane iyindlela esengaphambili yokubonisa lokho okulindeleke ukuba kuzuzwe ngale nhlolovo enkulu yezinye zezinto ezinkulu kakhulu eMkhathini. Iningi le Izihloko zesayensi ezichaza le nhlolovo zingatholakala kujenali eyaziwayo i-Astronomy & Astrophysics.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaqoqo ezinkanyezi
Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaqoqo ezikhona emkhathini, kubalulekile ukuchaza ukuthi enye yazo imayelana nani, kulokhu sizochaza ukuthi ayini. amaqoqo e-globular kanye amaqoqo avulekile. Ngokubona ukuthi ekuqaleni kwachazwa ukuthi amaqembu emithala ayini, ukubaluleka kokuhlola kwawo kanye nokuhlola okwenziwa ukuze kucaciswe izifundo zawo.
Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi ziyini amaqoqo e-globular. Lawa amaqoqo aminyene anezinkulungwane zezinkulungwane noma izigidi zezinkanyezi ezindala. Uma sikhuluma ngezinkanyezi ezindala, sisho ukuthi zineminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane ubudala. Futhi yilezi zinkanyezi ezakha lolu hlobo lokuqoqwa futhi oluligqamisa kakhulu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona futhi amaqoqo avulekile ngokuvamile anamakhulu noma izinkulungwane izinkanyezi ezincane. Kulokhu kumayelana nalezo zinkanyezi ezineminyaka engaphansi kwezigidi eziyikhulu ubudala noma ngisho nalezo ezineminyaka ephakathi, okungukuthi, phakathi kwezigidi eziyikhulu nezinkulungwane zeminyaka. Okuthile okubonisa amaqoqo avulekile ukuthi ahlukana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi emaqoqweni avulekile izinkanyezi ziyahlakazeka futhi lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwazo namandla adonsela phansi nezinkanyezi. amafu amangqamuzana ekuhambeni kwawo emthaleni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kumaqoqo ama-globular aminyene, kukhona ukuzinza okukhulu ngokumelene nokuhlukana kwawo. Nokho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nazo zigcina sezicekelwe phansi.
Umehluko phakathi kwamaqoqo e-globular namaqoqo avulekile
Okukhulunywa kakhulu phakathi komehluko walezi ziqoqo, inani lezinkanyezi ezikhona phakathi kwazo, yilokhu usayizi omkhulu noma ubuningi bamaqoqo ezinkanyezi. Omunye umehluko iminyaka ephakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili zendabuko ze-cumulus, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungenzeka futhi ukuhlukanisa kubo ngensimbi yabo.
I-metallicity yamaqoqo avulekile ngokuvamile iphakeme kakhulu, njengoba lawa maqoqo anothe ngezinsimbi, kuyilapho ngakolunye uhlangothi amaqoqo e-globular ampofu ngokuphathelene nezinsimbi. Omunye umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamaqoqo ungaphakathi umzila wayo, njengoba amaqoqo avulekile aphathelene nenani lediski lomthala; ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaqoqo e-globular ayingxenye ye-halo. Ngokuphambene, akukho mehluko omkhulu phakathi kobukhulu bezinhlamvu zazo zombili izinhlobo zamaqoqo, kuzo zombili izimo ama-parsecs ambalwa.
Ukwahlukanisa Okwedlule
Eshumini leminyaka lama-80's kanye nama-90's, ukutholakala okubalulekile kwenzeka lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwendabuko kwenziwa, empeleni akuzange kufake wonke amaqoqo ezinkanyezi akhona kuwo wonke umkhathi wendawo yonke. Isibonelo sazo yi- Ifu leMagellan. Ngaphakathi kwayo, kunamaqoqo amakhulu njengalawo azungeza umhlaba kodwa mancane (u-R136, umnyombo we-30 Doradus, yicala elidume kabi kakhulu).
