IMexico kanye namanye amazwe akha isifunda saseMesoamerican inezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo. Okuthi ezinye izitshalo zaziwa ngokusetshenziswa kwazo ekwelapheni, njengomhlobiso nasekhishini. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kungenxa yokuthi zitshalwa ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba, njengezinhlobo ze-Dalhia genera nezinye izinhlobo eziye zawela futhi zenze ukuba kudalwe izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo noma izinhlobo. Ngikumema ukuthi ufunde okwengeziwe nge-Flora yaseMexico.
I-Flora Enkulu yaseMexico
I-Mexico kanye namazwe anjengeGuatemala, iBelize, i-El Salvador kanye nezifunda ezisentshonalanga yeCosta Rica, iNicaragua neHonduras ayingxenye yesifunda saseMesoamerica. Lesi sifunda sinezici zamasiko ezifanayo kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ukudla okusekelwe esitshalweni sombila kanye ne-triad eyenza i-milpa (ummbila, i-squash nobhontshisi). Izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezitshalo zalesi sifunda zithonywe isimo sezulu kanye nokuhlukahluka kwemiphakathi yezemvelo, kanye nokuhlelwa kwezitshalo, okuvuna ukuthi abantu bazi futhi bafuye izinhlobo ezimbalwa zezilwane, ukuze zizisebenzise ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.
Lezi zitshalo ziye zazuzisa abantu ngenxa yosizo lwazo njengokudla, izitshalo zokuhlobisa, nemithi, futhi eziningi ziye zawela imingcele yaseMexico kanye nesifunda saseMesoamerican. Ezinye izitshalo azaziwa kakhulu kunezinye kanti nokho ziyisisekelo sezimboni ezibalulekile emhlabeni wonke kanti ezinye zazo ziyizinhlobo ezithembisayo.
Izinhlobo zezitshalo ezimele
Ngenxa yendawo yayo, iMexico yakhiwe amathafa, izigodi, izintaba, lapho kwakhiwa khona imvelo ehlukene, njengamahlathi aluhlaza, imihlume, izingwadule, amahlathi apholile nashisayo. Imvelo yasogwini yasogwini eyakhiwe izindawo ezinotshani, izimfunda ezingaphansi kwamanzi. I-ecosystems lapho kuvela khona ukuhlukahluka kwezimbali okukhulu kwezwe laseMexico. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimele kakhulu zaseMexico zibizwa futhi zichazwe ngezansi.
ukwatapheya
Ukwatapheya (American persea) Kuyisihlahla sezithelo okungenzeka ukuthi sidabuka esifundeni saseMesoamerica, lapho abantu basendle basengatholakala nanamuhla. Njengamanje, ukutshalwa kwayo sekusakazekele ezindaweni ezishisayo ezishisayo zeplanethi. Ama-Aztec ayibiza ngokuthi "ahuacatl" okungenzeka ukuthi igama likakotapheya lalisuselwa kulo. AmaNdiya aseChibcha alibiza ngokuthi “ikhambi”, okuyigama alisebenzisa njengamanje entshonalanga yeColombia. Futhi, ama-Inca abiza ngokuthi "ukwatapheya", igama alisebenzisa e-Popayán, e-Ecuador nasePeru.
ahuehuete
Lesi sitshalo yi-Ahuehuete (Taxodium huekelii) Isihlahla sikazwelonke saseRiphabhulikhi yaseMexico esingaphila iminyaka engaphezu kwama-500, singowomndeni wakwaCupresaceae. Kuyi-conifer enesilinganiso esingaphezu kwamamitha angu-40 ukuphakama, isiqu sayo siphakathi kwamamitha angu-2 kuya kwangu-14 ububanzi, inamaqabunga aqondile ayisicaba, anamacones noma ama-cone ayisiyingi kancane. Izenzo ze-Ahuehuete zingabonakala osebeni lwemifula futhi izimpande zayo zikhula zicwile emanzini.
I-agave eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Lesi sitshalo se-Blue Agave esimnandi (i-agave tequilana), Ingowomndeni wakwa-Agavaceae, isitshalo esikhula ezindaweni ezihlala ogwadule, sisetshenziswa embonini yokukhiqiza i-tequila, isiphuzo sotshwala sendabuko esivela eMexico. Amaqabunga awo ayi-lanceolate futhi ahlelwe ngama-rosette, izimbali zawo zikhula ku-inflorescence ende, engakhula ibe ngamamitha ama-3, lapho amakhulu ezimbali akhula khona, lapho ukuqhakaza kudlula isitshalo siyafa.
umuthi wezandla
Isihlahla somndeni wakwaMalvaceae, sinamaqabunga aluhlaza futhi singamamitha angama-30 ubude. Isihlahla Sezandla (Chiranthodendron pentadactylon), Idume ngaleli gama ngenxa yokuthi izimbali zayo zifana nezandla ezincane, umbala wezimbali zayo unombala obomvu ogqamile futhi izithelo zayo zingama-capsules anokhuni. Amaqabunga ayo kanye nembewu kusetshenziselwa ukulungisa i-febrifuge, i-analgesic kanye ne-anti-inflammatory. Kanye nokulungisa ukudla, njengokusebenzisa amaqabunga awo ukugoqa ama-tamales.
umuthi we-mahogany
isihlahla sikamahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), Iwuhlobo olumila emahlathini aswakeme aseMexico. Kuyisihlahla sokhuni, esaziswa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yokhuni lwaso olumelana nokuqina noluhle. Inobude obungamamitha angaba ngu-60 kanti isiqu sayo singamamitha angu-1,5 ububanzi, ukhuni lwaso lubomvu, amaqabunga aluhlaza okotshani futhi izimbali zawo ziluhlaza ngokuphuzi.
La Ceiba
Lesi sihlahla esikhulu i-Ceiba noma i-ceibo (Ceiba pentandra), ungowokuzalwa esifundeni saseMesoamerica, okwamanje uchazwa emndenini wakwaMalvaceae, kuze kube muva nje ungowomndeni wakwaBombacaceae. Isihlahla esinamaqabunga aluhlaza kanye nesiqu esiqhumayo esinameva, sikhula sifinyelele kumamitha angaba ngu-70 ubude, namamitha angu-3 ububanzi, sinamaqabunga ahlanganisiwe anama-lobes amancane angu-5 kuya kwangu-9. Izimbali zayo zimhlophe, izithelo zayo zingama-capsules futhi imbewu imbozwe imicu ye-kapok.
imbali efile
Kuyisitshalo esine-herbaceous esisibiza ngamagama ajwayelekile okuthi Cempasúchil, Cempaxóchitl noma imbali yabafileyo (I-Tagetes erecta), amaqabunga awo ahlanganiswe kanye nesahluko sezimbali eziphuzi ezisawolintshi ukuya kwezibomvu ngezitini. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu bomdabu bangaphambi kwe-Columbian basebenzisa lesi sitshalo se-Cempasúchil, i-Cempaxóchitl noma imbali yabafileyo, emikhosini yokukhulekela onkulunkulu noma abafileyo. Isetshenziswa njengesitshalo sokwelapha, udayi kanye nesibulala-zinambuzane.
Chile
upelepele (Unyaka weCapsicum), Kuyisitshalo somndeni wakwaSolanaceae esisetshenziswa kakhulu njengokudla. I-Chile isithelo esinokunambitheka okubabayo esetshenziswa isiko ekuphekeni kwaseMexico, iyisihlahla esinamaqabunga ahlala eluhlaza, alula, awodwa noma ngamabhangqa, isitshalo esinobude obuphakathi kwamasentimitha angama-80 kuya ku-100 ukuphakama. Izithelo zawo zinde kanye namajikijolo ayindilinga, abomvu acishe abe mnyama ngombala, anezinhlamvu eziningi. Nge-Chile ungenza amasoso noma ama-moles aseMexico, futhi kubhekwa njengefa lamasiko e-Oaxaca.
i-sapodilla
I-Chicozapote noma i-chewing gum (Manilkara zapota), Kuwumuthi odabuka eMexico, eMelika Ephakathi naseNingizimu Melika. Isihlahla esihlala siluhlaza, esinobude obungamamitha angaba ngu-30, isiqu saso sinobubanzi obungamamitha angu-1,25. Amaqabunga awo ahlangene futhi alula, anezimbali ze-axillary zodwa, ezinephunga elimnandi, isithelo saso sijikijolo, sinenyama futhi sine-flavour ecebile, izithelo zayo ziyadliwa. Baphinde bayibize ngesihlahla soshingamu, ngenxa ye-latex ephumayo, kulesi sihlahla yilapho kuvela khona ushingamu.
Copal
i-copal (I-Bursera copallifera) isihlahla esingamamitha angu-8 ukuphakama, sinesiqu segxolo elimpunga elinenhlaka, elinamaqabunga ahlanganisiwe, izimbali ezimhlophe nezithelo ezibomvu. Isatshalaliswa eMelika naseYurophu. I-resin ishiswa ukuze kwenziwe ukuhlanzwa okungokomoya, kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo abantu bomdabu baseMexico.
I-Epazote
Isitshalo se-Epazote (IDysphania ambrosioides) isitshalo esinesiqu esilula noma esinamagatsha, i-pubescent ne-prostrate, enamaqabunga alula, izimbali eziluhlaza kanye nosayizi omncane. Isitshalo esinephunga elimnandi. Ikala phakathi kwamasentimitha angama-40 kuya kumitha elingu-1 ukuphakama. Ingatholakala emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo, i-xerophytic scrub, emahlathini e-oki, emahlathini e-oki axubile kanye namahlathi kaphayini. Isatshalaliswa cishe kuso sonke isifunda saseMexico njengesitshalo sasendle nesilinywayo, ngenxa yomthamo wayo omkhulu wokusabalala.
Ubhontshisi noma i-caraota
Ubhontshisi noma i-caraota (Phaseolus vulgaris), isitshalo se-herbaceous esidabuka eMexico ukuze sisetshenziswe. Iyingxenye yokudla okuyisisekelo kwabantu baseMexico, kunezinhlobonhlobo ezitshaliwe ezikhiqiza izinhlamvu zemibala ehlukene, obomvu, omhlophe, omnyama noma o-variegated noma onamabala. Kudliwa kuphekiwe.
wakhasa
I-Gateado noma i-rum-rum tree (i-astronium graveolens), inomboko onamabala obukeka njengesikhumba sengwe futhi yingakho igama layo elivamile elithi "ukukhasa", amagxolo angaphandle esiqu sawo anompunga aphuma eshiya amabala naphakathi kokubona amagxolo ayo angaphakathi aphuzi. Kuyisihlahla esingaba ngamamitha angama-60 ukuphakama futhi siyavuthuluka.
huanacaxtle
Isihlahla se-Huanacaxtle (I-Entelobium cyclocarpum) icishe ibe ngamamitha angu-45 ubude futhi inobubanzi besiqu obungamamitha angu-3, nomqhele omkhulu. Kuyisihlahla esisetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa futhi njengokhuni. Inamaqabunga ahlanganisiwe nezimbali eziluhlaza.
jicama
Lesi sitshalo esinamaqabunga esinomkhuba wokukhuphuka obizwa ngokuthi i-Jícama noma itheniphu yaseMexico (I-Pachyrhizus erosus) ikhula ibe ngamamitha angu-5 ubude, inamaqabunga e-trifoliate, izimbali zayo ziyi-lilac noma i-violet, izithelo zayo ziyi-pods ejwayelekile ye-legumes. Inempande ene-tuberous enogqinsi olungaba amasentimitha angama-30 ububanzi. Umbala wayo wangaphandle unombala onsundu kanti ngaphakathi imhlophe, iyadliwa futhi ukunambitheka kwayo kumnandi.
Ummbila
Lesi sitshalo se-herbaceous esibizwa ngokuthi Ummbila (Zea mays), sidabuka eMexico futhi satshalwa abantu bomdabu base-pre-Columbian iminyaka eyi-10.000. Iyingxenye yokudla kwamazwe amaningi aseMelika. Njengoba yalethwa eYurophu ngabanqobi, iyalinywa emazweni anesimo sezulu esifudumele emhlabeni. Ingowomndeni wakwaPoaceae, isitshalo se-dioecious, izimbali zaso zesifazane zizalwa eziqwini ezimfushane ezisemaceleni kanye nezimbali zesilisa ezingxenyeni ze-apical. Ezimbalini zesilisa, izikhwebu zommbila ziyakhula.
I-Mesquite
i-mesquite (Prosopis spp.), isihlahla esincane esingafinyelela ubude obungamamitha ayi-9. Isatshalaliswa ezindaweni ezomile kanye nezindawo ezomile. Isiqu saso sinezintisi, sinamaqabunga ahlanganisiwe futhi ahlukene, izimbali zawo ziphuzi futhi zihlelwe njenge-inflorescence efana ne-spike. Izithelo zayo zinomsoco kakhulu futhi zidliwa yizilwane kanye nabantu, zidliwa ngokuqondile noma kufulawa olungiselelwe kamnandi.
I-Nance
I-Nance (I-Byrsonima crassifolia) isihlahla esincane esinobukhulu obuphakathi kwamamitha ama-3 kuya kwayi-15, amaqabunga awo aluhlaza futhi alula. Isatshalaliswa kuzo zonke izifunda ezinogwadule. Inezimbali eziphuzi futhi ibabomvu uma isivuthiwe. Izithelo zawo ziphuzi kuya kowolintshi ngombala kanti isithelo sidliwa sisha noma siphekwe ezitsheni zokupheka.
I-Milpa kanye ne-Mexican Flora
Ezinye zezitshalo zokuqala ezavela eMexico kamuva ezaziwa emhlabeni wonke izinhlobo zezitshalo eziyingxenye ye-milpa. Uyini unxantathu wezitshalo ezisetshenziswayo, okuyingxenye yesiko laseMesoamerica elihlanganiswe ngummbila (Zea mays), isitshalo esafuywa abantu bomdabu baseMexico eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-10.000 edlule. Ngokwemibiko ngalesi sikhathi eMexico kuphela sekubalwa imijaho ebalelwa ku-60. Kanye nobhontshisi, okuyizinhlobo ezinhlanu ezidliwayo eziqanjwe ngamagama, okuyilezi: Phaseolus vulgaris (ngenqwaba yama-cultivars), P. coccineus, P. acutifolius, Phaseolus lunatus, kanye no-P. Phaseolus polyanthus.
Futhi enye imifino eyingxenye ye-milpa, izinhlobo zamathanga eziqanjwe ngazo, izinhlobo ezine: Cucurbita pepo, C. ficifolia, C. argyrosperma y C. moschata. Ezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo ezizalelwa eMexico yilezo ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-quintanils (Amaranthus spp.), ama-ashen quelites, ama-huauzontles (I-Chenopodium berlandieri subsp. i-nuttalliae), kanye nohlobo olwaziwa ngokuthi i-epazote noma i-paico I-Dysphania ambrosioides, amaJesuit awazisa kwamanye amazwe aseNingizimu Melika ngezakhiwo zawo zokwelapha.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zinhlobo zezitshalo, i-milpa yendabuko nayo yenziwe ngezitshalo zomndeni wakwaSolanaceae, izithelo zazo ezisetshenziselwa ukulungisa amasoso, izitshulu, nezinye izitsha zokudla kwendabuko kwaseMexico naseMelika Ephakathi, phakathi kwazo upelepele. zibizwa ngamagama. (Capsicum ngonyaka y C. sinensei-miltomate, utamatisi oluhlaza noma i-tomatillo (I-Physalis philadelphica) kanye notamatisi omncane we-cherry noma utamatisi we-cherry (I-Solanum lycopersicum Kukhona. i-cerasiform).
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Flora yaseMexico
Izitshalo eziningi ezakha izimbali zaseMexico bezisetshenziswa njengezokwelapha, zokuhlobisa futhi ezidliwayo kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi. Phakathi kwezitshalo ezidliwayo, ezinye ziyaboniswa, njenge: amagwava noma “xaxócotl (Psidium guajava), i-sapote emnyama (I-Diospyros digyna), the papalos noma “papaloquílitl” (I-Porophyllum spp.), olufanekisela izinongo zesifunda saseGuerrero naseMorelos, “guaje” noma “uaxin” (lucaena spp.), amaplamu noma “xócotl” (spondias spp.), ama-nanches (byrsonima spp.), ama-apula e-custard (U-Annona cherimola) kanye nesobho (U-Annona muricata).
Ezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo ezimele zezitshalo zase-Mexico ezidliwayo nezibaluleke kakhulu ngokwezandla zaziwa kusukela ngaphambi kokunqotshwa kweSpain. Eziningi zalezi zalethwa eYurophu ngabanqobi futhi okwamanje zisetshenziselwa izakhiwo zabo zomsoco, phakathi kwazo i-chias, "chian" noma "chiyan", okuyindlela yesiNahuatl yokubhekisela embewu encane. Amagama asetshenziselwa ukubhekisela ezitshalweni ezithile zomndeni wakwaLamiaceae, ezinembewu encane, okuthi, uma isimanzisiwe, imanzise ama-mucilage azizungezile futhi abonakale e-viscous.
Lezi zinhlobo ezikhathini zasendulo zazisetshenziswa kakhulu njengokudla kuso sonke isifunda saseMesoamerican, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ezaziwa ngalezi zinsuku ngokuthi "chia pinta" noma "chia blanca" (Sage) noma "i-chian emnyama noma emhlophe" (Hyptis suaveolens), Lezi zazidliwa zilungiswe nge-atole, pinoles noma njengesiphuzo esingenalo utshwala esibizwa ngokuthi ilulwane, njengoba ama-tamales noma imbewu yayithosiwe futhi yafakwa ukuze iqhume. Zatholwa ngentela.
Phakathi kwezitshalo ezisetshenziswa ekwelapheni, ezinye zingaqanjwa ngazo ezilungisa ngazo ama-infusions, futhi ziyingxenye eyinhloko yemithi yobunikazi eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke ngokusebenza kwayo, njengokuthi "cuachalalate" (ujulia adstringens), enenani elikhulu elikhonjiswe ekwelapheni i-gastritis. Ezinye izitshalo ezisetshenziswa njengezokwelapha yilezo ezibizwa ngeBrazilwood noma “tlahcuilolquáuitl2 (I-hematoxylum brasiletto) kanye ne-toloache noma “tolohuaxíhuitl” (UDatura spp.), zalolu hlobo lwezinhlobo eziyi-14 zaseMexico zihlukaniswe, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ngu-D. i-stramonium.
I-D. i-stramonium, Kuwuhlobo oseluvele lwasungulwa njengomuthi futhi lusetshenziswa njenge-poultice ku-Cruz-Badiano Codex. Ngendlela efanayo okukhulunywa ngayo ku-Florentine Codex, ekugcineni kwenziwa okuhlukile ukuthi lesi sitshalo siyadakisa futhi singabangela umonakalo ongenakulungiseka kubantu abasidlayo, ngoba bayahlanya unomphela, ngenxa yalesi sizathu ukusetshenziswa kwaso kukhulu kakhulu. olubucayi futhi kugcizelelwa ukuthi Kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi lusetshenziswe ngaphandle futhi lungalokothi ludliwe.
Isitshalo esibalulekile sabantu baseMexico futhi esisetshenziswa njengemihlobiso nangokwesiko yi-cempasúchil noma i-"cempoalxóchitl", igama lesiNahuatl elisho "izimbali ezingamashumi amabili"I-Tagetes erecta), abantu baseMexico balisebenzisa ukuze bahloniphe abafileyo babo phakathi nemikhosi yoSuku Lwabafileyo (November 1 no-2), begqamisa okuphuzi kwezimbali zalo. I-Tagetes isetshenziswa njengokuhlobisa kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba.
Esinye isitshalo sokubaluleka kokuhlobisa yi- i-plumeria rubra, Yaziwa abaningi ngegama layo elivamile elithi Flor de Mayo, isithandwa kakhulu ukuhlobisa izingadi ngenxa yemibala ehlukene yezimbali zayo: obomvu, ophuzi, omhlophe nobomvana. Kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kwe-Hispanic, ama-garlands enziwe ngezimbali zawo, ukuze ahloniphe amakhosi abalulekile, namuhla eHawaii benza ama-garlands ngezimbali ze-poppy noma i-flor de mayor ukuze bamukele izivakashi esiqhingini.
Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zama-orchid nazo ziyizitshalo zezitshalo zaseMexico, ezifanele ukunakekelwa nokujabulela, "izitshalo ezifanele ukubonwa" njengoba uFrancisco Hernández (i-protomedic kaFelipe II) abonisa, kanye ne-dieguitos noma tzacuxochitl, lapho izinhlobo eziningana ze Laelia, njengezinhlobo i-laelia speciosa, y L. autumnalis, Ngaphezu kokuba imihlobiso, ayesetshenziswa futhi njengeglu noma ingcina kubuciko bezimpaphe futhi nokulungisa izimila zezitshalo ezingutsheni. Olunye uhlobo lwe-orchid lungabizwa ngokuthi I-Stanhopea spp., ezaziwa njengezinkunzi noma i-coatzontecoxóchitl, ezinoshokoledi nephunga leminti.
Ngokufanayo, kulezi zincazelo i-tuberose noma i-omixóchitl (I-Polianthes tuberosa), edakisa iphunga layo elimnandi, elisetshenziswa kakhulu eMexico emasontweni futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu iphunga layo lihlotshaniswa eduze nephunga lamathempeli esonto noma ukuvuka. Kuyisitshalo esilinyelwa izimbali ezisikiwe, ngenxa yobude bezimbali zaso kanye nephunga laso. E-Hawaii, izimbali zayo zisetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-garlands noma imigexo yezimbali yezivakashi.
Ngezinsuku zikaKhisimusi, i-poinsettias noma i-cuetlaxóchitl (I-Euphorbia pulcherrima), ebizwa nge-English poinsettia, etshalwa kabanzi yimboni yezokulima yaseCalifornia. Okokugcina, i-National Flower of Mexico, i-Dahlias, ebizwa ngama-Aztec ngesiNahuatl ngokuthi i-atlcotlixochitl, idabuka eMexico. I-dahlia noma i-dahlia iyimbali ethandwa kakhulu ngobuhle bayo bokuhlobisa. Ezikhathini eziningi kuye kukhokhwa izindodla zemali ukuze kuthengwe imbewu yezinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu. Njengoba iyimbali yesizwe yakuleli, bambalwa abawazi umlando nokubaluleka kwayo.
Ngikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokwazi imvelo emangalisayo nokuthi ungayinakekela kanjani, ufunda lokhu okuthunyelwe okulandelayo: