I-hackberry yaseYurophu ( i-Celtis australis), uhlobo lomndeni we-Cannabaceae, isihlahla esikhula ngokushesha esisakazeke kabanzi ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile, esidabuka eningizimu yeYurophu, eNyakatho Afrika, nase-Asia Minor. Igama layo elivame kakhulu ngesiSpanishi yi-Almez, elivela kwelesi-Arabhu elithi al-mȧys , okusho umuthi. Ngo-1796, i-hackberry yethulwa eGreat Britain.
I-Hackberry (ICeltis australis)
Lesi sihlahla se-Almez ngokuvamile sikhula sodwa enhlabathini exegayo futhi enomswakama omuhle, ngoba asivamile ukwakha amaqembu ohlobo olulodwa lwezihlahla. Itholakala emihosheni, eduze nemifudlana noma emithambekeni, kude nosebe lwemifula. Iyingxenye yezinhlobo zezihlahla zamahlathi avundile aseMedithera avundile, noma ama-hydrophilic poplar groves, kanye nezihlahla ze-elm, i-oki, ubhabhulini, ama-mulberry noma umthunzi nezinye izihlahla ezivela ezindaweni ezipholile.
Itholakala e-Central Europe kanye naseMedithera, isihlahla esingokwemvelo ngenxa yokutshala kwaso kabanzi emazweni ahlukene ezifundeni ezipholile zeplanethi. Itshalwa emazweni asesifundeni saseMedithera naseningizimu-ntshonalanga yamazwekazi ase-Asia, isetshenziswa njengesihlahla sokuhlobisa ekuhlelweni kwamapaki nezingadi, kanye nama-boulevards ukuze imelane nokungcoliswa kwemvelo. Izinkuni zayo zisetshenziselwa ukwenza izesekeli zamathuluzi.
Amaqabunga ayo nezithelo zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni zayo zokwelapha kanye namagxolo awo ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukusetshenziswa kwesithelo saso noma ama-infusions asekelwe esithelweni saso esiluhlaza, nge-frequency ethile kusiza ngokuphazamiseka kokugaya nokunciphisa isifo sohudo nokuvuvukala kwamathumbu. Isebenza futhi njenge-tonic yokugaya ukudla, i-antidiarrheal kanye nokulawula ukugeleza kokuya esikhathini.
Izakhiwo zokwelapha
Ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali kwamaqabunga e-hackberry yaseYurophu ( i-Celtis australis) kwembule ukuba khona kwe-C-glycosides ye-flavonoid. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lezihlahla ze -Celtis australis ezikhula enyakatho ye-Italy litholakale liqukethe ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwama-phenol ngegremu ngayinye yesisindo samaqabunga omile. Lokhu kuhlaziywa kuphinde kwanquma ukuthi la mazinga ayeshintshashintsha, kuthinta inani lezinto ezitholakala ku-caffeic acid kanye nama-flavonoid.
Iqukethe ama-tannins kanye ne-mucilage njengezithako ezisebenzayo. Amaqabunga awo asetshenziselwa ukulungisa ama-infusions futhi asetshenziswe njengama-astringents, ukulawula isifo sohudo nokulawula ukopha. Lokhu ukumnika okulungiselelwe namaqabunga kanye nezithelo zayo ze-Hackberry, kusebenza njengekhambi le-dysentery, futhi nokulawula ukugeleza kokuya esikhathini. I ukumnika ilungiswa ne izithelo green, okuyinto eqoqwe lapho namanje beya, cishe ngo June.
Ukusetshenziswa njalo kwezithelo zayo kanye nokuthelwa izithelo namaqabunga awo kuboniswa ukuthuthukisa izinkinga zokugaya ukudla, ukuvuvukala kwamathumbu, nezinye izifo zesimiso sokugaya ukudla. Isetshenziswa abesifazane abanezinkinga zokuya esikhathini ngokungajwayelekile, ukulawula ukopha kakhulu phakathi nenkathi, nokunciphisa amajaqamba okuya esikhathini.
Kusetshenziswa kanjani
Ukufakwa . Isilinganiso siyingxenye yenkomishi yezithelo noma amaqabunga e-hackberry afakwe engxenyeni yelitha lamanzi. Uma sekuxutshwe, ubilise bese uvumela ukuthi kuphole. Uma sekupholile, phuza usuku lonke. Kusiza ukuvimbela isifo sohudo.
Ukudla izithelo. Iningi labantu liyisebenzisa ngale ndlela; ama-tannins aqukethe ayasiza ezinkingeni zokugaya ukudla futhi alawula nomjikelezo wokuya esikhathini. Iyisithelo esinomsoco namavithamini ambalwa.
Incazelo ye-Hackberry
Kwaziwa ngamanye amagama ajwayelekile njenge lodón, lodoño, latonero, aligonero, nettle tree, phakathi kwamanye. Kuyisihlahla esinamaqabunga avuthulukayo angakala ukusuka kumamitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-25 ukuphakama, ngisho nabantu abangaba ngamamitha angama-40 ubude namamitha ayi-10 ezindaweni ezibandayo kuye kwabikwa. Isiqu sawo siqondile futhi umbala wamagxolo awo umpunga, ukuthungwa kwawo kubushelelezi, ngaphandle kwama-grooves, afana namagxolo e-ficus noma izihlahla ze-beech. Ingilazi yayo iyindilinga futhi ibanzi.