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zatholakala kweminye imithala (ngokwesibonelo, i-M82) ngaleyo minyaka super star amaqoqo zikhulu noma ngaphezulu kunezimbulunga zonke kodwa ezincane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwamanye alawa maqoqo ezinkanyezi ezinkulu (NGC 3603, Westerlund 1) nawo akhonjwe endizeni yomthala wethu, efihlwe ngemuva kwamafu amakhulu othuli. lokho kuthiya umbono.
Ngendlela efanayo, kwatholakala ukuthi umehluko phakathi kwamaqoqo ezinkanyezi (okuyizinto eziboshiwe, okungukuthi, eziboshwe ukukhanga kwazo) kanye nezinhlangano zezinkanyezi (amaqembu angaboshiwe amandla adonsela phansi futhi ahlakazeke kancane) akumakwa kahle. Amanye amaqembu ezinkanyezi azalwa njengamaqoqo, amanye njengamaqoqo izinhlangano zezinkanyezi, amanye njengamaqoqo azungezwe izinhlangano nabanye abasesimeni somngcele phakathi kwamaqoqo nezinhlangano.
Ungafunda futhi: AMANOVELI AMA-3 AMA-NEBULOSE KANYE NEKUHLUKANA KWAWO E-COSMOS
Nokho, ngokushesha noma kamuva zonke zigcina sezihlakazeka. Nakuba njengoba sesishilo kakade, amaqoqo e-globular (okuthi uma esemancane abizwe ngokuthi ama-super stellar cluster) yiwo ahlala isikhathi eside kakhulu. Kuyabonakala ukuthi zikhona amaqoqo e-globular elakheka ekuqaleni kokuphila komthala wethu. Kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyenzeka futhi ubone ukuthi amanye amaqoqo embulunga yonke anemisila yolwandle.
imisila yolwandle
Lezi imisila yolwandle ukuthi amanye amaqoqo embulunga yonke anayo, ayizinsalela zezinkanyezi eziye zahlukaniswa phakathi kuwo wonke umlando walo futhi ezibonisa ukuhlakazeka kwalo kokugcina. Kodwa-ke, kukhona futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwesimanje kwamaqembu ezinkanyezi (amaqoqo noma izinhlangano) okumele kufake okungenani okuguquguqukayo okuthathu: ubudala, isisindo kanye nesimo sokudonsela phansi; futhi mhlawumbe ezimbili ngaphezulu, okuyi-metallicity kanye nohlobo lokuzungeza okungokwakho.
isayensi yezinkanyezi namaqoqo
Kukhona intshisekelo ephawulekayo yesayensi yezinkanyezi kumaqoqo, phakathi kwawo kubalulekile ukusho iqoqo le-globular G1 ku-M31. Lawa maqoqo ezinkanyezi yiwo abambisane ekuqondeni ukuthi iyini i-stellar evolution, njengoba ziyizinkanyezi ezakhiwe ngesikhathi esifanayo kusukela ezintweni ze-stellar. ifu lamangqamuzana. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, zimelela isinyathelo esibalulekile ekunqumeni ubukhulu boMkhathi.
Kwezinye izikhathi, amaqoqo aseduze avulekile angasetshenziswa ukukala amabanga awo aphelele ngokusebenzisa inqubo ye-parallax. Enye yamamitha amakhulu, empeleni, umdwebo we-Hertzsprung-Russell walawa maqoqo, ongamelwa ngamavelu okukhanya okuphelele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imidwebo efanayo futhi ehlola amaqoqo angaziwa ibanga lawo, ingaqhathaniswa naleyo yebanga elilinganiselwe ilinganisela ibanga eliwahlukanisa nathi.
Ukucaciswa kweqoqo le-globular
Kubalulekile ukusho ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi iyini iqoqo le-globular noma eyaziwa nangokuthi iqoqo le-globular, ngesiNgisi. Iwuhlobo lweqoqo lezinkanyezi elihlanganisa iqoqo lezinkanyezi ezidala eziyi-100.000 kuya kwezingu-1.000.000. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ivela ku-Population II. Izinkanyezi zalolu hlobo lweqoqo ziboshwe ngamandla adonsela phansi, cishe ngokusatshalaliswa okuyindilinga kanye ne-orbit ezungeze umthala endaweni okufana nesathelayithi.
Lezi izinkanyezi ezindala yizona ezinikeza amaqoqo ayimbulunga umbala wawo ojwayelekile osagolide, obonakala kuphela ngezithombe ezinemibala. Ngokuvamile zakhiwe amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezinkanyezi ezindala, zohlobo olufanayo nalezo ezakha iqhubu lomthala ozungezayo, kodwa zivalelwe kumthamo wama-cubic parsecs ambalwa kuphela.
Eqinisweni amanye amaqoqo embulunga yonke, njenge omega centauri ku-Milky Way kanye ne-G1 ku-M31 ku-Andromeda Galaxy, zinkulu ngendlela engavamile, ngokulandelana kwezigidi ezimbalwa zamalanga. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona nezinye ezifana ne-M15. Lesi sokugcina singelinye iqoqo elitholakala ku-Milky Way yethu, banama-nuclei amakhulu ngokwedlulele, okwenza sisole ukuba khona kwezimbobo ezimnyama ezikhungweni zabo.
Ukwengeza kule mpicabadala, iqoqo ngalinye le-globular libonakala lineminyaka eqondile, ngaphandle kwalokho okumbalwa okuphawulekayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zonke izinkanyezi eziseqoqweni lembulunga yonke zisesigabeni esifanayo sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okuphakamisa ukuthi zonke zakheka ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kwaba ukuqashelwa kwaleli qiniso, ukutadisha Imidwebo ye-Hertzsprung-Russell zamaqoqo embulunga yonke, okwaveza umbono wokuqala wokuziphendukela kwezinkanyezi.
ukuminyana kwezinkanyezi
Iqoqo ngalinye le-globular line- ukuminyana kwezinkanyezi phezulu kakhulu. Ngale ndlela, kukhona ukusebenzisana okuqinile phakathi kwezinkanyezi zengxenye yayo futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungqubuzana kuvame ukwenzeka nemvamisa ehlobene. Ezinye izinhlobo ezingavamile phakathi kwezinkanyezi, njenge-blue stragglers, i-millisecond pulsars, namabhinari e-X-ray-emitting ebuningi obuphansi, zivame kakhulu kumaqoqo e-globular.
Inombolo yamaqoqo embulunga yonke
Emkhathini kunenani elikhulu impela lamaqoqo e-globular. Okungenani kunamaqoqo aziwayo ayi-150 ku-Milky Way. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi kukhona ezinye eziyi-10 noma ezingama-20 ezingakatholwa. Eqinisweni, imithala emikhulu efana ne-M31 ivame ukuba nangaphezulu (i-M31 ingaba okungenani nama-500). Abanye imithala emikhulu eyi-elliptical, njenge-M87, bangaba namaqoqo eglobula angu-10.000 noma ngisho nangaphezulu. I ama-cluster orbit ukuzungeza umthala kude, ngokuvamile cishe ama-kiloparsec ayi-100 noma ngaphezulu.
insimbi
Okuqukethwe kwensimbi kwamaqoqo ayimbulunga akujwayelekile, njengoba ngokuvamile akhiwa izinkanyezi eziyingxenye yePopulation II. Lezi zinkanyezi zinensimbi ephansi, uma ziqhathaniswa nezinkanyezi ze-Population I, ezicishe zifane neLanga. Ngokwezinkanyezi, zonke izakhi ezisinda kune-helium, njenge-helium, zibizwa ngokuthi izinsimbi. carbon, umoya-mpilo, phakathi kwabanye.
Futhi kusayensi yezinkanyezi, "insimbi" yileso sici ngaphandle kwe-hydrogen, i-helium noma i-lithium. Isizathu siwukuthi lezi zakhi ezishiwo ekugcineni yizona kuphela izakhi ezitholakala ngokwemvelo ngaphandle kwesidingo ukuhlanganiswa kwenuzi lokho kwenzeka ezinkanyezini. Esinye isici okufanele sicatshangelwe kuleli phuzu ukuthi emithaleni eminingi, ikakhulukazi imithala emikhulu eyi-elliptical, kungase kube nezigaba ezimbili zamaqoqo e-globular anezinsimbi ezahlukene.
Lokhu kubizwa i-cumulus subpopulations futhi ngokuvamile zaziwa ngokuthi "insimbi-abampofu" futhi "insimbi-rich". Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwakheka kwaleyo equkethe izinsimbi eziningi akufinyeleli ku-metallicity yeLanga.Ngokwababhali abahlukene, kuye kwaphakanyiswa imibono eminingi ukuze ichaze lezi zibalo, njengokuhlangana kwegalaksi enodlame, ukunqwabelana kwemithala emincane kanye nemithala emincane. izigaba eziningi zokwakheka kwenkanyezi kumthala owodwa.
Ngokuphathelene nomthala wethu i-Milky Way, amaqoqo anensimbi ephansi ahlotshaniswa ne i-galactic halo, futhi "abacebile" yilabo abangase bahlotshaniswe ne-galactic bulge.
Ukubhekwa kwamaqoqo omthala
Ngokwezinkanyezi inakho waqaphela ukwakheka yeqoqo lemithala, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngonyaka wezi-2014 yilapho kwaqala khona ukutholwa okusha mayelana nalesi simo noma isenzakalo sendawo endaweni yonke yakuqala. Lezi zinto ze-cosmic zingamaqoqo emithala futhi ziyizinto ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezikhona endaweni yonke.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi zihlanganiswe ndawonye amandla adonsela phansi, kodwa ukuthi zakha kanjani ayikaqondwa ngokugcwele. Manje, ukubalwa okuphelele kokwakheka kwenkanyezi kwenziwe entweni enjalo ku indawo yonke yokuqala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-MRC 1138-262, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Cobweb Galaxy, isifundwe iminyaka eminingi ngoba kukholakala ukuthi ingesinye sezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu ze-protocluster ohlelweni lokuhlanganisa.
Nokho, ithimba labaphenyi belisola ukuthi le ndaba ibishoda ngezicucu. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, banquma ukuthi kufanele bahlole uhlangothi olumnyama lokwakheka kwezinkanyezi futhi ngaleyo ndlela bathole ukuthi zingaki izinkanyezi ezakha iqoqo lezinkanyezi. i-spider web galaxy Zazifihliwe emehlweni ethu. Okusho ukuthi, ngemuva kothuli.
Ukuze kwenziwe uphenyo, ithimba lasebenzisa ikhamera ye-LABOCA, efakwe ku- Isibonakude se-APEX, eChile. Ngale ndlela, leli qoqo le-Cobweb lingabonwa kuma-wavelengths angamamilimitha, okuvumela umuntu ukuthi abheke phakathi kwamafu othuli aminyene.
Ukuqaphela Okuveziwe
Izazi zezinkanyezi zenze izifundo eziqinile kanye nocwaningo, mayelana namaqoqo. Ngalo mqondo, ukubonwa kwembula ukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa ne isibhakabhaka esizungezile, imithombo eyengeziwe ephindwe kane itholakale endaweni ye-Spider Web okwakungaziwa ngaphambili.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuqhathanisa ngokucophelela idatha entsha nokucatshangelwa okuhambisanayo okwenziwe ngokwehlukile ubude bamaza, bakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi eminingi yale mithombo yayisebangeni elifanayo neqoqo lomthala ngokwawo, okusho ukuthi kumelwe libe izingxenye zeqoqo ngokwakheka.
Nokho, ngenkathi bebuka indawo lapho bethole khona lokhu kugxila kokuzalwa kwenkanyezi, bathola esinye isimanga. Ababekulindele ngempela kwakuwukuthola lesi sifunda sokwakheka kwezinkanyezi emisebeni emikhulu ehlanganisa imithala. Kodwa okwenzekayo ukuthi bayithola igxile kakhulu endaweni eyodwa, futhi leso sifunda asigxilile ku-Spiderweb Galaxy, esesifundeni. isikhungo se-protocluster.
I-Milky Way ingeyeqoqo elikhulu elikhulu
Iplanethi yethu itholakala ngokukhethekile kumthala i-Milky Way, lapho ngokocwaningo kuye kwasikiselwa ukuthi umthala wethu empeleni uyingxenye yeqoqo elikhulu kakhulu. Isizathu siwukuthi siyingxenye yeqoqo elikhulu izikhathi eziyi-100 kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambili. Lokhu kuhlaziya kwenziwa ngu-a ithimba lezazi zezinkanyezi owaqamba iqoqo elikhulu .
I-Laniakea iyiqoqo elikhulu lemithala ehlanganisa i-Milky Way. Ubukhulu bayo bukhulu ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziyi-100 ngevolumu nesisindo kunalokho obekulindelwe ngaphambili. Izazi zezinkanyezi ezenze lokhu kutholwa zenze imephu yendawo enkulu futhi zasiqamba ngokuthi iLaniakea, ngenxa yencazelo yaso yesiHawaii, ethi “isibhakabhaka esikhulu”.
Okwenzeka emkhathini ukuthi imithala ivame ukusondelana, ize yakhe amaqoqo abizwa ngokuthi amaqoqo. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, izifunda lapho la maqoqo anabantu abaningi zaziwa ngokuthi "amaqoqo amakhulu”. Kodwa incazelo yalezi zakhiwo ezinkulu ze-cosmic ayinembile. Lolu cwaningo lwenoveli yilolo oluchaza indlela entsha yokuchaza lapho iqoqo elikhulu ligcina khona bese elinye liqala.
isivinini se-cosmic
Ithimba elithole leli qoqo elikhulu lisebenzise isizindalwazi esiqoqa isivinini semithala engu-8, ebalwa ngemva kokukhipha isivinini esimaphakathi sokunwetshwa kwendawo yonke. Lokhu kuchezuka kungenxa amandla adonsela phansi ukuthi imithala ezungezile izwakale, lowo ovela esixukwini. Abacwaningi basebenzise i-algorithm ukuze bahumushe lezi zivinini zibe inkambu enezinhlangothi ezintathu ze-galaxy flux kanye nokuminyana.
Izazi zezinkanyezi ziyaqinisekisa ukuthi bekungakaqinisekiswa ukuthi kukhona okuhle ukuqonda i-cosmology uma bengakwazi ukuchaza lo mnyakazo. Lena indlela engcono kunokumane wenze imephu yendawo yendaba. Futhi isizathu siwukuthi ivumela ososayensi ukuba bakhe ibalazwe lezifunda ezingakafundwa ze-Universe, njengoba kuboniswa izazi zesayensi yezinkanyezi e-Valongo Observatory, eyingxenye yeFederal University of Rio de Janeiro. Le ndlela incike ekutholeni ithonya lemithala kunokuyibona ngokuqondile.
Ngokwesinye isandla, ukunyakaza komthala bayakwazi ukukhombisa ukusatshalaliswa kwayo yonke le ndaba futhi lokhu akukhona nje kuphela ngalokho okubonakala ngezibonakude zethimba labacwaningi, kuhlanganise nodaba olumnyama. Esusa ukunwetshwa kwendawo yonke, imephu yakhe ibonisa imigudu elandelwa imithala ngaphansi komphumela wamandla adonsela phansi endaweni yangakubo.