Inamaqabunga alula futhi ashintshana, anobude obungamasentimitha angu-5 kuya ku-15, i-petiolate futhi i-ovate ngesimo, imiphetho eqondile futhi igcina endaweni emide noma e-acuminate. Uhlangothi olungenhla lunezinwele ezimpunga futhi lumpunga noma luluhlaza ngokumnyama cishe unyaka wonke kanti uhlangothi olungezansi luluhlaza ngokukhanyayo noboya emithanjeni yalo. Lapho ikwindla ifika, amaqabunga awo aphenduka aphuzi. Banezimiso eziphelelwe yisikhathi.
Izimbali zayo ezi-monoecious ziqhakaza ekuqaleni kwenkathi yasentwasahlobo, kanyekanye nokukhula kwamaqabunga awo. Izimbali ziyi-pentamerous, monoclamideous, ezinama-sepals angu-5. Izimbali zesifazane ziyindilinga futhi ziphuzi ngokuluhlaza okotshani. Ezabesilisa zinde futhi zizacile.
Izithelo zawo ziyi-drupe enamanzi ayisentimitha ububanzi, zimpunga ngombala futhi ingaphakathi lawo liphuzi uma selivuthiwe. Lezi zikhula zodwa zisekelwa i-peduncle kuma-axils amaqabunga awo. Isihlahla se-Almez siqhakaza entwasahlobo futhi izithelo zaso zivuthwa ehlobo nezinkathi zasekwindla. Izithelo zayo ziyadliwa futhi nge-flavour ekhangayo, ubumnandi besithelo sayo buyenza ifane nosuku.
Indawo yokuhlala nokulinywa
Ingazala ngokungahambisani nobulili ngokusika noma ukushelela kanye nembewu ngokobulili. Ijwayela inhlabathi embi enomswakama omuhle kanye nokubhoboka. Ikhula enhlabathini enamatshe, ene-calcareous, noma ene-siliceous. Umuthi we-hackberry usetshenziswa kumaphrojekthi okulondolozwa kwenhlabathi ukuze kuqiniswe umhlaba owonakele. Umuthi ohlala isikhathi eside kakhulu, ofinyelela eminyakeni engu-600 ubudala. Ukunambitheka okumnandi kwezithelo zawo kuzenza zikhange ezinyonini ezahlukahlukene kanye nasezibungwini ze-moth * Hestina persimilis*.
Ivumelana nesomiso kanye nokukhanya kwelanga okuqondile. Isimo sezulu saseMedithera sihambisana nesihlahla se-hackberry, kodwa siphinde siphendule kuma-lime apholile, i-USDA Zone 7B. Izihlahla ze-Hackberry zivame ukubonakala eSpain emithambekeni yaseMedithera e-Andalusia nase-Extremadura, futhi kancane e-Aragon naseCastilla La Mancha. Izibonelo zibuye zibonwe emathafeni avundile aseningizimu-mpumalanga eduze neMadrid futhi kanjalo nakwezinye izifundazwe zaseSpain.
I-Taxonomy kanye ne-Etymology
Uhlobo lwe- Celtis luvela egameni lesiLatini elithi *celtis*, elisho ukuthi "laseningizimu." Leli gama lanikezwa amaRoma i-hackberry yaseYurophu (Celtis australis), kanye nomuthi we -lotus. Ngokusho kukaPliny the Elder, leli gama kwakuyigama lomuthi we-lotus e-Afrika ( Natural History , 13, 104, njengo- *Celthis *). Abanye abahumushi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kubhekisela kumuthi we-jujube ( *Ziziphus jujuba* Mill.) womndeni wakwaRhamnaceae, kanti abanye bawubiza ngokuthi i-hackberry yaseYurophu ( *Celtis australis* L.). Igama lesiLatini elithi *australis* lisho "eningizimu."
Izinhlobo ze-infraspecific . Ngokusho kwesigaba sezitshalo, izinhlobo ze-infraspecific zinikezwa isigaba noma izinga eliphansi kunezinhlobo, njengezinhlobo ezincane noma izinhlobo. Kuhlobo lwe- Celtis australis , izinhlobo ze- Celtis australis subsp. caucasica (Willd.) CCTowns. e-Fl. Iraq, 4,(1): 73, 1980, zanqunywa .
Amagama afanayo. Lawa amagama ahlukene esayensi anikezwa izazi zezitshalo ngezikhathi ezahlukene kanye nokuhlukaniswa ngezigaba.
- I-Celtis eriocarpa Yenqaba. in U-Jacquem.
- I-Celtis caucasica Willd.
- I-Celtis acuta Buch.-Ham.
- I-Celtis ihamba phambili salisb. igama engekho emthethweni.
- i-alpine celtis Royle
- ICeltis australis Kukhona. i-eriocarpa (Decne.) Hook.f.
- ICeltis australis f. variegate USchelle ex Geerinck
- UCeltis kotschyana Steven
- I-Celtis lutea per.
- UCeltis Serrata isiqephu14
subsp. caucasica (Willd.) Amadolobha e-CC.
- i-celtis arcata Buch.-Ham. yangaphambili Wall.
- I-Celtis caucasica Willd.
- I-Celtis caucasica Kukhona. caudata Insimbi.
- I-Celtis caucasica subsp. caudata (Ironch.) Grudz.
- I-Celtis inglisii Royle
amagama ajwayelekile ahlukene
Lesi sihlahla se-hackberry ( Celtis australis ) sinamagama amaningi avamile noma avamile kuye ngokuthi sikhula kuphi. Saziwa ngamagama ngesiSpanishi, isiNgisi, isiCatalan, isiJalimane, isiFulentshi, isi-Arabhu, isiTurkey, isiPolish, nezinye izilimi. La magama afaka:
Amagama asetshenziswa kakhulu eSpain yilawa: alatonero, aligonero, hackberry, leaf, latonero; i-lidonero; indawo yokulala; lodon; enodaka Phezu kwalezi maningi amanye amagama abelwe ukuqamba lesi sihlahla. Ngokufanayo, kwezinye izilimi banalo igama labo elivamile, isibonelo ngesi-Albanian balibiza ngokuthi i-carac; ngesi-Arabhu الميس (May); ngesiCatalan: i-lledoner; ngolimi lwesiNgisi: isihlahla sama-blackberry, i-hackberry evamile, i-clam, i-nettle, i-Mediterranean clam. Phakathi kwamanye amagama amaningi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Hackberry
Ngenxa yobumnandi bezithelo zawo obufana nowedate, asetshenziselwa ukwenza ujamu.Ngokhuni lwawo benza imisebenzi yokuphenduka, ngokhuni lwawo benza neziswebhu neziswebhu. Benza nezinduku ngokhuni lwazo. Lapho zisencane, amagatsha awo asetshenziselwa ukwenza izimfoloko zokhuni nokusebenza ngotshani nommbila.
Njengesihlahla, sisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokulungisa izingadi, amapaki, izindawo zokupaka nezihlahla zasemadolobheni, njengoba kuwuhlobo oluphila isikhathi eside olumelana nokungcoliswa. Emagxolweni awo kukhishwa udayi osetshenziselwa ukudaya ophuzi.
Umlando kanye neCuriosities
Ukunambitheka okucebile nokumnandi kwesithelo, kanye nezakhiwo zaso zokwelapha, sekuvele kuqokonyiswe nguHerodotus, uDioscorides, noTheophrastus, abathi, ezikhathini zasendulo, lolu hlobo, iCeltis australis , luyi-lotus. Encwadini IX ye-Odyssey, uHomer ulandisa ngendlela u-Odysseus abhekisela ngayo "kubadli be-lotus" kanye "nakuyi-lotus" uqobo. Inkondlo ethi "Abadli be-Lotus," ebhalwe nguTennyson, ichaza imiphumela yokudla isithelo saso.
Ziyizihlahla eziphila isikhathi eside ezisetshenziswa ezikweleni nasemigwaqweni, phambi kwendlu yesonto yasePerché yase-Fox-Amphoux eProvence esifundeni esiseningizimu yeFrance, isihlahla satshalwa kusukela ngo-1550. Ngo-2013 lesi sihlahla sama-hackberry, silinganiselwa ku-5 amamitha ubude, ububanzi bomboko namamitha ayi-18 ukuphakama.
ECastello de la Plana, kwakhiwa indlu yesonto egameni likaLa Mare de Deu del Lledó (Almez), ngokuba ngusanta waleli dolobha. Ngokusho kwenganekwane, isithombe seNcasakazi esisendlini yesonto satholwa phakathi kwezihlahla ze-hackberry (ngesi-Valencian "lledoners") ngumlimi noma "umculi" (ngesiValencian) uPerot de Granyana.
EMadrid, uphawu lwezikhali kanye nedolobha elibizwa ngokuthi iTorrelodones (uMbhoshongo wamaLodones noma izihlahla zeHackberry) kunesihlahla se-hackberry. Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi umuthi oboniswe ophawulweni lwezikhali lwaseMadrid ungase ube yi-hackberry, kunokuba ube umuthi we-strawberry. Isampula enkulu yalolu hlobo, i -Celtis australis , noma i-hackberry, itshalwe eRoyal Botanical Garden yaseMadrid, imi iphakeme futhi ihlaba umxhwele uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zohlobo olufanayo engadini.
Abantu beLotophagous. Iqanjwe okokuqala ngqa e-"Odyssey" lapho ibuya eTroy, lapho ngokuvunguza komoya imikhumbi yaphambukiswa ibheke emazweni abadla amalotus noma abadla amalotus. Okungukuthi ngokusho kwezazi-mlando isihlahla seLotus yi-Hackberry ngokwayo.
Ukuthandile, ngakho ngikumema ukuthi ufunde futhi: